| 释义 |
▪ I. purge, n.|pɜːdʒ|
[f. purge v.1, or (in sense 2) a. F. purge (14th c in Hatz.-Darm.) = It., Sp. purga. Sense 1 is not cited in Fr. before 1690.]
1. That which purges; spec. an aperient medicine, a purgative.
1563T. Hill Art Garden. (1593) 164 Rubarbe, Scamonie,..and such like purges. 1641Hinde J. Bruen xxxvii. 116 The Physitian that gave him a gentle purg so wisely, and the patient that took it so well. 1718Quincy Compl. Disp. 173 Vomits and Purges are so much alike in their Operations. 1822–34Good's Study Med. IV. 301 The complaint was peculiarly obstinate and resisted the use of purges.
fig.16022nd Pt. Return fr. Parnass. iv. v, Ben Ionson..brought vp Horace giuing the Poets a pill, but our fellow Shakespeare hath giuen him a purge that made him beray his credit.
2. a. The act of purging; purgation; ridding of objectionable or hostile elements. In more recent use, the removal (from a political party, army, etc.) of persons regarded as undesirable. Also transf. and attrib.
1598Florio, Purga, a purge, a purgation, a cleansing. 1655Fuller Ch. Hist. ii. ii. §38 The preparative for the purge of paganism out of the kingdom of Northumberland. 1893S. R. Gardiner Hist. Gt. Civil War IV. lxviii. 272 The adoption of a purge in place of a dissolution [of Parliament]. 1933H. G. Wells Shape of Things to Come iii. §6. 302 The eternal espionage, censorship and ‘purges’ of the G.P.U. 1935Sun (Baltimore) 2 Nov. 2/6 Max Schachtman..characterized the ‘purge’..as a move to stifle every critical voice in the ranks of the A.F. of L. 1940Ann. Reg. 1939 204 The Munich bomb..furnished a welcome pretext for a new purge on the model of June 30, 1934. 1946A. Huxley Let. 27 Oct. (1969) 553 See the recent accounts of Russian purges of insufficiently patriotic and Marxist writers. 1957R. N. C. Hunt Guide to Communist Jargon xii. 47 The statements elicited at the purge trials of the middle 'thirties. 1958New Statesman 15 Feb. 186/3 In this he was supported by Ernst Wollweber, the second of the three victims of the new purge, who had been Minister of Security from 1953 until last autumn, and who is now accused of ‘leniency towards the class enemy’ in general and the Harich group in particular. 1969L. Hellman Unfinished Woman vii. 80, I did not even know I was there in the middle of the ugliest purge period. 1970G. F. Newman Sir, You Bastard viii. 258 They liked nothing better than a sordid purge in an institution. 1974Guardian 24 Jan. 3/1 The word ‘purge’, with its unhealthy overtones of Stalinism, is naturally frowned on in Yugoslavia... But..almost every party organisation has seen changes in its top leadership... As the purges have reached their climax..party members are being purged for indulging simply in ‘factionalism’. 1976Survey Summer-Autumn 127 The Chinese nation faces multiple crises. Deeply-rooted factionalism and a recent history of repeated purges contribute to the grave uncertainties of today. 1977New Yorker 1 Aug. 50/3 To the extent that Coops politics were pro-Soviet politics, there was a falling away after every event like the purge trials or the Hitler-Stalin pact.
b. spec. Pride's Purge, a name given in Eng. Hist. to the exclusion of those members of the Long Parliament who were suspected of Presbyterian and Royalist leanings, by Colonel Pride, on the 6th of December, 1648.
1730Oldmixon Hist. Eng. 354 Every act of the governing powers, from Prides Purge to the death of the King, is illegal. 1756Hume Hist. Eng. (1841) V. 274 This invasion of the Parliament commonly passed under the name of Colonel Pride's Purge. 1893S. R. Gardiner Hist. Gt. Civil War IV. lxviii. 273 One hundred and forty-three [members of Parliament] affected by Pride's Purge.
c. Removal of one fluid by flushing with another. Freq. attrib.
1958J. B. Gardner in H. W. Cremer Chem. Engin. Practice VI. 254 Since traces of acetylene are present in the atmosphere..it is necessary to take steps to prevent a dangerous accumulation occurring during continuous plant operation... Essentially two techniques—purging and adsorption—or a combination of them, are generally employed. In the first, a small bleed of liquid oxygen from the main bath is maintained to keep the acetylene concentration at a suitable low figure... Withdrawal of the liquid product itself in liquid oxygen plants constitutes a large purge and little difficulty is experienced on such units. 1960V. B. Guthrie Petroleum Products Handbk. iii. 38 The sweet natural-gas purge is preferable. 1970[see headset s.v. head n.1 74]. 1976Offshore Platforms & Pipelining 240/2 Oil then can be flushed from the lines by pumping through the surface manifold down the purge line.
3. Comb. (partly from the verb-stem): purge-cock, -flax = purging cock, flax (purging ppl. a. 2 b); † purge-humors, that which purges humours.
188.Sci. Amer. Supp. 8897 When it becomes necessary to empty the receiver, use is made of a *purge-cock.
1853N. & Q. 1st Ser. VIII. 36/1 Mill Mountain or *Purge Flax.
1606Sylvester Du Bartas ii. iv. iii. Magnif. 1053 Fasting,..Quick healths preserver, curbing Cupids fits, Watchfull, *purge-humors, and refining wits.
▪ II. purge, v.1|pɜːdʒ|
Forms: 3–4 puyrgi, 4 purgi, -gen, porgy, 4–5 purche, porge, 5 pur-, por-, poorgyn, powrg, 5–6 pourge, 4– purge.
[a. OF. purgier, -ger (12th c. in Littré) = It. purgare, Pr., Sp., Pg. purgar:—L. purgāre to cleanse, in early L. pūr-igāre, f. pūr-us pure (cf. cast-īgāre, nāv-igāre).]
A. Illustration of Forms.
c1290Beket 425 in S. Eng. Leg. I. 118 He ne miȝte him puyrgi nouȝt. 13..S. Eng. Leg. (MS. Bodl. 779) in Herrig Archiv LXXXII. 408/40 Hou ic myȝt I-porged be. a1340Hampole Psalter xi. 7 Syluyre..purged seuenfald. 1387Trevisa Higden (Rolls) IV. 459 He purchede and clensede þe covetise of his fadir. a1400–50Stockh. Med. MS. 122 A medicine for to porgyn þe stomak. 1422tr. Secreta Secret., Priv. Priv. 240 Whan the stomake is purchet and clenset. 1434Misyn Mending of Life v. 115 Fro all filth of mynde & body hym-self powrg. c1440Promp. Parv. 409/2 Poorgyn, or clensyn, purgo. 1460J. Capgrave Chron. 106 There the Pope porged himself of certeyn crimes. 1495Trevisa's Barth. De P.R. ii. viii. 36 That they maye..pourge theym that they may pourge other. 1577B. Googe Heresbach's Husb. ii. (1586) 65 Well picked and pourged.
B. Signification.
1. a. trans. To make physically pure or clean; to cleanse; to rid of whatever is impure or extraneous; to clear or free of, from.
a1340Hampole Psalter xvi. 4 Þe fournas þat purges metall. a1400–50Stockh. Med. MS. 145 A good watir to purgyn a mannys face of sprotys. 1473Rental Bk. Cupar-Angus (1879) I. 167 To syft it and purge it [the seed] sa that al thing be put to profit. 1526Tindale Matt. iii. 12 He..will pourge his floore. 1607Topsell Four-f. Beasts (1658) 64 When Augea saw that his stable was purged by art, and not by labour. 1737Whiston Josephus, Antiq. iii. x. §5 They purge the barley from the bran. 1780A. Young Tour Irel. I. 317 Purging the yarn, one halfpenny a hank. 1860Tyndall Glac. ii. xxiv. 355 If water be thoroughly purged of its air.
†b. To prune (a tree); to snuff (a candle). Obs.
1526Tindale John xv. 2 Every braunche that beareth frute will he pourge [1611 he purgeth it, Gr. καθαίρει, L. purgabit] that it maye bringe moare frute. 1574Hellowes tr. Guevara's Fam. Ep. (1577) 73 Dresse the vines, purge the trees. 1608Willet Hexapla Exod. 591 Snuffers wherewith the lampe was purged. 1620Thomas Lat. Dict., Averrunco, to purge vines with a vinehooke.
†c. humorously. To clear or ‘clean’ out; to empty. Obs.
1604Hieron Preachers Plea Wks. I. 493 [They] beguile the people and cozen them of their money, purging their purses and scouring their bags.
d. To rid of one fluid by flushing with another.
1960V. B. Guthrie Petroleum Products Handbk. iii. 37 The following precautions should be observed to prevent moisture from entering LP-Gas supplies... Purge new containers being put into service. 1962W. Schirra in Into Orbit 51 In the final stages of descent, a snorkel opens automatically at about 20,000 feet, and brings in fresh, cool air from the outside which purges the hot suit and gives us our first whiff of the briny ocean. 1973Daily Tel. 25 Oct. 1/5 The tank had been ‘purged’ 18 months ago with nitrogen to force out the remains of any gaseous contents.
2. a. To make figuratively or ideally pure or clean, to free from moral or spiritual defilement; to rid of or free from sin, guilt, fault, error, or evil of any kind; to rid of objectionable, alien, or extraneous elements or members. In recent use, to rid of persons regarded as politically undesirable; = purify 2, 4.
a1340Hampole Psalter xxii. 6 Þou has purged my hert. 1415Hoccleve To Sir J. Oldcastle 32 Ryse vp & pourge thee of thy trespas. a1533Frith Disput. Purgat. iii. Wks. (1573) 55 Yet was not Lazarus caried into purgatory to be purged of his sinnes. a1582Buchanan Let. to Randolph Wks. (1892) 58, I am besy wt our story of Scotland to purge it of sum Inglis lyis and Scottis vanite. 1602Marston Antonio's Rev. v. vi, Let's cleanse our hands, Purge hearts of hatred. 1624More's Utopia (title-p.), Translated from the Latin by Raphe Robinson,..newly corrected and purged of all Errors. 1798Anti-Jacobin, New Morality 1 From mental mists to purge a nation's eyes. 1871H. Moncrieff Pract. Free Ch. Scot. (1877) i. 15 The Kirk-session may revise or purge the [communion] roll at any period. 1873Edith Thompson Hist. Eng. xxxiii. ⁋8 As the Parliament seemed likely to come to an agreement with him [Charles], it was ‘purged’,..more than a hundred members opposed to the army party were thus shut out. 1879Froude Cæsar vii. 60 He insisted that the Senate must be purged of its corrupt members. 1885S. Cox Expos. ser. i. xiii. 157 A truth which will purge and raise the tone of our moral life. 1936[see sense 3 a below]. 1942[see judenrein a.]. 1945Daily Express 22 May 1 Tito's officials are still purging towns and villages of Italian Fascists and placing local committees in charge.
†b. To free from ceremonial uncleanness or defilement; = purify 3. Obs.
1390Gower Conf. I. 77 Whan the Prestes wern dede, The temple of thilke horrible dede Thei thoghten purge. 1590Spenser F.Q. i. iii. 36 When mourning altars, purgd with enimies life, The black infernall Furies doen aslake. 1600Holland Livy xxi. xlvi. 419 Which straunge tokens being purged and cleered by an expiatorie sacrifice.
3. transf.
a. To remove by some cleansing or purifying process or operation (lit. or fig.); to clear away, off, out; to expel or exclude; to void. In recent use, to remove (a person regarded as politically undesirable), freq. by drastic methods.
a1340Hampole Psalter ix. 22 Þat oure synnes swa be purged. 1340Ayenb. 132 Bliþe he is huanne þet he may his [kueade humours] purgi and keste out. c1386Chaucer Wife's Prol. 134 To purge vryne. 1526Tindale 1 Cor. v. 7 Pourge [1560 (Genev.) Purge out] therfore the olde leven. 1568Bible (Bishops') Isa. i. 25, I shal..purely purge away thy drosse. 1612Woodall Surg. Mate Wks. (1653) 4 Nature..will..help it self by purging the contused blood through the orifice. 1791Cowper Iliad v. 150 From thine eye the darkness purge. 1873Edith Thompson Hist. Eng. xxxiv. ⁋11 The Presbyterian members, who had been ‘purged’ out by Pride, again took their seats. 1875Jowett Plato (ed. 2) I. 312 To purge away the crime appears to him..a duty. 1936Sun (Baltimore) 11 Mar. 1/3 Reports that the AAA Adminstrator, who a year ago ‘purged’ the AAA of a number of its ‘left wing’ members..is himself being ‘purged’. 1938‘G. Orwell’ Homage to Catalonia xi. 224 The Russian Consul-General..has since been ‘purged’. 1939Joyce Finnegans Wake 71 Purged out of Burke's. 1943New Statesman 8 May 297 The sooner the more extreme elements in it are purged the better; it has throughout been a misfortune that an exiled Government here should contain members who would be more at ease collaborating against the U.S.S.R. 1958Spectator 20 June 791/2 Saburov, now said to have been purged with a number of his supporters. 1974[see purge n. 2 a]. 1976Survey Winter 162 Peterson was not immediately purged in 1935, but was sent to a military position in the Ukraine.
b. intr. for refl.
1805Southey Let. to C. W. W. Wynne in Life (1850) II. 346 This sort of leaven soon purges off.
4. Med.
a. Said of a medicine, or of one who administers it: To empty (the stomach, bowels, etc.); to deplete or relieve (the body or, now only, the bowels) by evacuation.
a1400–50,1422[see A]. [ 1483Caxton Cato e viij b, Hit [mustard] purgeth and maketh clene the brayne. ]1613Purchas Pilgrimage ix. xiv. (1614) 908 When they were to sacrifice, they purged themselues first,..and by vomit emptied their bodies. 1634Sir T. Herbert Trav. 210 Palmeto Wine..purges the belly and helpes obstructions. 1702J. Purcell Cholick (1714) 139 The next Day the Patient must be Purg'd, and a Paregorick given him that Night. 1804Abernethy Surg. Obs. 175 On the second morning he was again purged. 1905H. D. Rolleston Dis. Liver 262 Cheadle speaks of cases being ‘purged to death’.
b. refl. and intr. (In quot. c 1645, to vomit.)
1484Caxton Fables of Poge x, He must nedes go purge hym. 1596Danett tr. Comines (1614) 213 Hee purged continually. c1645Howell Lett. (1650) I. 33, I did purge so violently at sea. 1684Bunyan Pilgr. ii. 86 The Boy may do well again; but he must purge and Vomit. 1778R. James Diss. Fevers (ed. 8) 45 He awaked sick, vomited and purged considerably.
c. absol. To induce purgation; (of a drug) to act as a purge.
1606Holland Sueton. Annot. 27 The roote is that, whereof is made our sneesing powder. It purgeth extreemely by vomit. 1633G. Herbert Temple, Rose v, What is fairer then a rose? What is sweeter? yet it purgeth. 1707Floyer Physic. Pulse-Watch 285 In the quick and frequent Pulse we Purge little, because Purging accelerates the Pulse. 1811A. T. Thomson Lond. Disp. (1818) 190 Larger doses purge. 1875H. C. Wood Therap. (1879) 446 Medicines which purge actively.
5. To clear (oneself or another, one's character, etc.) of a charge or suspicion of guilt; to establish the innocence of; to exculpate; spec. in Law, by assertion on oath, with the support of compurgators, or by wager of battle.
a. refl.
c1290Beket 423 in S. Eng. Leg. I. 118 I-loked him was to puyrgi him þoruȝ clergie, ȝif he miȝte. c1440Jacob's Well 67 Knowe þi synne to vs, ȝif þou be gylty, or ellys pourge þe þere-of lawfully. 1489Caxton Faytes of A. iv. viii. 249 This man..offreth to deffende and purge himself by champ of bataylle. 1555Eden Decades 18 To purge him of such crimes as they shuld ley to his charge. 1647Clarendon Hist. Reb. vi. §393 He so well purged himself, that he was again restored to his Office. a1715Burnet Own Time (1766) II. 26 They were required to purge them⁓selves by oath. 1878Stubbs Const. Hist. III. xviii. 48 Archbishop Arundel had to purge himself from a like suspicion. 1888Burgon Lives 12 Gd. Men, Bp. Wilberforce II. v. 15 Full opportunity [was] given him [Dr. Hampden] to purge himself of all suspicion of false doctrine.
b. trans.
c1400Destr. Troy 12640 He plesit the prince, & purgit his fame. a1548Hall Chron., Rich. III 42 Purgyng and declaryng his innocencie concernyng the murther of his nephewes. 1560J. Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 62 Yet I speake not this to defende or pourge the Magistrates. 1577–87Holinshed Chron. III. 1113/1 Wiat did purge me that I knew nothing of his stirre. 1678Trans. Crt. Spain 101 That Reason ought to purge me from being the Author of the publick misery. 1768Blackstone Comm. III. xxvii. 437 When facts..rest only in the knowledge of the party, a court of equity applies itself to his conscience, and purges him upon oath with regard to the truth of the transaction.
6. Law.
a. To atone for (an offence, etc.) by expiation and submission, in order to gain relief from penalties; to ‘wipe out’ (the offence or sentence).
1681Stair Inst. Law Scot. (1693) i. xiii. §14. 122 By payment at the Barr, it was allowed to be purged. 1687Assur. Abb. Lands 196 That is only true where the Violence is not purged, but here the violence is purged by obtaining the Pope's Grant. 1766Blackstone Comm. II. xxxi. 486 A plain direct act of bankruptcy once committed cannot be purged, or explained away by any subsequent conduct. 1818Cruise Digest (ed. 2) I. 373 The Court said, that justification for heriot service on seisin of the ancestor, was an acceptance of the heir as tenant, and purged the forfeiture. 1894Daily News 10 May 2/3 [The accused has] taken steps to purge the sentence of outlawry passed upon him in consequence of his non-appearance at the Justiciary Court, Edinburgh, for trial. 1897Encycl. Law s.v. Contempt of Court, It is necessary for a person judged to be in contempt to clear or purge his contempt.
b. Sc. Law. To call upon (a witness) to clear himself by oath or affirmation of any implication of malice or interest before giving evidence; usually in passive to be purged.
1753in Stewart's Trial App. 27 Katharine Maccoll, servant to the pannel,..being solemnly sworn,..purged of malice and partial council, and examined and interrogate, depones, That [etc.]. 1829Evans & Ruffy's Farmer's Jrnl. 14 Sept. 294 The witnesses were sworn and purged according to the Scotch form. 1858Polson Law & L. 97 Witnesses are brought into court upon a diligence, and before they can be examined, they must be purged.
7. refl. and intr. (also pass.). Of a liquid: To clear itself, to become or be made clear or pure by settlement or defecation. Also fig. ? Obs.
1681Dryden Abs. & Achit. i. 38 Some warm excesses..Were construed youth that purged by boiling o'er. 1726Leoni Alberti's Archit. I. 5 b, Water not well purged, but heavy and ill-tasted. 1748Anson's Voy. i. v. 45 After it [the water] has been in the cask a day or two it begins to purge itself. 1833Lyell Princ. Geol. III. 309 Every current charged with sediment must purge itself in the first deep cavity which it traverses, as does a turbid river in a lake.
8. Combs. of the vb. stem: see purge n. 3.
▪ III. † purge, v.2 Obs. rare.
[app. for *porge, ad. L. porgĕre, contr. form of porrigĕre to reach out, extend, put forth, f. por- = prō forth + regĕre to lead straight.]
intr. To issue forth.
1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. v. lxi. (Bodl. MS.) 30 b/1 Þe veynes purgeþ oute of the lyuour as þe arteries and woosen out of þe herte and þe senewes oute of þe brayne. 1610G. Fletcher Christ's Tri. i. xlii, Thear are but two wayes for this soule to haue, When parting from the body, forth it purges. |