| 释义 |
▪ I. brawn, n.|brɔːn|
Forms: 4 brahun, 4–6 braun(e, 4 brawen, 4–7 brawne, (5 browne), 6 brawyne, 5– brawn.
[a. OF. braon, braoun (braion) fleshy part, muscle, particularly the most fleshy part of the hind leg, originally a part suitable for roasting, corresp. to Pr. bradon; ad. WGer. brâdo, f. brâdan to roast (see brede v.1). The specific sense ‘boar's flesh’ is exclusively of English development, and characteristic of English habits.]
1. Fleshy part, muscle; esp. the rounded muscles of the arm, leg and thumb.
c1325Gloss W. de Biblesworth in Wright Voc. 148 En la jambe [the caalf] est la sure [brahun]. c1386Chaucer Knt.'s T. 1280 Hise lymes grete, hise brawnes harde and stronge. 1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. v. xxvii. (1495) 136 The armes ben..coueryd wyth skinne brawne and strenges with flesshe amonge. c1420Pallad. on Husb. iv. 675 Take oxen yonge..in brawnes rising greet. 1568Jacob & Esau ii. ii. in Hazl. Dodsley II. 209 My teeth I can scarcely charm From gnawing away the brawn of my very arm. 1608Middleton Mad World ii. vii, Is not your honour sore about the brawn of the arm? 1617Markham Caval. ii. 49 Your thombe close vpon the reynes, with the brawne thereof turned toward the pomell of your saddle. 1718Pope Iliad xvi. 374 His blow..transpierced his thigh, Tore all the brawn. 1769Blackstone Comm. IV. 360 All laymen who are allowed this privilege shall be burnt with a hot iron in the brawn of the left thumb. 1865Holland Plain T. viii. 27 God makes a man of bone, brawn and blood.
b. spec. The arm, the calf of the leg, the buttock.
1382Wyclif Job xxii. 9 The brawnes [1388 schuldres; Vulg. lacertos; 1611 arms] of moderles childer thou tobrosedist. 1581T. Nuce Seneca's Octavia 175 Sir Brutus sterne, his brawnes and armes did dight, His soueraigne liege to slayne by force and might. 1607Shakes. Cor. iv. v. 126 Once more to hew thy Target from thy Brawne. 1864Glasgow Her. 24 Sept., Stiffish a little, with a peculiar sensation about the brawns.
c. transf. and fig.
1601Holland Pliny I. 470 The outside..of the leaf hath in it certain strings, sinues or veins, brawns and ioynts. 1883H. George Progr. & Pov. 388 Liberty is..the brawn of national strength, the spirit of national independence.
†2. The muscle or flesh of animals as food.
c1340Gaw. & Gr. Knt. 1631 Suche a brawne of a best..Ne such sydes of a swyn, segh he never are. 1393Langl. P. Pl. C. xvi. 67 Braun and blod of þe goos, bacon and colhoppes. c1440Anc. Cookery in Househ. Ord. (1790) 430 Then take the braune of hennes, or of capons, and bray hom. 1513Bk. Keruynge in Babees Bk. (1868) 279 Bytwene the foure membres laye the brawne of the capon. 1519W. Horman Vulg. 164 b, He hath eate all the braune of the lopster. 1601Holland Pliny I. 297 While one loues nothing but the leg [of a fowl], another likes and praises the white brawne alone. 1655Mouffet & Benn. Health's Improv. (1746) 150 Mingling the Brawns of Peacocks with Porks Flesh. 1656Shepherd's Kal. xxvii, In the winter shepheards do eat beef..Brawn of Harts, Hinds and all kind of venison.
b. In Coverdale and the ‘Great Bible’, used to render Heb. ḥēleb ‘fat’, where Geneva, 1611, and Rev. V. have ‘grease’. (The orig. meaning is uncertain. The Septuagint, Vulgate, Wyclif, Douay, following a different pointing of the Heb. ḥālāb, render ‘is curdled like milk’.)
1535Coverdale Ps. cxviii. [cxix.] 70 Their herte is as fat as brawne.
3. spec. The flesh of the boar. (Often defined as ‘brawn of a boar’, even in 16th c.) In recent use, the flesh of a boar (or swine), collared, boiled, and pickled or potted. [With the restriction of application we may compare the restriction of bacon, a deriv. of back, to the cured back and sides of the pig.]
1377Langl. P. Pl. B. xiii. 62 Wombe-cloutes and wylde braune & egges yfryed with grece. c1386Chaucer Frankl. T. 526 Brawen of the tusked swyn. c1440Promp. Parv. 48 Brawne of a bore, aprina. c1460Towneley Myst. 89 Lay furthe of oure store, Lo here browne of a bore. 1570Levins Manip. 44 Brawne, caro callata, aprina, callum. 1614Markham Cheap Husb. (1623) 129 The best feeding of a Swine for Larde, or a Boare for Brawne. 1641Milton Animadv. (1851) 200 Is a man therefore bound..at noon to Brawn, or Beefe? a1704T. Brown Pleas. Ep. Wks. 1730 I. 110 Private deliberations over brawn and guest-ale. 1781Westm. Mag. II. 47 This turban for my head is collar'd brawn! 1828Southey Ep. A. Cunningham, Whether ham, bacon, sausage, souse or brawn.
4. transf. A boar (or swine) as fattened for the table. dial. Cf. bacon n.
a1400Morte Arth. 1095 Brokbrestede as a brawne, with brustils fulle large. 1601Ord. R. Househ. (1790) 288 The Serjeant of the Larder hath for his fee..the feete cut off at the first joynt of every braune spent in the Queenes house. 1630J. Taylor (Water P.) Gt. Eater Kent Wks. i. 144/2 What say you to the Leafe or Flecke of a Brawne new kild? 1705Susanna Wesley in Eliza Clarke Life (1886) 55 To spread a report that my own brawn (boar) did this mischief. 1791Cowper Iliad ix. 258 With the flesh of sheep And of a fatted brawn. 1807Stagg Poems 18 Loud as brawns war snowran.
5. Hardened or thickened skin, the result of continued friction; also fig. L. callum.
1578Lyte Dodoens ix. lxvii. 744 The hard skinne or brawne that is in the handes or feete, which is gotten by labour. 1617Hieron Wks. 1619–20 II. 374 Corsiues for the eating out that dead flesh which is in their hearts, & for the paring off that brawne which is growne vpon them. 1639Fuller Holy War ii. xiv. (1840) 69 Witness the brawn on his hands and knees made with continual praying. 1639Horn & Rob. Gate Lang. Unl. xxv. §320 A brawn [thick skin] from hardning.
6. attrib. and Comb., as brawn-bands, brawn-buttock; brawn-fed, brawn-like adjs.; † brawn-fallen a., shrunken in flesh, thin, skinny.
1653Plat Gard. Eden 67 Binding the bark..with a packthred, or rather with *brawn-bands, will keep roses long from blowing.
1601Shakes. All's Well ii. ii. 19 The barbers chair..fits..the *brawn-buttock, or any buttock.
1579Lyly Euphues (Arb.) 127 Were not Milo his armes *brawne-fallen for want of wrastlyng. 1606Chapman Gentl. Usher Plays 1873 I. 288 Leane and brawn-falne; I and scarsly sound.
1703Farquhar Inconstant i. (D.) For our women here in France, they are such lean brawn-fall'n jades.
1567Drant Hor. Epist. xv. E vj, That I may cum *brawne fed.
1849–52Todd Cycl. Anat. & Phys. IV. 1393/2 The surrounding cellular texture..puts on a *brawn-like character.
▪ II. brawn, v.|brɔːn|
[f. prec.]
1. trans. To harden; to render callous; also fig. Obs. (at least in fig. sense).
1571Golding Calvin on Ps. xlii. 5 Those which have bin enured to miserie from theyr chyldhood, wer brauned. 1593Nashe Christ's T. 13 b, If thou hadst not embrued or brawned thine owne hands..in blood. 1641Baker Chron. 29/2 With continual kneeling her knees were brawned. 1653A. Wilson Jas. I, 91 Industry brawns and hardens the Armes.
2. intr. To become hard or callous.
1839–47Todd Cycl. Anat. & Phys. III. 254/2 This cutaneous cancer..consists of a brawning induration.
3. trans. To fatten (a boar).
1655Mouffet & Benn. Health's Improv. (1746) 147 The best Way of brawning a Boar is this..Before Christmas he will be sufficiently brawned with continual lying, and prove exceedingly fat, wholesome and sweet. a1843Southey Nondescr. iv, Pigs were made for man..born to be brawn'd And baconized.
†4. intr. To grow fat. (Of a boar.) Obs.
1580Tusser Husb. xv. (1878) 40 At Mihelmas safely go stie vp thy Bore..better he brawneth if hard he doo lie. |