| 释义 |
schema|ˈskiːmə|
Pl. schemata |ˈskiːmətə|, schemas.
[a. Gr. σχῆµα form, figure: see scheme n.1]
1. a. Philos. In Kant: Any one of certain forms or rules of the ‘productive imagination’ through which the understanding is able to apply its ‘categories’ to the manifold of sense-perception in the process of realizing knowledge or experience.
1796F. A. Nitsch View of Kant's Princ. 103 The Schema of a Category is no picture of anything. 1839Penny Cycl. XIII. 176 To the subsumtion of an object under a category, a schema, ‘time’, is indispensable, and, apart from all sensation, this schema itself does not subsist. 1877E. Caird Philos. Kant ii. x. 408 The schema in itself is nothing but a product of imagination. 1880Adamson Kant in Encycl. Brit. XIII. 852 The specific forms of productive imagination are called schemata. 1961B. M. Milmed Kant & Current Philos. Issues iv. 81 For both Kant and Lewis..the image is empirical, a reproduction of past experience, while the schema, through which the image becomes part of a criterion of empirical meaning, is a priori in its role as a definition of the experience to be interpreted by it. 1963A. Pap Introd. Philos. of Sci. vi. 102 The schemas correspond to the following principles of logic: the principle of the hypothetical syllogism..; a statement implied by a true statement is true [etc.]. 1966E. S. Casey tr. Dufrenne's Notion of A Priori viii. 156 Now, if the schema is the a priori in its original state, is it not the a priori in its corporeal state as well?
b. Neurol. and Psychol. An automatic, unconscious coding or organization of incoming physiological or psychological stimuli, giving rise to a particular response or effect.
1920H. Head Stud. in Neurol. II. iv. v. 605 For this combined standard, against which all subsequent changes of posture are measured before they enter consciousness, we propose the word ‘schema’. 1926M. Gabain tr. Piaget's Lang. & Thought of Child v. 236 This schema may be thought to apply only to ‘whys’, but it is obvious that other types of question..are more or less incorporated in it. 1932― tr. Piaget's Moral Judgment of Child ii. 20 The child is undoubtedly trying..to understand the nature of the marbles and to adapt its motor schemas to this novel reality. 1950W. R. Brain in D. Richter Perspectives in Neuropsychiatry 138 The schema would then develop by becoming a resonator to a pattern received from any part of the corresponding sensory cortex and ‘learned’ by repetition, and would thus be the basis both of simple recognition and of abstraction. Ibid. 139 The schema is a neurophysiological disposition..which plays an essential part in perception and action, speech and thought... It may prove to be the bridge between body and mind. 1964Listener 25 June 1029/1 Again, Koestler uses the idea of the ‘schema’ to discuss memory, but he does not mention that Bartlett..wrote a whole book..precisely to develop that very idea. 1971J. Z. Young Introd. Study Man xxi. 277 Many, however, are very useful, especially the concept of a ‘schema’. In Piagetian language this is described as a ‘cognitive structure which has reference to a class of similar action sequences’. 1978Hochberg & Brooks in J. W. Senders et al. Eye Movements & Higher Psychol. Functions v. iv. 295 If visual momentum is the impetus to obtain sensory information, and to formulate and test a schema, it should be reflected by the frequency with which glances are made.
2. a. A diagrammatic representation. Also in extended use.
1890Gould New Med. Dict., Schema, figure or design made by the abstraction of certain exceptions or peculiarities, in order to show the general law or type. 1895J. Sully Stud. of Childhood x. 353 Number is here as little attended to as in the radial arrangements. It is worth noting that this schema seems to be widely diffused among children of different nationalities. 1943H. Read Educ. through Art v. 121 All previous writers on the subject have attempted to trace the evolution of the schema, from the first chance recognition of a resemblance in the child's..scribblings..to an outline or two-dimensional schema. 1960E. H. Gombrich Art & Illusion v. 168 We shall never know what Rubens' children ‘really looked like’, but this need not mean we are forever barred from examining the influence which acquired patterns or schemata have on the organization of our perception. 1971E. Kramer Art as Therapy vi. 127 A five- or six-year-old child who is in the process of discovering various schemata that unmistakably denote for him men, women,..or animals is..enormously increasing his power of expression. 1981Times Lit. Suppl. 10 July 783/2 He painted what the schemata of Rembrandt and J. R. Cozens enabled him to see.
b. In gen. use, a hypothetical outline or plan; a theoretical construction; a draft, design.
1939E. Muir Present Age i. 30 When he [sc. H. G. Wells] tried to reinstate society again his society was a schema, not an actual society such as Fielding described. 1947Partisan Rev. XIV. 231 In the countries where capitalism really triumphed, it has yielded with far better grace..than the Marxist schema predicted. 1978N. Marsh Grave Mistake iv. 123 The gardens today bear little resemblance in concept to this exquisite schema.
3. Eccl. A draft canon or decree submitted to either of the Vatican Councils for discussion.
1870T. Mozley Let. 24 Mar. (1891) II. 273 The Council has been sitting on three successive days... Today makes the fourth given to the amended Schema on matters of faith. 1930E. C. Butler Vatican Council I. x. 199 Two months elapsed during which the deputation worked at the remodelling of the schema. 1963Ann. Reg. 1962 370 The first schema presented for discussion, Liturgy, seemed relatively innocuous. |