| 释义 |
▪ I. scheme, n.1|skiːm|
Forms: 7 skeme, sceme, ? sceame, 7–8 scheam, 6– scheme.
[a. med.L. schēma, a. Gr. σχῆµα form, figure, f. root σχ-:—pre-Hellenic zgh-, zero-grade of Indogermanic *segh-, whence Gr. ἔχ-ειν to have, hold, be in such or such a condition. Cf. F. schéma, schème, It., Pg. schema, G. schema. The earlier uses in Eng. show direct influence from Gr.; the usual med.L. rendering of σχῆµα being figura, the Eng. scheme was in the 16–17th c. a synonym of figure n. in several technical senses.]
†1. Rhet. Any of the recognized modes of deviating from the ordinary use and arrangement of words for the sake of effectiveness or beauty of expression: = figure n. 21. Obs.
1553T. Wilson Rhet. 94, I might tary a longe time in declaryng the nature of diuerse Schemes, whiche are woordes or sentencies altered..contrarie to the vulgare custome of our speache. 1617Collins Def. Bp. Ely ii. viii. 304 By a scheme of speach they are made to be casters on of the perfume. 1684Tillotson Serm. (1714) III. xlix. 586 In the Text, by a very elegant Scheme of Speech he does, as it were, once more set them at liberty; and, as if they had never engaged themselves to God by Covenant before, he leaves them to their free choice.
†2.
a. A diagram showing the relative positions, either real or apparent, of the heavenly bodies.
1638Burton Anat. Mel. ii. ii. iii. (ed. 5) 257 [They] are all so confident, that they have made skemes and tables of their motions. 1665Phil. Trans. I. 107 Amongst his Observations and Schemes of this Comet. 1755B. Martin Mag. Arts & Sci. 23 What do you intend by those small Stars round Jupiter and Saturn, in the Scheme? 1774J. Bryant Mythol. I. 341 They borrowed all the schemes under which the stars are comprehended, from the Egyptians. 1824J. Johnson Typogr. I. 419 The volume is decorated with schemes of spheres and the signs of the Zodiac.
†b. esp. in Astrol., a diagram representing the position of the planets at the hour of a person's birth, a horoscope; = figure n. 14. Obs.
1610B. Jonson Alch. iv. iv, My most honor'd ladie, (For so I am now to stile you, hauing found By this my scheme, you are to vnder-goe An honorable fortune, very shortly). 1647Lilly Chr. Astrol. title, The first [Book] containing the use of an Ephemeris, the erecting of a Scheam of Heaven. 1708Swift Predict. Wks. 1751 IV. 188 Upon reviewing my Schemes, I quickly found the cause of that Error. 1770Langhorne Plutarch (1851) I. 472/2 A Chaldean scheme was found in his bosom as he lay. 1815Scott Guy M. iv.
†3.
a. In wider sense: A diagram; a figure drawn to illustrate a mathematical proposition, or to elucidate descriptions of natural phenomena, machinery, etc.; a map or plan of a town; an architect's designs for a building; and the like. Obs.
1649J. Ellistone tr. Behmen's Epist. vi. §81 (1886) 100 Like as my writings do sufficiently and largely show, and here only is represented briefly in a figure or scheme. 1660Boyle New Exp. Phys. Mech. Proem 9 The shape of the Glass, you will find express'd in the first Figure of the annexed Scheme. 1665Phil. Trans. I. 28 The Author hath..drawn all the Schemes of these 60 microscopical objects with his own hand. 1674Ray Coll. Words, Wire-Working 134 The Description whereof would be tedious and difficult to understand without a Scheme and therefore I shall omit it. 1682Weekly Mem. 214 In the next place he gives us a scheme of the city of Lepanto. 1695W. Alingham Geom. Epit. 117 The delineating of any Geometrick Scheme or Figure. 1703T. N. City & C. Purchaser 60 Unless the Schemes be very large, it will be very difficult to take the Dimensions nicely. 1704J. Harris Lex. Techn. I, Scheme, is the representation of any Geometrical or Astronomical Figure or Problem, by Lines sensibly to the Eye; and these are otherwise called Diagrams. 1771Luckombe Hist. Print. 89 He used a great variety of mathematical schemes, maps, and other useful devices to embellish his works. 1826Scott Woodst. xxxii, ‘This,’ said he, ‘is a scheme of the citadel, as I call it, which may hold out long enough’.
†b. fig.
1646Crashaw Sospetto d'Herode xlvi, What ever Schemes of Blood, fantastick-frames Of Death Mezentius, or Geryon drew. a1701Sedley Tyrant of Crete v. i, Look upon my misfortunes, and you shall find A perfect scheme of all your saddest evils. 1717De Foe Ch. Scot. (1844) 6, I shall give it [the Particulars] at large in the Scheme I purpose to draw of the State of these Judicatories.
4. An analytical or tabular statement.
a. A conspectus, exposition in outline; an epitome exhibiting the structure of a book, passage, argument, etc.; also an outline draft of a projected literary work.
1647Clarendon Hist. Reb. ii. §68 [Mr. Pym said] that he had only laid that scheme [sc. the enumeration of grievances] before them, that they might see how much work they had to satisfy their country. 1652Needham tr. Selden's Mare Cl. 16 Having given you a plain scheme of the Law. 1685Baxter Paraphr. N.T. Matt. vi. 9 So perfect is the method of the Lord's Prayer, that I had thought to have Anatomized it and set it before thee in a Scheme. 1695Woodward Nat. Hist. Earth (1723) 2, I intend this but for a Scheme of a larger Design. 1878Dale Lect. Preach. iii. 75 You may occasionally find it necessary to make a ‘scheme’ of an argument in order to grasp it. 1882Farrar Early Chr. II. 394 The student who reads it [sc. the First Epistle of St. John] in the light of some well considered scheme will gain more advantage from it than others, even if details of his scheme be untenable.
b. A table, a methodical list; a prearranged system of classification. † In University slang: see quot. 1780.
Perh. obs. exc. as reintroduced from German; cf. G. schema blank form to be filled up.
a1677Hale Prim. Orig. Man. ii. ii. 132, I shall prefix a short Chronological Scheme of Times. a1715Burnet Own Time (1766) II. 218 He desired me to give him a scheme of heads fit to be spoken to, and of the order in which they should be laid. 1780Gentl. Mag. L. 278 He provides what is here called a scheme, which contains a collection of all the questions, which will probably be asked him in each science. 1868Bain Mental & Moral Sci., Ethics ii. 546 In Chapter ix. is given his [Hobbes'] Scheme of Sciences. 1884tr. Lotze's Logic 188 The difference or the kinship between any two conceptions M and N should be exactly indicated by their position in the universal scheme. 1895Daily News 14 Sept. 2/4 In the majority of the programmes the chief orchestral work will be Tschaïkowsky's ‘Symphonie Pathétique’..while the rest of the schemes will be devoted to Wagner.
c. Pros. A tabular analysis of the admissible varieties of structure in a particular kind of verse or stanza; the structure of a verse or a stanza as represented by such an analysis.
1838T. Mitchell Clouds of Aristoph. 120 The following scheme of the metre in which this Address is written..is given by the learned editor of Hephæstion.
5. a. A plan, design; a programme of action; the designed scope and method of an undertaking or a literary work, etc. Phrases, to † cast, lay a scheme.
1647Clarendon Hist. Reb. iii. §254 To lay the scheme [MS. sceme] how the next year should be spent. 1704Addison Campaign 64 Our god-like leader, ere the stream he past, The mighty scheme of all his labours cast. 1718Col. Rec. Pennsylv. III. 59 That first fframed the Scheme and then Laid the Solid ffoundation of this fflourishing Colony. 1726G. Shelvocke Voy. round World (1757) 5, I also reminded them of the scheme of the voyage. 1727Gay Begg. Op. i. x, That is the whole scheme and intention of all marriage-articles. 1738Wesley Ps. cxxxix. iii. 3 Thine Eye with tender Care survey'd The Growth of every Part, 'Till the whole Scheme thy Thoughts had laid Was copy'd by thy Art. 1754J. Shebbeare Matrimony (1766) I. 22 The one laid the scheme, and the other took the Town. 1756Burke Subl. & B. Introd. (end), It is the nature of our particular scheme, and the single point of view in which we consider it, which ought to put a stop to our researches. 1775― Corr. (1844) II. 53 This is no time for taking public business in their course and order, and only as a part in the scheme of life, which comes and goes at its proper periods. 1848Thackeray Van. Fair xlvii, It forms no part of our scheme to tell what became of the remainder. 1859Jephson Brittany x. 162 For us they are things of the past, they find no place in our scheme of life. 1883Froude Short Stud. IV. ii. ii. 179 The scheme of teaching for the higher class of men was essentially good.
b. Hence, A plan of action devised in order to attain some end; a purpose together with a system of measures contrived for its accomplishment; a project, enterprise. Often with unfavourable notion, a self-seeking or an underhand project, a plot (cf. scheme v., scheming ppl. a.), or a visionary or foolish project. Phrase, to lay a scheme.
This is now the most prominent use, and in some degree colours the other senses so far as they survive.
1718Free-thinker No. 90. 249 This was the Scheme which the Heads of the Parliament-Party pursued. 1719De Foe Crusoe ii. (1858) 333 The scheme hit so exactly with my temper. 1746Col. Rec. Pennsylv. V. 51 It is no new thing for Arbitrary Princes to contrive and promote Schemes for the subversion of a Government. 1750Johnson Rambler No. 73 ⁋4 Plans of elegance and schemes of pleasure. 1759Robertson Hist. Scot. iii. Wks. I. 243 But this deep-laid scheme was in a moment disconcerted. 1775A. Burnaby Trav. 23 Some few, indeed, have been rather more enterprising, and have endeavoured to improve their estates by raising indigo, and other schemes. 1776Adam Smith W.N. ii. ii. I. 384 The idea of the possibility of multiplying paper money to almost any extent, was the real foundation of what is called the Mississippi scheme. 1814Jane Austen Mansf. Park viii, Her opposition to Edmund now, arose more from partiality for her own scheme, because it was her own, than from anything else. 1826Scott Woodst. xxxii, Men come and go, lay schemes, and alter them, in my house, without deigning to consult me! 1832H. Martineau Ireland iii. 36 Dan proposed a grand scheme to his father-in-law. 1857Act 20 & 21 Vict. c. 84 Preamble, The Charity Commissioners..have provisionally approved and certified (among other Schemes for the Application and Management of Charities) a Scheme for the College of God's Gift in Dulwich. 1863Geo. Eliot Romola xxiii, He never thought of any scheme for removing his enemy. 1868J. H. Blunt Ref. Ch. Eng. I. 353 The end of this vast scheme of spoliation. 1888J. Inglis Tent Life 306 The great irrigation schemes of the North-West Provinces. 1895Bookman Oct. 22/2 At the Congress of Ryswick..Louis placed his own dynastic schemes above the interests of the nation.
c. In generalized sense: ‘Scheming’, contrivance, design. rare—1.
1790Paley Horæ Paul. i. 4 A coincidence which shows, by its very obliquity, that scheme was not employed in its formation.
d. An escapade of a humorous character, a ‘spree’; an outing or excursion. Now only dial.
1758Johnson Idler No. 33 All the provisions bespoke by some rakish fellow-commoner in the next room, who had been on a scheme to Newmarket. 1762Foote Orators i. (1780) 6 Will and I are here upon a scheme from Oxford. 1764Oxf. Sausage 26 Woodstock, farewell! and Wallingford adieu! Where many a Scheme reliev'd the lingering Day. 1789Jane Austen in Loiterer 12 Sept. 6 That glorious achievement, A Scheme to Town. 1813― Pride & Prej. III. ix. 166, I did not once put my foot out of doors... Not one party, or scheme, or any thing. 1904Eng. Dial. Dict. s.v., [Camb.], I never used to have such schemes when I was young.
Comb.1764Oxf. Sausage 44 No scheme-enamour'd Youth.
6.
†a. A hypothetical construction, a theory. Obs.
b. A body of related doctrines, a speculative system.
a.1675Baxter Cath. Theol. i. i. 58 Many Arminians write as if the order of Intention and of Execution were the same, and so begin at the other end, and give us a Scheme just contrary to the first sort. 1682Creech Lucretius v. (1683) 162 And this the later Babylonian Sect Doth hold, and the Chaldean Schemes reject. 1709Steele Tatler No. 69 ⁋4 Eboracensis has read all the Schemes which Writers have formed of Government and Order. 1725Watts Logic ii. iii. §3 Thro' the Influence which our own Schemes or Hypotheses have upon the Mind, we sometimes become so sharp-sighted as to find these Schemes in those Places of Scripture where the holy Writers never thought of them.
b.1685Temple Ess. Learning Wks. 1731 I. 291 Des-Cartes was the next that would be thought to excel the Ancients, by a new Scheme or Body of Philosophy. 1754Sherlock Discourses (1759) I. i. 12 Complete Schemes of Natural Religion drawn from Principles and Axioms of Reason. 1858Sears Athan. iii. viii. 324 His comprehensive scheme of theology.
7. a. A complex unity in which the component elements co-operate and interact according to a definite plan; a system of correlated things, institutions, arrangements, etc.; also, the manner in which such a system is organized.
1736Butler Anal. i. vii. 121 (chapter-heading), Of the Government of God, considered as a Scheme or Constitution, imperfectly comprehended. 1772Priestley Inst. Relig. (1782) I. 39 Evil..is a necessary part of the whole scheme. 1791Burke Corr. (1844) III. 278 He then asked me whether I had seen that scheme of absurdity, the French constitution, and what I thought of it. 1820Shelley Sensit. Pl. ii. 4 There was a Power in this sweet place, An Eve in this Eden; a ruling Grace Which to the flowers, did they waken or dream, Was as God is to the starry scheme. 1833T. Hook Parson's Dau. i. i, To this disadvantage (the only one, perhaps, of the scheme of society to which it belongs) may be attributed many of those ill-assorted matches made by ladies of quality. 1836J. Gilbert Chr. Atonem. iii. (1852) 69 In the present scheme of things, man is so closely linked with his fellow man,..that in a thousand instances the moral exchange is both required and made. 1840S. Wilberforce Sp. Missions (1874) 89 But it must be that a little while longer, and this nation, aye, and all the great scheme of nations, of which it is part, will have passed utterly away, and be no more. 1859FitzGerald tr. Omar lxxiii, Ah Love! could thou and I with Fate conspire To grasp this sorry Scheme of Things entire, Would not we shatter it to bits! 1878Browning La Saisiaz 41 From thine apprehended scheme of things deduce Praise or blame of its contriver. 1888Henley Bk. Verses 121 Pulpit and platform overflowing, Ready the scheme of things to revise.
b. Painting. scheme of colour: the system of selection and arrangement of colours characteristic of a particular painter or school, or adopted in a particular picture; now chiefly = colour scheme (in both senses) s.v. colour n.1 19. Freq. ellipt. Also transf.
1884Sat. Rev. 7 June 745/1 We wish that this artist would abandon the chocolate-like scheme of colour in which he has indulged for the last few years. 1897Private Life of Queen ii. 15 The general scheme of colour is crimson and cream and gold. This scheme of paint prevails throughout the suite. 1905P. White Patient Man vii. 67 Mrs. Dacre was proud of the ‘scheme’ of the dining-room, although she admitted it was a little trying to the complexion by daylight. 1925R. W. G. Hingston in E. F. Norton Fight for Everest: 1924 265 Certain of the little birds are decidedly conspicuous, and in some cases we see the obvious reason why they do not require a protective scheme. Ibid. 267 Its [sc. a locust's] scheme of colour was grey and black with delicate transverse bands across its thighs. 1969J. Cheever Bullet Park ii. 31 Nubbly stretchy reps look completely out of place in my decorating scheme.
†8. In certain senses of Gr. σχῆµα.
a. = figure n. 10.
b. Stateliness, pomp.
c. Form, aspect, appearance. Obs.
a.1638Junius Paint. Ancients 311 Every picture consisting of many figures must needs have some historicall part in it, seeing it is but a dull and unprofitable thing when many schemes are heaped up together without either sense or learning.
b.1647H. More Poems Pref., So high confidence might become the heat and scheme of Poetry much better than sober Philosophy.
c.1654H. L'Estrange Chas. I (1655) 125 The Nation and race of men were.., under the scheme of..specious plain-dealing, most perfidious. 1664H. More Myst. Iniq. vii. 21 It is likely the imposing Priests would pretend either of these to the people (though not in that odious scheme) as persuasions of the presence of the Dæmons themselves in these consecrated Places and Images. 1677Gale Crt. Gentiles iii. 84 For they had the scheme of truth not the substance. 1682Sir T. Browne Chr. Mor. iv. §14 (1756) 99 Be not under any brutal metempsychosis while thou livest, and walkest about erectly under the scheme of man. 1743N. Appleton Serm. 13 Contending for the same Thing ultimately, but in a different Scheme.
†9. Anc. Mus. (See quot. 1753. Cf. 4 c.)
1721A. Malcolm Treat. Mus. 534 The mutual Distances of these Meses potestate are expressed in the Scheme by (:) which signifies a Tone, (.) a Semitone or Limma. 1753Chambers' Cycl. Supp., Scheme..in the antient music, is used for the varieties arising from the different positions of the tones and semitones in a consonance. 1811T. Busby Dict. Mus. (ed. 3).
▸ Sc. colloq.Short for housing scheme n. at housing n.1 Compounds 1. A housing development on the outskirts of a city, usually in a deprived area; a council estate.
1968G. M. Williams From Scenes like These i. 8 The harsh blue sodium lights of the scheme streets ended at the railway bridge, a dank vault from whose iron rafters hung silvery icicles. 1980B. MacLaverty Time to Dance in A. Massie Sc. Short Stories 219 Most of the boys in the scheme called him Nelly Skelly. 1991J. Kelman Burn (1992) 208 As it turns out he didni walk it from the scheme into the city after all. 1999Sunday Herald (Glasgow) 7 Nov. (Seven Days section) 5/6 I'm a working-class Weedgie who grew up in a scheme.
▪ II. scheme, n.2 ? Obs.|skiːm|
Forms: 8 scheam, skeen, 9 skene, 8– scheme.
[Of obscure origin.
Some etymologists have conjectured that scheme-arch is an adaptation of a hypothetical It. arco scemo, ‘imperfect arch’; but this seems very unlikely.]
The arc of larger radius in the middle of a three-centre arch or elliptical arch; chiefly attrib., in scheme-arch, an arch of this kind (but by various writers defined as an arch of the form of a circular segment less than a semicircle).
1703Moxon Mech. Exerc. 273 Let the length given be AB,..describe the Hanse AG;..then..describe a part of the Ellipsis BH, which is called the Hanse: The other part to be described from G to H, is called the Scheam. 1725W. Halfpenny Sound Building 2 To describe a Scheme-Arch. 1772Hutton Bridges 78 A scheme or skeen arch is a segment less than the semicircle. 1842Civil Eng. & Arch. Jrnl. V. 251/2 Scheme or Skene, or Imperfect Arch, less than semicircle.
b. quasi-adj. Constructed with a ‘scheme’.
1703T. N. City & C. Purch. 8 Of Circular Arches, there are 3 Kinds; Semicircular, Scheme, or Skeen, and Arches of the 3d. and 4th. Point. 1715Leoni Palladio's Archit. (1721) I. 71 The Ceilings are either made semi-circular, or scheme [orig. a schiffo], that is, so flat as to have in height only one third of the breadth of the Room.
▪ III. scheme, v.|skiːm|
[f. scheme n.1]
1. trans. To devise as a scheme; to lay schemes for; to effect by contrivance or intrigue.
1767Lewis Statius' Thebaid ii. 320 For useless lay the now-neglected Chain; Threats fail'd, and Punishments were schem'd in vain. 1831Scott Ct. Rob. xxxiii, Offences which were wilfully and maliciously schemed. 1868F. E. Paget Lucretia 180, I resolved to adopt both plans, and if possible, scheme a mode of escape. 1893McCarthy Red Diamonds I. 3 That modern travel..which has schemed out its great scheme of the Euphrates Valley railroad.
b. intr. To lay schemes; to use ingenuity, resort to contrivance; to devise plans, esp. underhand or with sinister motive.
1842Browning Count Gismond ii, And doubtlessly ere he could draw All points to one, he must have schemed. 1851Hawthorne Ho. Sev. Gables x. (1852) 117 You may scheme for me as much as you please; but I'm not going to give up this one scheme of my own. 1865Carlyle Fredk. Gt. xxi. iv. X. 27 It is not true that Friedrich had schemed to send Henri round by Petersburg. 1866Kingsley Herew. xix, Half-a-dozen plans suggested themselves to his crafty brain as he sat brooding and scheming.
2. trans. To reduce to a scheme or formula. Also, to scheme out: to plan methodically. rare.
1716M. Davies Athen. Brit. II. 19 The King's having the Opinion or Endeavour of..any Body..in Scheming out the rough Draft..of the Treatise..can't be any Argument that the King was not the Author of it. 1858Bushnell Nat. & Supernat. xii. (1864) 400 It may scheme out a system or hypothesis. 1865― Vicar. Sacr. i. ii. (1866) 21 Every such attempt to scheme the work of Christ, and put Him in the terms of the understanding.
3. intr. To go on the spree. Also trans. to play truant from (school). ? dial. Cf. scheme n.1 5 d.
1738Mrs. Montagu Lett. (1809) I. 32 We all came croaking down to breakfast the next morning, and said we had caught no cold, as one always says when one has been scheming. 1905Blackw. Mag. Oct. 510/1 He would be leathering me for scheming school. |