| 释义 |
▪ I. scouring, vbl. n.1|ˈskaʊərɪŋ|
[f. scour v.1 + -ing1.]
The action of advancing as a scout, of roving with hostile purpose, of moving swiftly about, of overrunning a country, etc.
c1471Arriv. K. Edw. IV (Camden) 3 By the scuringe of suche persons as for that cawse were, by his said rebells, sent afore into thos partes for to move them to be agains his highnes, the people were sore endwsed to be contrary to hym. 1607Shakes. Timon v. ii. 15 The Enemies Drumme is heard, and fearefull scouring Doth choake the ayre with dust. 1611Cotgr., Escumement,..a scowring of the seas. 1829W. Irving Conq. Granada I. xlii. 371 Journeying securely along the pleasant banks of the Xenil, so lately subject to the scourings of the Moors. 1872Spencer Princ. Psychol. II. 541 As the motions are superfluous bounds and scourings around.
attrib.1781T. Simes Milit. Guide (ed. 3) 11 Scouring parties of light cavalry. 1905Daily Chron. 1 June 4/2 It was in the course of these scouring operations that Admiral Rozhdestvensky was captured on board a destroyer.
▪ II. ˈscouring, vbl. n.2
[f. scour v.2 + -ing1.]
1. a. The action of polishing or cleaning by hard rubbing.
a1300[see scour v.2 1 b]. 1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xvi. i. (1495) 552 By frotynge and scourynge of grauel golde, bras and yren is made bryght. c1440Promp. Parv. 197/1 Glacynge, or scowrynge [Winch. MS. shoryng] of harneys, pernitidacio, perlucidacio. 1477–9Rec. St. Mary at Hill 80 For scowryng of the Standardis candilstikkis, & the Rode loft. 1547in E. B. Jupp Carpenters' Co. (1887) 387 Paid to the bedylls wyffe for skoryng of the vessell, iiij d. 1620Sanderson Serm. I. 140 Brass and copper and baser metals are kept bright with scowring. c1714Arbuthnot, etc. Mem. M. Scribl. i. iv, Thus..hath Heaven..afflicted me with the scouring of my Shield. 1862Morrall Needle-making 11 The next process is scouring.
b. fig.
1528Tindale Obed. Chr. Man 147 b, Those doctours..nether thought or once dreamed..of any soch whisperinge or of pardons, or scouringe of purgatory as they have fayned.
2. The process of cleansing wool, cloth, etc.
1464Mann. & Househ. Exp. (Roxb.) 251 Payd to the taylor, for makenge, lynynge, and scorynge of my masterys blake gown, iij.s. ix.d. 1467–8Rolls of Parlt. V. 630/1 The seid brode sette Clothes, after all the said sufficiant and perfit werkmanship, scowring, full driyng. 1548Act 2 & 3 Edw. VI, c. 26 White Ashes..are verie necessarie..for the..dyinge and scowringe of wollen Clothe. 166.Petty in Sprat Hist. Roy. Soc. (1667) 304 Scowring and Washing of Stuffs to be dyed, is to be done with special Materials. 1713Guardian No. 38 (1756) I. 163 It is the last time my black coat will bear scouring. 1879Cassell's Techn. Educ. IV. 339/2 After the sorting, the first process is scouring, by which the wool is cleansed from the grease.
3. The action of cleaning out a ditch, a gun-bore, etc.; the clearing of a channel by flushing or by a natural flow of water. Also with out.
1458–9Durham Acc. Rolls (Surtees) 411 In le scurryng unius fossati. 1479–80in Finchale Priory Charters (Surtees) p. cccxlvii, Pro le scowryng fossatorum et factura sepium. 1497Naval Acc. Hen. VII (1896) 234 Abought skowryng & clensyng of..the Kynges dokke. 1543in Lett. & Pap. Hen. VIII, XVIII. ii. 118 For skoryn of a water souer. 1571Act 13 Eliz. c. 18 §8 The scowring, clensinge, repayring, and keping of the said Ryver of Lee. 1575Nottingham Rec. IV. 159 Payd for skowryng of the guns to Thomas Lockesmeth ij s. 1662Petty Taxes 12 The cutting and scowring of rivers into navigable. 1780[see horse n. 24]. 1859T. Hughes (title) The Scouring of the White Horse. 1878Huxley Physiogr. 147 There is sufficient scouring out of the mouth [of the river] to keep its channel open. 1898Jrnl. Sch. Geog. (U.S.) Oct. 283 This scouring cuts the uplands into hills, but eventually they, too, are worn down.
4. a. The action of purging the bowels. † Also concr., a purgative medicine.
1575Turberv. Faulconrie 234 If these receytes and skowrings yeelde no remedie then must you to the actual cauterie. 1614Markham Cheap Husb. i. i. 9 Let exercises and mashes of sweet Mault after, be his usual scowrings. 1682Lond. Gaz. No. 1742/4 All sorts of Drugs for Purging, Scouring, and Sweating of Running-Horses or Hunters.
b. The state or fact of being purged; a looseness or flux of the bowels, diarrhœa; esp. as a disease in livestock (= scour n.2 2).
1597Gerarde Herbal iii. clix. 1378 Lungwoort..stoppeth the bloudie flix, and other flixes and scourings, either vpwards or downwards. 1615Crooke Body of Man 92 Hee ate a pound of Cherries, heereupon he fell into a scowring. 1753Chambers' Cycl. Suppl. s.v. Sheep, It generally throws them into scowerings. 1787‘G. Gambado’ Acad. Horsem. (1809) 26 Horses full of grass are very subject to scourings. 1884F. J. Lloyd Sci. Agric. 297 Diarrhœa. This is termed when applied to animals, ‘scouring’.
†5. The action of clearing or ridding of undesirable occupants or the like. Obs.
1606Holland Sueton. 92 The skouringe or riddance of the worke-house prisons.
6. The action of beating, drubbing or chastising; also fig. Phr. to scape or escape a scouring.
1426Lydg. De Guil. Pilgr. 17000 Blyssed be the betynges and skowrynges that compellyn a chylde to declyne from his trespacys and his errours. 1588Marprel. Epist. (Arb.) 44 With what a manly countenance you giue your brethren this scouring. 1600Holland Livy xxii. 457 In my former Consulship, I hardly escaped a scouring. 1663Dryden Wild Gallant v. i. (1669) 70 What a scowering have I scapt to night. 1721De Foe Mem. Cavalier x. (1840) 187 Aylesbury escaped a scouring for that time. 1771Smollett Humph. Cl. 8 June (1815) 140 Certain it is, I have not 'scaped a scouring.
7. concr. Dirt or refuse removed by scouring.
1588Lambarde Eiren. iv. iv. 475 If any person..haue cast the scouring of any ditch..into the high way. 1652French Yorksh. Spa iii. 34 The Sulphur-Well in York-shire smells like the scowring of a Gun that is very fowl. 1771Smollett Humph. Cl. 28 Apr. (1815) 53 It is very far from being clear with me, that the patients in the pump-room don't swallow the scourings of the bathers. 1831T. L. Peacock Crotchet Castle i, The Thames (not yet polluted by the tide, the scouring of cities, or even the minor defilement of the sandy streams of Surrey). 1857Kingsley Misc. (1859) II. 371 And out of the scourings of that vast mass of chalk was our gravel-pit made.
†b. Dirt or scum naturally collected. Obs.
1591Spenser Virg. Gnat 229 The frogs, bred in the slimie scowring Of the moist moores.
c. fig. (esp. of persons: cf. off-scouring 2 b).
1721Lett. Mist's Jrnl. (1722) I. 76 The Scum and Scouring of the People. 1838Dickens O. Twist xl, The associate of the scourings of the jail and hulks. 1853H. Reeve in Life & Corr. (1898) I. 271 How far will the next ‘Quarterly’ support this strain? Unhappily Croker's influence still condemns us to several sheets of his scourings.
8. Tanning. (See quot.)
1797Encycl. Brit. (ed. 3) XVIII. 307/1 (Tanning) After which they [the hides] are removed into another pit called a scowering, which consists of water strongly impregnated with vitriolic acid, or with [etc.].
9. attrib. and Comb., as scouring cloth, scouring-work; also scouring bit (see quot.); † scouring clay or earth, fuller's earth; scouring drops (see quot. 1867); † scouring house, a room where plate, pewter, etc. is scoured; also fig.; scouring machine, mill, an apparatus for scouring cloth after weaving; scouring paper, emery-paper, glass-paper, or the like; scouring powder, an abrasive powder used for cleaning kitchenware, etc.; scouring power (see quot. 1855); † scouring-rod = scouring-stick; scouring rush, Equisetum hyemale; scouring sand, a kind of sand used for scouring; † scouring-stick = scourer2 5; also transf. (jocular); † scouring-stocks, a form of scouring-machine; scouring-stone, a stone used for cleaning paved floors; † scouring woman, a charwoman.
1860Eng. & Foreign Mining Gloss., Derbysh. 43 *Scouring bit, a bit attached to the ends of boring rods for the purpose of extracting the rubbish.
1660Marvell Let. 29 Nov., Wks. (Grosart) II. 26 To-morrow will be carryed up that [bill] against transporting Wooll,..Fullers Earth and all *Scowring clay.
1907Yesterday's Shopping (1969) 120/3 *Scouring Cloth—yard 0/5½ Scouring or Paint Cloths—each 0/4. 1976W. Trevor Children of Dynmouth iii. 58 He reached for a scouring cloth on a line that stretched above the sink.
1808Times 19 Jan. 1/3 Bayley's *Scouring Drops, for taking grease out of silk, woollen cloth, &c. 1867Brande & Cox Dict. Sci. etc., Scouring Drops, the essential oils of lemon and of bergamotte are sold under this name.
1661Petty in T. Birch Hist. Roy. Soc. (1756) I. 61 The best Wooburn earth resembleth Castle-soap not obscurely, that and all other *scowring earths consisting..of very fine sand, answering to the salt in soaps [etc.].
1603Inv. in Gage Hengrave (1822) 21 Y⊇ chamber over y⊇ *skoringe house. Ibid. 22 Y⊇ scooring house. 1647Trapp Comm. 2 Tim. ii. 21 O happy be you that you be now in this scouring house: for shortly you shall be set upon the celestial shelf.
1851–4Tomlinson's Cycl. Usef. Arts (1867) II. 938/1 This form of washer is called a *scouring-machine in Yorkshire. 1882Encycl. Brit. XIV. 387/2 Another machine now largely used by curriers is the scouring machine. 1969A. J. Hall Stand. Handbk. Textiles (ed. 7) iii. 110 The construction and operation of scouring machines..are such as to disturb the wool as little as possible.
1799G. Smith Laboratory I. 399 They must before they are sent to the dye house, be well scowered in a *scowering mill.
1771E. Haywood New Present 252 To rub the stove and fire-irons with *scowring-paper. 1858Simmonds Dict. Trade, Scouring-Paper Maker, a manufacturer of emery and glass papers for brightening metals, &c.
1949D. Smith I capture Castle v. 61 She..scrubbed her hands until she got it [sc. dye] all off. She used our last grains of *scouring powder. 1975N. Freeling What are Bugles blowing For? vi. 37 She tacked off to write ‘scouring powder’ on her shopping list.
1838Civil Eng. & Arch. Jrnl. I. 338/1 He..expresses his complete disapproval of the *scouring power. 1855Ogilvie Suppl., Scouring-power, the efficiency of a stream of water employed to carry away shingle, &c., from the mouth of a harbour, river, and the like, by flushing.
1697W. Dampier Voy. I. 118 Lance-wood..is very hard, tough and heavy, therefore Privateers esteem it very much..to make..*Scowring-Rods for their Guns.
1845–50A. H. Lincoln Lect. Bot. 113 In the *scouring rush (Equisetum), the quantity of silex is such, that housekeepers find it an excellent substitute for sand, in scouring wood or metals.
1648Hexham ii, Schuer-zandt, *scouring-sand, or gravell. 1700in Phil. Trans. XXV. 1539 Not unlike what we call white scowering Sand.
1577–87Holinshed Chron. III. 1228/1 One of the gunners..was shot in the side with a piece of *scowring stick, left in one of the calivers. 1602Dekker Satirom. Wks. 1873 I. 229 Wher's the Sering thou carriest about thee? O have I found thee my scowring-sticke. 1625Markham Souldiers Accid. 3 Straight scowring stickes, headed at the one end with Rammers of horne, suitable to the bore of the Piece. 1687A. Lovell tr. Thevenot's Trav. i. 72 They..ram down a sizable Bullet with the Scowring-stick, which is all Iron.
1835Ure Phil. Manuf. 187 The helves of the fulling-mallets are placed in a position different from those of the *scouring-stocks.
1648Hexham ii, Een schuer-steen, a *Scouring stone. 1894Speight Nidderdale 380 A small excavation from which in former times scouring-stones for the flagged floors of Ripley Castle were obtained.
c1610Middleton, etc. Widow ii. i, I ha'..no child of mine own, But two I got once of a *scowring woman.
1620Fletcher Chances i. vi, To..consume my selfe in candles, And *scowring works, in Nurses Bells and Babies. 1806A. Hunter Culina (ed. 3) 154 [This soup] may be considered as an assistant to Archæus, when he has any scouring work to perform.
▪ III. ˈscouring, ppl. a.1
[f. scour v.1 + -ing2.]
That moves about with hostile purpose; spec. roistering through the streets.
1691Shadwell Scowrers v. iii. 51 They tell me you were disturb'd with Roysters, and scowreing Rogues. 1704Swift Mech. Operat. Spirit ii, A set of roaring, scouring companions, overcharged with wine. 1716Gay Trivia iii. 314 If hapless you Should chance to wander with the scow'ring crew.
▪ IV. ˈscouring, ppl. a.2
[f. scour v.2 + -ing2.]
1. That cleanses; detergent.
1594Plat Jewell-ho. ii. 31 Those scowring effectes, for the which it [sc. Fullers' earth] is diuerse wayes had in vse amongst vs. 1600Surflet Country Farm iii. xxvii. 484 The wood being burned doth yeelde a sharpe smoke, and the ashes a verie scouring lee.
2. Purging, cathartic.
1597Gerarde Herbal ii. xvi. 199 Lampsana is of nature hot, and somewhat abstersiue or scowring. 1656Ridgley Pract. Physick 11 Scowring things, as figs. 1743Lond. & Country Brewer ii. (ed. 2) 93 Barley..is scouring.
fig.1617Hieron Wks. II. 196 To see how that scowring potion of Reproofe would worke to his humiliation, before he would minister to him any Cordials. 1864Bunyan Holy Life Beauty Chr. 43 Repentance is the scouring grace, 'tis that which purges.
3. Of slag: Having an erosive action on the hearth of the furnace.
1880Wright in Encycl. Brit. XIII. 296/1 If the slag becomes more or less of a ‘scouring’ character. 1884W. H. Greenwood Steel & Iron 110 Heavy burdens and a reduced temperature of the furnace are accompanied by a scouring slag or cinder, flowing as freely as water.
4. Of livestock: suffering from diarrhœa. Cf. scour n.2 5.
1752T. Boult Vet. Recipe Bk. in Henry Bristow Ltd. Catal. (1974) No. 206. 31 To cure a Scowering Cow. 1973Country Life 8 Feb. 360/1 A scouring cow is a very highly stressed animal.
5. U.S. Of a plough: see scour v.2 1 g.
1856Rep. Comm. Patents: Agric. 1855 (U.S. Dept. Agric.) 170 It was ploughed as near it as possible with a double-shovel scouring plough. 1943C. Crow Great Amer. Customer 71 He bought old sawmill blades with which he made self scouring plows which cut through the soil as clean as a razor.
Hence ˈscouringly adv. (in quot. = cathartically).
1528Paynell Salerne's Regim. (1541) 67 Muste prouoketh one to pysse, by reason yt the erthy partes scouryngly bitethe the bladder. |