| 释义 |
▪ I. scurf, n.1|skɜːf|
Forms: 4–5 scorf, 4, 7 skurf, 5–7 scurfe, 6 scorfe, skorfe, skurffe, 6–7 scurff(e, skurfe, 1, 3, 6– scurf. See also scruff n.1, shroff1.
[Late OE. scurf ? masc., a later form, prob. due to Scandinavian influence (cf. OSw. skorver, acc. skorff, skurff, mod.Sw. skorv, Da. skurv, mod.Icel. skurfur pl.) of OE. sceorf (also scruf: see scruff n.1), corresp. to MLG., LG. schorf, MDu. schorf(t, schurf(t, Du. schurft fem., OHG. scorf (MHG., mod.G. schorf masc.):—OTeut. *skurƀo-, *skurfo-, prob. from the root represented in OE. sceorfan str. vb., to gnaw, scearfian to cut into shreds (= OHG. scarbôn).]
†1. A morbid condition of the skin, esp. of the head, characterized by the separation of branny scales, without inflammation. Obs.
c1000Sax. Leechd. I. 316 Wið scruf [v.r. scurf] & wið sceb. a1300Cursor M. 11823 Wit þe crache him tok þe scurf, þe fester thrild his bodi thurgh. 1398Trevisa Barth. De. P.R. vii. iii. (1495) 223 Ofte thyse scales cleue to the rotes of the heere, vnnethe suche skalles other scorf is heelyd. c1450St. Cuthbert (Surtees) 4140 All þe bolnyng went away, And þe scurfe with in a day. 1526Skelton Magnif. 1958, I am lowsy and vnlykynge and full of scurffe. 1570Levins Manip. 190/37 Scurfe, itch, prurigo. 1607Topsell Four-f. Beasts 681 They which drink or eat sow milk fal into scurffes and Leprosies. 1661Lovell Hist. Anim. & Min. 25 The gall helpeth the leprosy and scurfe.
†b. A similar condition in animals. Obs.
c1440Pallad. on Husb. vi. 138 And ouer yeer they wol been in good poynte Withouten scorf or scalle in cors or ioynte. 1523Fitzherb. Husb. §116 There is a disease amonge horses that is called the scabbe, and it is a skorfe in dyuers places of his body. 1607Topsell Four-f. Beasts 28 The vrine with the owne dung,..taketh away the scurffe of Oxen.
2. The scales or small laminæ of epidermis that are continually being detached from the skin; esp. such scales detached in abnormally large quantity as a consequence of disease, or forming accumulations at the roots of the hair or elsewhere. † Formerly also, a single scale or lamina of this kind.
a1000Bede's Eccl. Hist. v. ii. (MS. B.), Se..swa micle hreofle & scurf [v.rr. scyrf, sceorfe; L. furfures] on his heafde hæfde, ðæt him næfre æniᵹ feax on ufan ðam heafde acenned beon meahte. c1440Promp. Parv. 451/1 Scurf, of scabbys, squama, squamula. 1483Caxton Gold. Leg. 326/1 Of kyrnellys & botches of his face & of scurffys there ranne grete plenty of blood. 1540Palsgr. Acolastus Prol. B iij b, By whiche their so doing, they clawe of their owne skabbe, i. their new gathered skurfe, therby makynge their skynne rawe agayne. 1579Langham Gard. Health (1633) 7 The flowers sodden in lée, and the head washed therwith taketh away the skurfe..thereof. 1786J. Hunter Treat. Vener. Dis. vi. ii. (1810) 473 It broke out after in venereal scurfs, upon the skin. 1815Elphinstone Acc. Caubul (1842) I. 341 The bather is scrubbed by the men of the bath till every particle of dirt or scurf is cleared off his skin. 1870Swinburne Ess. & Stud. (1875) 270 His bones foul with leprous scurf and green corruption of the grave.
b. transf. in Bot. Minute scales found on the leaves of certain plants.
1839Lindley Introd. Bot. (ed. 3) 63. 1857 A. Gray First Less. Bot. (1866) Gloss.
3. Any incrustation upon the surface of a body; rust, † a scab (obs.); a saline or sulphurous deposit, mould, or the like. Now rare.
c1440Promp. Parv. 451/1 Scurfe, of metel, scorium. 1538Elyot Dict., Crusta,..the scurfe of a scabbe or wounde [? read (with ed. 1548) the scurfe or scabbe of a wounde]. 1581Stafford Exam. Compl. ii. (1876) 59 Then there is no rust nor scurfe that diminisheth the goodnes or wasteth the substaunce of Gold. 1624Capt. Smith, etc. Virginia iii. 58 The waters..had left a tinctured spangled skurfe, that made many bare places seeme as guilded. 1665Hooke Microgr. 135 Growing Trees..that have been long expos'd to the Air and Rain, will be all over cover'd with a greenish scurff. 1667Milton P.L. i. 672 There stood a Hill not far whose griesly top Belch'd fire and rowling smoak; the rest entire Shon with a glossie scurff, undoubted sign That in his womb was hid metallic Ore, The work of Sulphur. 1752Phil. Trans. XLVII. 410 The bottom of the great crater, which was before an indurated scurf of bitumen and sulphur, is now full of large rents or openings. 1842Tennyson Vision of Sin v. 5 By shards and scurf of salt, and scum of dross.
b. fig.
1533Latimer Let. to Morice in Foxe A. & M. (1583) 1741/2, I neuer denyed Pilgrimage. And yet I haue sayed that much scurffe must be pared away ere euer it can be wel done, superstition, idolatry, [etc.] 1642D. Rogers Naaman 30 Job was an holy man, yet such naturall scurffe the Lord saw to lurke in his spirit that he was faine..at last to wring this speech from him. 1697Dryden æneid vi. 1011 Then are they happy, when by length of time The Scurf is worn away, of each committed Crime. 1854Emerson Lett. & Soc. Aims, Poet. & Imag. Wks. (Bohn) III. 153 'Tis boyish in Swedenborg to cumber himself with the dead scurf of Hebrew antiquity.
c. spec. A deposit of coke on the inner surface of a gas retort.
1884C. G. W. Lock Workshop Rec. Ser. iii. 81/2 Pieces of the hard coke obtained as scurf in gas retorts are some⁓times employed.
†4. A thin layer of turf. Obs.
1708Phil. Trans. XXVI. 59 The first is by cutting of the Scurf of the Ground, making up the Turf so cut in heaps, and when the Sun has dryed these Heaps, they are then set on Fire. a1726King in Nat. Hist. Irel. 106 Now that swerd or scurf of the earth, that consists of the roots of grass, being lifted up and made fuzzy by the water in winter..is dried in the spring.
5. a. The ‘scum’ of the population. rare.
1688in Ellis Orig. Lett. Ser. ii. IV. 143 Some of the scurf and meaner part run in to them, as they would to see a show. 1870Longfellow Dante's Inferno xv. 111 Thou hadst seen there, If thou hadst had a hankering for such scurf [di tal tigna], That one, who by the Servant of the Servants From Arno was transferred to Bacchiglione.
b. slang. A contemptible person, esp. a miser, skinflint. Also spec., an employer who pays less than the usual rate of wages; a labourer who accepts less than the usual rate; also attrib.
1851Mayhew Lond. Labour II. 208 The inferior paying class..are..known among their work-people as ‘scurfs’. Ibid. 236 Let me now speak of the Scurf labourers. Ibid., A scavager, working for a scurf master, gave me the following account. 1854Househ. Words VIII. 75 A low person is a snob, a sweep, and a scurf. 1889A. T. Pask Eyes Thames 39 The crowd of loafers on the quay. These are the ‘scurfs’ or ‘ufflers’ who hang about for any odd jobs.
▪ II. scurf, n.2|skɜːf|
Also 5 scurffe, 7 scurfe, 7–8 skurff, 8 scurff; 7 pl. scurves.
[Possibly identical with scurf n.1
The fuller form salmon-scurf, though not found in our quots. before the 19th c., may be the original; for scurf in the sense of something inferior of its kind, cf. scurf n.1 5 and scruff n.1]
The Sea-trout, Salmo eriox or S. trutta.
1483Cath. Angl. 326/2 A scurffe, quidam piscis. 1557Turner in Gesner's Hist. Anim. iv. (1558) 1296 Accepi eundem in alijs Britanniæ prouincijs uocari a Gray trout, & in alijs a Skurf. 1655Moufet & Bennet Health's Improv. (1746) 283 There are two sorts of them [Bull-trouts], Red Trouts..and Gray Trouts or Skurffs. 1740R. Brookes Art of Angling 26 The Scurf..or Salmon-Peale..differs in shape from a Salmon in not having a forked Tail. 1861Act 24 & 25 Vict. c. 109 §4 All migratory Fish of the Genus Salmon, whether known by the Names herein-after mentioned, that is to say, Salmon..Bull Trout, Whitling, Scurf,..or by any other local Name. 1865Couch Brit. Fishes IV. 200 The Scurf, Bull Trout.
▪ III. scurf, v.|skɜːf|
[f. scurf n.1]
†1. trans. To cover with a scurf or incrustation. Obs. rare.
[1599: Implied in scurfing vbl. n.] a1658Lovelace To E. R. 36 So..Scurf'd all ore with its unseemly crust. The Diamond, from 'midst the humbler stones, Sparkling, shoots forth the price of Nations. 1699T. Boston Art Man-fishing (1899) 30 Many this way, by having the wound scurfed over, are rather killed than cured.
2. intr. To rise up in the form of scurf.
1862Thornbury Turner II. 168 The pure gold runs here and there to schist, the dross now and then is scurfing up upon the surface.
3. trans. To remove by scraping; to chip off (hard deposits) from the surface of a boiler or retort.
1839Civ. Engin. & Arch. Jrnl. II. 361/2 Scurfing castings,..1s. 0d. 1879J. Paton in Encycl. Brit. X. 92 A carbonaceous deposit forms on the sides of the retorts, which requires to be periodically removed by ‘scurfing’ with chisels. |