| 释义 |
capstan|ˈkæpstən|
Forms: α. 4 capstan, 5–6 capstayne, 6 capestan, 6–7 capstain(e, -sten, 7–8 -stane, 7 -stone, -stang, 7– capstan; β. 7 capsterne, 7–9 -stern, (7 capstorm); γ. 7–8 capstand; δ. 7–8 capstall; see also capstring.
[either a. F. cabestan, also in 16th c. capestan (Littré), or else directly from the source of the Fr., viz. Pr. cabestan, earlier cabestran (Cat. cabestrant, Sp. cabestrante, -estante, cabrestante, Pg. cabrestante):—L. *capistrānt- pr. pple. of capistrāre (Pr. cabestrar), to halter, bind fast, fasten, f. capistr-um (It. capestro, Sp. cabestro, Pg. cabresto, Pr. cabestre, F. chevêtre) halter, f. cap-ĕre to take hold of.
The Fr. cabestan is not known to us earlier than Palsgr. 1530; since the word occurs in Eng. in 14th c., it may have been learned from the shipmen of Marseilles or Barcelona at the time of the Crusades. In Pg., capistrum and its derivatives have the r transposed, cabresto ‘halter’, nautically ‘ropes, cables belonging to the bowsprit’, cabresteiro ‘halter-maker’, cabrestante; the last is also the approved form in mod. literary Sp.; this form gave rise to the untenable conjecture that the derivation was from cabra goat + estante ‘standing’, ingeniously supported by the known application of the name of the goat in various languages (cabria, chèvre, bock, etc.), to various mechanical devices. The attempt to find a meaning in the word, in English, produced many popular perversions of the second element, as stain, stone, stand, stall, stern, storm, string. Other names were capstock, and cablestock.]
1. a. A piece of mechanism, working on the principle of the wheel and axle, on a vertical axis, the power being applied by movable bars or levers inserted in horizontal sockets made round the top, and pushed by men walking round, whereby the apparatus is made to revolve and wind up a cable round its cylinder or barrel; it is used especially on board ship for weighing the anchor, also for hoisting heavy sails, etc., and for raising weights out of quarries, mines, coal-pits (see gin), and the like.
double capstan, one that has two barrels on different decks, so as to be worked by two sets of men. Phrases, to heave at the capstan, to man the capstan, to bring the cable to the capstan; to rig the capstan, to insert the bars, etc.; to pawl the capstan, to drop the pawls or catches into their sockets so as to prevent recoil, when heaving is stopped; to come up the capstan, to slacken the cable by lifting out the pawls and walking back; to surge the capstan, to slacken the rope while heaving so as to prevent riding or fouling.
(α) forms capstan, -stain, -sten, -stone, -stang.
c1325E.E. Allit. P. B. 418 Þe arc..with-outen..kable oþer capstan to clyppe to her ankrez. c1500Cocke Lorell's B. (1843) 12 Some wounde at y⊇ capstayne..Some stode at y⊇ slynge. 1530Palsgr. 607/2 Let go your capestan..laschez vostre cabestan. a1608Sir F. Vere Comm. 28 The Cap-stain being too strong for my men. 1615MS. Acc. St. John's Hosp. Canterb., A nyorne pynne for the capsten. 1618Raleigh Invent. Shipping 16 The weighing of Anchors by the Capstone is also new. 1622R. Hawkins Voy. S. Sea (1847) 132 With our capstens [we] stretched the two byghtes. 1633T. James Voy. 25 Bringing the Cable to Capstang, to heaue in our Cable. 1706Phillips, Capstan, Capstand or Capstern..Come up Capstan, or Launce out the Capstan, when the Sea-men would have the Cable that they heave by slacked. 1729Desaguliers in Phil. Trans. XXXVI. 196 A Capstane, or upright Shaft, drawn round by Horses. 1832Babbage Econ. Manuf. vii. (ed. 3) 48 In mines it is sometimes necessary to raise or lower great weights by capstans.
(β) forms capstern, -storm.
1624Capt. Smith Virginia i. 14 The men..were throwne from the Capstern, by the breaking of a barre. 1670Dryden Tempest i. i, Hands down! Man your Main-Capstorm. 1759Wesley Wks. (1872) II. 521 The capstern of the ship. 1769Falconer Dict. Marine (1789) To come up the Capstern, is to let go the rope which they had been heaving. 1836Marryat Midsh. Easy xiii. 45 Mind you leave all your pistols on capstern.
(γ) form capstand.
1616Bullokar, Capstand, an instrument to wind up things of great weight, some call it a Crane. 1791Smeaton Edystone L. §154, I tried them by a strain from the Capstand.
(δ) form capstall.
1610Holland Camden's Brit. i. 318 Enforced to worke their vessels to land by a Capstall or Crane. 1714Steele The Lover (1723) 190 Anchors, Cables, Rudders..Capstals.
b. (See quot. 1959.)
1948Sat. Rev. 28 Feb. 56 Tape..is usually capstan driven at constant linear speed. 1949Frayne & Wolfe Sound Recording xxix. 580 The recording material is pulled by a capstan against which it is held by a roller. The capstan may be driven directly by a motor or by means of a belt drive. 1959W. S. Sharps Dict. Cinemat. 84 Capstan, in magnetic tape recording, this is the motor-controlled spindle surmounted by a roller which grips the tape and draws it past the sound head at constant speed.
2. attrib. and Comb., as capstan-bar, capstan-barrel, capstan-heaver, capstan labourer, capstan-man; capstan-headed adj.; capstan-house, see quot.; capstan-swifter, ‘a rope passed horizontally through notches in the outer ends of the bar..the intent is to steady the men, and to give room for a greater number to assist, by manning the swifters both within and without’ (Smyth); capstan table, a round table on a column, often with a revolving top.
1627Smith Seaman's Gram. ii. 7 Holes thorow which you put your *Capstaine barres, for as many men as can stand at them to thrust it about, and is called manning the Capstaine. 1798Capt. Miller in Nicolas Disp. Nelson (1846) VII. Introd. 157 They dropped under the capstan-bars, and were asleep in a moment.
1706Phillips s.v., *Capstan-barrel is the main part of the whole piece.
1790Roy in Phil. Trans. LXXX. 147 *Capstan-headed screws.
1791Bentham Panopt. ii. 115 The *capstern-heaver would be dead before the wheel-walker felt the sensation of fatigue.
1809C. Milward in Naval Chron. XXII. 309 The mess⁓room door of the *capstan-house. 1863Barry Dockyard Econ. 101 Capstan-houses. These are the houses in which capstans, anchor stocks, pump boxes, etc., are manufactured, repaired, and stored.
1881Instr. Census Clerks (1885) 94 *Capstan labourer.
1889P. H. Emerson Eng. Idyls 67 On deck, a countryman who had shipped as *capstan-man, was standing for'ard with the master. 1921Dict. Occup. Terms (1927) §706 Capstan man.., moves trucks in goods depôt by depressing foot lever actuating automatic capstan. Ibid. §741 Capstan man, operates capstan,..allows capstan to revolve,..etc. 1921Glasgow Herald 1 June 9 Cranemen, capstanmen, and others.
1927Daily Tel. 31 May 4/1 An old English ‘*capstan’ writing table. |