| 释义 |
▪ I. carve, v.|kɑːv|
Forms: 1 ceorfan, 2 keruen, 2–3 keoruen, 3 keorfen, (curuen), 4 cerue, 4–6 kerue, 5–7 kerve, 6–7 karve, 5– carve. pa. tense. α. 1 cearf, 3–5 carf, 3 kerf, (subj. kurue), 4 karf, karue, carue, corue, 4–5 carfe, 5 kerue, carff; pl. 1 curfon, 3–4 corue(n, 4 corwen. β. 4 keruet, 5 carft, 5– carved. pa. pple. α. 1 corfen, 3–4 i-coruen, 3–6 coruen, 4 coruun, koruun, ykoruen, corn, caruen, kerue, 4–5 (y)corue, (y)coruyn, 5 coruene, 6 keruen, 6, 9 carven; β. 5 keruyd, 6 kerued, 6– carved.
[Common Teut.: OE. str. vb. ceorfan, cearf, pl. curfon, corven, corresp. to OFris. kerva, MDu. and Du. kerven, MHG. and mod.G. kerben, to notch, carve, (pa. pple. gekurben occurs in MHG., in Niederrheinisch); not known in OHG. or Gothic: OTeut. type *kerfan, karf, pl. kurƀum, korƀan. Cf. also Icel. kyrfa to carve, Da. karve to notch, indent, Sw. karfwa to notch, carve. The Teut. word is generally held to be cognate with Gr. γράϕ-ειν to write, orig. to scratch or engrave; pointing to an Aryan gṛph-. The original strong conjugation has become weak as in all the mod. langs, but the pa. pple. carven is still used as an archaic form.
The normal mod. repr. of ceorf- would be cherve: c was prob. retained here by influence of curfon, corven. The ar for earlier er is as in arbour, bark, etc.]
I.
†1.
a. trans. To cut: formerly the ordinary word for that action in all its varieties.
c1000Ags. Gosp. Mark v. 5 Hine sylfne mid stanum ceorfende. c1200Trin. Coll. Hom. 87 To keruen þat fel biforen on his strenende lime. a1300Cursor M. 7241 Quils sampson slepped..His hare sco kerf. c1325E.E. Allit. P. A. 40 Quen corne is coruen with crokez kene. c1386Chaucer Prioress' T. 159 Ther he with throte ykoruen lay. c1420Liber Cocorum (1862) 40 Kerve appuls overtwert and cast þerin. c1450Bk. Curtasye 765 in Babees Bk., With brede y-coruyn. 1480Caxton Descr. Brit. 45 They wolde..pricke and kerue her owne bodyes. 1560ed. of Chaucer's Boeth. i. 198 b/2 They..corven and renten my clothes.
†b. With various extensions, as of kerven, to cut off; to carve (a limb) from any one; to carve asunder, carve in two, carve in or to pieces; to carve (a knight) out of his armour. Obs.
c1000ælfric Lev. viii. 20 Hiᵹ curfon ðone ram eall to sticceon. c1025O.E. Chron. an. 1014 He cearf of heora handa and heora nosa. 1297R. Glouc. (1810) 560 Sir Willam Mautrauers Carf him of fet & honde. c1325Chron. Eng. 757 in Ritson Metr. Rom. II. 301 Hys legges hy corven of anon. 1330R. Brunne Chron. (1810) 244 Þe dede body þe[i] britten on four quarters corn. 1382Wyclif Hosea xiv. 1 Wymmen with chijld of it ben coruen out. c1386Chaucer Knt.'s T. 1838 Tho was he corven out of his harneys. c1400Destr. Troy 9468 He karve hit of cleane. Ibid. 9832 He kylles our knightes, kerues hom in sonder. c1430Syr Gener. (Roxb.) 4223 Laces and stringes he kerue on twoo. 1485Caxton Chas. Gt. 222 He carf hym asondre in the myddes.
†c. fig. Obs. (with influence of other senses).
c1230Hali Meid. 17 Þeo þat habbið fram ham icoruen flesches lustes. 138.Wyclif Serm. Sel. Wks. I. 231 A sworde sharpe..to kerve awey synne. c1386Chaucer Monk's T. 467 His estate fortune fro him carf.
†d. intr. or absol. Obs.
a1225Ancr. R. 384 Gif eax ne kurue, ne þe spade ne dulue..hwo kepte ham uorte holden? c1314Guy Warw. (A.) 4066 Thai corwen þurch liuer and þurch lunge. c1400Destr. Troy 6674 He..Corve euyn at the kyng with a kene sword. 1430Lydg. Chron. Troy ii. xi, Y⊇ lyue yt carueth through the centre. 1513Douglas æneis xii. v. 217 Onto hys chyn the edge did carvin doun.
e. trans. (slang). To slash (a person) with a knife or razor; esp. to carve (a person) up. Hence carved ppl. a., carving vbl. n.
1929D. Hammett Dane Curse xi. 113 The man had..stood..waiting to carve me when I came out; and my fall had saved me, making him miss me with the blade. 1938G. Greene Brighton Rock ii. i. 73 How do we make you safe, Spicer?... If carving'd do it... Ibid. iii. i. 98 They just meant to carve him up, but a razor slipped. 1938Sharpe S. of Flying Squad v. 65 He feared that they would ‘carve him up’. Ibid. xiv. 157 Carve him with a razor. 1960M. Spark Ballad of Peckham Rye ix. 188 We got to carve up that boy one of these days.
†2. trans. To cleave (as by cutting). Obs.
c1325E.E. Allit. P. B. 1547 As a coltour in clay cerues þo forȝes. c1374Chaucer Former Age 21 No ship yit karf the wawes grene. c1430Lydg. Bochas ii. xvii. (1554) 56 a, A great hyl..carf on twain, Not farre asyde from the towne. 1604T. Wright Passions v. §2. 170 The filing of iron..almost all men..abhorre to heare..for that the aire so carued, punisheth and fretteth the heart.
†3.
a. To circumcise.
b. To castrate (a cock).
c1420Circumcision (Tundale's Vis. 86) The chylde was corve therwith. 1586Bright Melanch. xxxix. 252 Generally of fowle the carued is better than the others..of beastes the gelded have preferment. 1601Holland Pliny I. 280 If they be once carued and made capons they crow no more. 1678Littleton Lat. Dict., To carve as cockrels are carved.
4. To cut (a way or passage). Also fig.
1490Caxton Eneydos xxvii. 97 The shippes..carfe waie in the water. 1813Byron Giaour xxxv, To such let others carve their way. 1856Kane Arct. Exp. II. xxiii. 232 The axe was indispensable to carve our path through the hummocks. 1865Holland Plain T. iii. 115 It is by work that man carves his way to that measure of power.
II. To cut artistically or ornamentally.
5. trans.
a. To hew, cut, or sculpture (any solid figure, an image, out of stone, in ivory, etc.); to make or shape artistically by cutting.
a1000Rood 66 (Gr.) Curfon hie ðæt moldern of beorhtan stane. c1420Chron. Vilod. 292 He..carff welle ymagus and peynted bothe. 1535Coverdale Isa. xl. 20 Morouer shal the ymage maker..carue therout an ymage. a1700Dryden (J.) And carv'd in iv'ry such a maid so fair. 1855Tennyson Maud i. viii, An angel watching an urn Wept over her, carved in stone. 1878Huxley Physiogr. 207 Each column has been carved out of a single block of green marble.
b. To fashion (a material) into some shape by cutting, chiselling, or sculpturing.
1535Coverdale Wisd. xiii. 13 He carueth it [wood] diligently..and..fashioneth it after the similitude of a man. 17..Bentley (J.) Had Democrates really carved mount Athos into a statue of Alexander the Great.
6. a. To cut or engrave figures, either in relief or intaglio, on (in, into) a surface.
c1250Gen. & Ex. 2700 He carf in two gummes of pris Two likenesses. c1386Chaucer Miller's T. 132 With Powles wyndowes corven on his schoos. 1483Caxton Gold. Leg. 219/1 Thistory of her was..entayled & coruen in the sepulcre. 1542Udall tr. Erasm. Apoph. 332 b, An other [chaire of estate] with whippes kerued in it. 1600Shakes. A.Y.L. iii. ii. 9 Carue on euery Tree, The faire, the chaste, and vnexpressiue shee. 1643Milton Divorce ii. vi. (1851) 77 To carve into his flesh the mark of that strict and pure cov'nant. c1800Southey Retrospect, Some idle hind Carves his rude name within a sapling's rind. 1807Wolfe Bur. Sir J. Moore viii, We carved not a line and we raised not a stone.
b. to cover or adorn (wood, stone, etc.) with figures so cut on or in the surface.
c1384Chaucer H. Fame 1295 Which [gate] that so wel corven was. c1394P. Pl. Crede 161 Þe pileres weren..queynteli i-coruen wiþ curiouse knottes. 1570Levins Manip. 34/21 To carve wood, insculpere. 1611Bible 1 Kings vi. 29 Hee carued all the walles of the house round about with carued figures of Cherubims. 1698Dryden Virg. Georg. ii. 632 Nor Box..smooth-grained..which curious Hands may kerve. 1703Maundrell Journ. Jerus. (1732) 77 Carv'd in such a manner, as to resemble a piece of wainscot. 1832Tennyson Pal. Art 138 A million wrinkles carved his skin. 1875Longfellow Masq. Pandora v, Yon oaken chest, carven with figures. 1883Lloyd Ebb & Fl. II. 84 Sarcophagi carved with old Christian emblems.
7. intr. or absol. To cut figures or designs; to practise the sculptor's or engraver's art.
1567J. Maplet Gr. Forest 12 b, Kaman the stone..is easie to be engrauen and carued in. 1591Harington Orl. Fur. ii. xxxiii, He that carves and drawes with equall praise. 1841–4Emerson Ess. Art Wks. (Bohn) I. 147 We carve and paint, or we behold what is carved and painted. 1858Gladstone Homer I. 14 Where other poets sketch, Homer draws; and where they draw he carves.
III. 8. a. intr. To cut up meat at table. † to carve to: to serve, ‘help’ (any one at a meal).
a1300K. Horn 233 Tech him..Biuore me to kerue, And of the cupe serue. c1386Chaucer Prol. 100 He..carf biforn his fader at the table. 1484Caxton Chyualry 17 Euery man that wylle come to knyghthode hym behoueth to lerne in his yougthe to kerue at the table. c1530Ld. Berners Arth. Lyt. Bryt. (1814) 283 There Gouernar carued to the lady ryght goodly with his knyfe. 1625Sanderson Serm. (1681) I. 133 Give them from your own, but do not carve them from another's trencher. 1665Boyle Occas. Refl. iii. v. (1675) 152 Upon his being Carv'd to at a Feast. 1727Swift Gulliver ii. iii. 122 A bit of meat..out of which I carved for myself. 1751Chesterfield Lett. ccxi, A man who tells you gravely that he cannot carve. 1868Queen Victoria Life Highl. 148 General Grey and Lady Churchill carved.
b. trans. e.g. to carve a fowl, carve a joint, etc.
c1529Frith Antith. (1829) 301 Men to carve his [Pope's] morsels. 1599Shakes. Much Ado v. i. 157 A calues head and a Capon, the which if I doe not carue most curiously, say my knife's naught. c1611Chapman Iliad ix. (R.) Till I had..carued thee tendrest meate. 1865Trollope Belton Est. xxiv. 286 Captain Aylmer..would have carved the roast fowl with much more skill.
9. fig.
a. intr. To help or serve (oneself or others) at one's own discretion, to do at one's pleasure, indulge oneself.
1602Shakes. Ham. i. iii. 20 Hee may not, as vnuallued persons doe, Carue for himselfe. 1602Warner Alb. Eng. ix. li. (1612) 232 Which of the Patriarks, Prophets, or Gods people..vnto their owne Affections caru'd. 1633Bp. Hall Hard Texts 581 They shall carve themselves of your punishment, and their owne advancement at their pleasure. 1649― Cases Consc. ii. x. (1654) 159 Thus to carve himselfe of Justice, is..to violate lawfull authority. 1691Locke Money Wks. 1727 II. 35 When some common and great Distress..emboldens them to carve to their wants with armed Force.
†b. trans. To apportion at discretion, to assign as one's portion or lot, to take at one's pleasure.
1578Banister Hist. Man iv. 51 Be sapient therfore Reader..not captious in caruing a fault. 1650Hobbes De Corp. Pol. 35 Where every man carveth out his own right, it hath the same effect, as if there were no right at all. 1662Fuller Worthies (1840) I. iv. 18 Carving a good portion of honour to themselves. 1742Middleton Cicero I. i. 33 Licence being indulged to an insolent army of carving for themselves what fortunes they pleased. 1755Young Centaur ii. (1757) IV. 159 God's promises are better than anything we can carve for ourselves.
10. a. To cut up or subdivide.
1711Shaftesbury Charact. (1737) III. 112 Our second head we shou'd again subdivide into firsts and seconds, but that this manner of carving is of late days grown much out of fashion. 1818Cruise Digrest. VI. 379 The testator..has carved the whole fee in particular estates. 1870Bryant Iliad I. i. 25 All the rest was carved into small portions. 1875Stubbs Const. Hist. I. v. 97 The Country was carved into equal districts.
b. to carve up: to cheat, swindle. slang.
[1909Ware Passing Eng. 65 Carve up (Amer.), to annihilate completely. That dear grave holds a disappointed chap who cum out here from Reno to carve me up.] 1933C. E. Leach On Top of Underworld x. 138 Carve up, swindle accomplice out of share. 1936J. Curtis Gilt Kid ix. 96 I'm going to trust you to play square with me at the end. No carving-up or else. 1959H. Pinter Birthday Party i. 10 Then after that, you know what they did? They carved me up. Carved me up. It was all arranged, it was all worked out.
11. The alliterative phrase cut and carve goes back to the 14th c. when the two words were equivalent, and cut was beginning to take the place of carve: it is still used, though mostly fig., and prob. carve is now usually taken in the preceding or some of the extant senses.
1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. v. lxiv. (1495) 181 The skynne is callyd cutis in latyn, for it..is ofte kytte and coruen. Ibid. xvii. cii. 667 Bowes of mirra ben kerue and kytte and slytte. c1400Rom. Rose 1887 This arwe was kene grounde, As ony rasour that is founde, To kutte and kerve. 1633G. Herbert Temple, Divinitie ii, Which with the edge of wit they cut and carve. 1799H. Hunter tr. St. Pierre's Stud. Nat. (ed. 2) I. Introd. 8 Mr. L. T. Rede..proceeds to cut and carve me down into..a careful abridgement. 1812Combe (Dr. Syntax) Picturesque xix. 72 To the last he'd cut and carve.
12. to carve out:
a. (in Legal lang.) To cut a smaller or subordinate estate out of a larger one.
1625Burges Pers. Tithes 21 To carue out his whole maintenance out of their estates. 1767Blackstone Comm. II. 107 The fee-simple..is generally vested and resides in some person or other; though divers inferior estates may be carved out of it. 1876Digby Real Prop. v. §2. 215 The estate of tenant in tail was, according to the metaphorical expression of the lawyers, ‘carved out of’, that is, less than an estate in fee simple and different from it. 1879Castle Law Rating 66 The interests carved out or subordinate to his occupation. 1885Law Rep. 29 Chanc. Div. 255 A lease..carved out of a term created by a lease of the 27th of June, 1797.
b. transf. (Sometimes also in other senses, esp. 1 and 4.)
1605Shakes. Macb. i. ii. 19 Braue Macbeth..with his brandisht Steele..caru'd out his passage. 1695Blackmore Pr. Arth. vii. 579 The valiant..carve out to themselves propitious Fate. 1716–7Bentley Serm. xi. 374 Carving out his own satisfaction in every object of Desire. 1867Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) I. vi. 465 Roger now sought to carve out a dominion for himself. 1874Blackie Self-Cult. 77 Persistency will carve out a way to unexpected success. 1875McLaren Serm. Ser. ii. viii. 144 No matter what honour they have carved out for themselves with their swords.
†13. fig. (with reference to speech) Schmidt suggests ‘To show great courtesy and affability’. Obs.
1588Shakes. L.L.L. v. ii. 323 He can carue too, and lispe: Why this is he That kist away his hand in courtesie. 1598― Merry W. i. iii. 49 Shee discourses: shee carues: she giues the leere of inuitation.
▪ II. carve, n.
[f. the vb.]
An act or stroke of Carving. See also carf.
Mod. Give it a carve.
▪ III. carve
erroneous spelling of carue ploughland. |