| 释义 |
▪ I. cascade, n.|kæˈskeɪd|
Also 7 cascata, cascate, caskade.
[a. F. cascade, ad. It. cascata fall, f. cascare to fall: see -ade.]
1. A waterfall.
a. Usually, a small waterfall; esp. one of a series of small falls, formed by water in its descent over rocks, or in the artificial works of the kind introduced in landscape gardening.
1641Evelyn Diary 8 Oct., Divers springs of water, artificial Cascades. 1670R. Lassels Voy. Italy ii. 315 The fountains, the Cascatas, the Grottas, the Girandolas, and the other rare water works. 1789Mrs. Piozzi Journ. France I. 11 The underwork of an artificial cascade. 1808Pike Sources Mississ. i. App. 50 Springs which form small cascades as they tumble over the cliffs. 1873G. C. Davies Mount. and Mere xiii. 101 For a quarter of a mile the water comes down in a series of small cascades.
†b. Formerly in a wider sense.
1671Phil. Trans. VI. 2151 On this side of the Cascata's of the Nile. 1673Ray Journ. Low C. 105 A great Cascate or Catarract of the river Rhene. 1684T. Burnet Th. Earth I. 99 Great spouts or caskades of water. 1718Rowe Ode King's Birth-D. vi, Volga tumbling in Cascades.
2. transf. and fig.
a. In general uses.
1860Tyndall Glac. i. §2. 20 The ice cascade. 1869Phillips Vesuv. iii. 70 Forming a most beautiful and uncommon cascade [of red-hot ashes, etc.]. 1878Geo. Eliot Coll. Breakf. P. 389 Anti-social force that sweeps you down The world in one cascade of molecules.
b. A pyrotechnic device imitating a fall of water.
1749in A. St. H. Brock Pyrotechnics (1922) iv. 30 A large vertical Sun moved by double Fires, Cascades, Pyramids. 1875W. H. Browne Art Pyrotechny xii. 118 The chapter will contain instructions for the construction of..brilliant suns, cascades [etc.]. 1922A. St. H. Brock Pyrotechnics v. 128 Cascade..a feature of the Crystal Palace displays.
c. A loose wavy fall or ruffle of lace, etc.
1882World 21 June 18/1 [The jacket] had a sailor collar..and cascade of lace down the front. 1885New York Weekly Sun 13 May 6/5 Morning dresses..are made dressy with profuse use of ribbons in bows, flots, cascades.
d. Electr. charge by cascade: a method of charging a series of insulated Leyden jars by connecting the outer coating of the first with the knob of the next, and so on; the last outer coating being connected with the ground. Also applied to other electrical devices connected in such a manner that each operates the next one in turn; freq. in phr. in cascade.
1868Q. Jrnl. Sci. V. 117 We have here a compact form of Leyden battery, arranged for ‘cascade’. 1870R. Ferguson Electr. 89 Called the charge by cascade. 1915Proc. Inst. Radio Engin. III. 230 Where a greater amplification than can be obtained with one audion is required, cascade working of the radio frequency systems may be resorted to by coupling two or more audion systems. Ibid. 286 The ‘exponential’ method of tuning, involving the use of radio frequency pliotron amplifiers in cascade, is shown to have given remarkable selectivity. 1930Engineering 7 Mar. 312/3 The two 500,000-volt transformers are connected in cascade to give 1,000,000 volts. 1940Jrnl. R. Aeronaut. Soc. XLIV. 373 The current control can be carried out..mechanically by means of a special cascade transformer. 1946Electronic Engin. XVIII. 151 The required high voltage may be obtained..by the use of cascade transformers and rectifiers.
e. spec. Applied to a succession of stages or processes in some operation or event in Physics, Chemistry, etc. Freq. attrib.
1902Encycl. Brit. XXVII. 187/1 The method by which we try to obtain successively lower temperatures by making use of successive gases is called the ‘cascade method’. 1937Nature 13 Nov. 837/2 In the cascade process, showers are built up from the successive conversion of electron energy into radiation, radiation into pair production and then further loss of electron energy to radiation. 1940Rep. Progr. Physics VI. 65 Hertz has..arranged these in a cascade similar to the cascade used for the diffusion of isotopes through porous walls. Figure 3 shows cascades of three units. 1945Ann. Reg. 1944 383 Cascade showers are largely initiated by electrons. 1958Chambers's Techn. Dict. 963/2 Cascade, separation of isotopes by similar successive stages in a process, each stage increasing the concentration of each. 1960Economist 15 Oct. 268/3 The production method..is to turn the uranium into a gas and filter it through porous membranes through which the lighter uranium 235 passes first. This process works on a ‘cascade’ principle. 1964N. G. Clark Mod. Org. Chem. v. 86 The necessary low temperatures are obtained by a ‘cascade’ process involving the pressure liquefaction and evaporation of propane.
f. The practice of relegating stock to successively less exacting uses. See sense 4 of the vb.
1984Railway Mag. June 227/2 Refurbishing all the vehicles for the new services has cost just over {pstlg}2m, which compares with {pstlg}1m a time for a comparable new e.m.n. The advantages of the cascade principle are thus well demonstrated.
3. Comb., as cascade-garden.
a1667Cowley Greatness (1684) 123 Nor vast Parks, nor Fountain, or Cascade-Gardens.
▪ II. cascade, v.|kæˈskeɪd|
[f. the n.]
1. a. intr. To fall or pour in a cascade.
1702S. P[arker] tr. Tully's De Finibus 70 Wines..Caskading from a mighty Goblet. 1732–48De Foe, &c. Tour Gt. Brit. II. 218 (D.) In the middle of a large octagon piece of water stands an obelisk of near seventy feet, for a Jet-d'-Eau to cascade from the top of it. 1791Smeaton Edystone L. §100 The waves cascade through this gap. 1830Lyell Princ. Geol. (1875) II. ii. xxvi. 34 A much more copious stream of melted matter, had cascaded down the same height and overflowed the plain below. 1880I. L. Bird Japan I. 123 A vigorous mountain torrent cascading its way between rocky walls.
b. transf. (Cf. cascade n. 2 c.)
1861Thackeray Philip xix. 258 Who wore a large high black-satin stock cascading over a figured silk waist-coat.
c. vulgar. To vomit. ? Obs.
[1771Smollett Humph. Cl. III. 4 Oct. iii, She cascaded in his urn.] 1805Naval Chron. XV. 35, I had cascaded two or three times. 1847–78Halliwell, Cascade, to vomit. Var. dial. [Webster says: colloq. or vulgar in Amer.]
2. trans. To pour, like a cascade. nonce-use.
1796Coleridge Lett. to Estlin (1884) 21 The Monthly has cataracted panegyric on my poems, the Critical has cascaded it.
3. Electr. trans. and intr. To link or connect (valves, etc.) in stages to form a cascade (cf. prec. 2 d).
1930Jrnl. Inst. Radio Engin. XVIII. 1007 Consideration..must be given to characteristics of any other selective devices of the amplifier system..if single or coupled circuits are cascaded with the coupled circuit under consideration. 1956Amos & Birkinshaw Telev. Engin. II. vii. 114 Decrease in stage gain to give constant passband when cascading. 1971Physics Bull. Apr. 208/3 It is possible to cascade either germanium-silicon or lead telluride type modules thermally with bismuth telluride.
4. trans. To relegate (old but still serviceable stock, esp. buses, railway coaches, etc.) by stages to successively less exacting uses.
1980[implied at cascading vbl. n.]. 1983Forward Look (Vicrail Freight Business Group, Victoria, Austral.), Relaying secondary freight lines. Relay selected routes with rail cascaded down from main interstate lines. 1984Railway Mag. Dec. 496/2, I wonder how many Hastings line passengers have given thought to the forthcoming rolling stock? Present proposals are for ‘4-VEP’..multiple-units ‘cascaded’ from other services. 1985Buses Extra Apr.–May 43/2 No fewer than 30 VRs would be cascaded in Western National's direction.
Hence caˈscaded ppl. a., caˈscading vbl. n.
1791Smeaton Edystone L. §100 The cascading of the water through the gully before mentioned. 1919Wireless World July 187/1 These types of alternator..may be classified as follows:—1. Machines in cascade. 2. Internally-cascaded machines. Ibid. 189/2 In effect the machine Figure 2 represents in a single machine the summation of the four cascaded machines of Figure 1. 1930Jrnl. Inst. Radio Engin. XVIII. 994 Cascading must give the same type of transmission curve as coupled circuits with very weak coupling... Two staggered single-circuit curves of the same shape cascade into a coupled-circuit transmission curve... The amount of transmission is improved in the cascaded case. 1949Electronic Engin. XXI. 61 Simple cascading (i.e. direct coupling between anode and grid) requires a relatively high potential source for the later stages. 1956Amos & Birkinshaw Telev. Engin. II. viii. 122 A conventional cascaded amplifier has an upper frequency limit beyond which it is impossible to amplify. 1980Internat. Railway Jrnl. Mar. 18/2 In the 1980 rail laying programme, 235 track miles of worn welded rail not meeting Southern's rail wear limits for heavy tonnage lines will be released for cascading to lighter density track segments. 1984Buses Oct. 440/1 The arrival of ‘cascaded’ VRs in the country allowed dual-door VRs to return to the city as FLF replacements. 1985Buses Extra Apr.–May 45/2 Bristol Omnibus Company had already indulged in secondhand VR purchases before the cascading policy began. |