| 释义 |
▪ I. castle, n.|ˈkɑːs(ə)l, -æ-|
Forms: 1–6 castel, (4 castill, caastel, kastell, castele, 4–5 castelle), 4–7 castell, (5 castylle, -ille, caystelle), 6– castle.
[Taken into Eng. at two different times: (1) bef. 1000, castel neut. (pl. castel(l, castelu), ad. L. castell-um in the Vulgate, rendering κώµη ‘village’ of the Greek; (2) c 1050–1070 castel masc. (pl. castelas) a. ONF. castel (mod.F. château) ‘castle’:—L. castellum in sense ‘fort, fortress’. (Under the influence of this, castel village also became masc. by 12th c.) L. castellum was dim. of castrum fort; for the later sense ‘village’ Du Cange quotes an ancient glossary ‘Castellum, municipium, κώµη’; compare the later use of castrum, castra for ‘town’: cf. chester.]
I. From Latin.
†1. Used to render L. castellum of the Vulgate (Gr. κώµη), village. Obs.
This continued in Bible translations and quotations till the 16th c., but was probably often understood in sense 3. Thus the author of Cursor Mundi evidently thought that Bethany ‘the castel of Mary and her sister Martha, was like the castle of an English feudal lord.
c1000Ags. Gosp. Matt. xxi. 2 Farað on þæt castel [Hatton to þam castelle]. Ibid. Mark vi. 6 He þa castel be-ferde. Ibid. Luke ix. 12 Þæt hiᵹ farun on þas castelu & on þas tunas [Hatton on þas castelles]. c1175Lamb. Hom. 3 Goð in þane castel. a1300Cursor M. 14132 Þis lazarus..Had sisters..A castel was bath his and þairs. 138.Wyclif Serm. Sel. Wks. I. 197 Jesus wente aboute..boþ to more places and lesse, as citees and castellis..Castels ben undirstonden litil touns. 1382― Luke xix. 30 Go ȝe in to the castel, which is aȝens ȝou. 1515W. de Worde Inform. Pylgrymes E vij, Fro Kames is xij myles to the castell of Emaus. a1564Becon Christ's Chron. (1844) 547 He entered into a certain castle, where a certain woman called Martha made him a dinner.
†2. pl. Used to render L. castra camp. Obs.
a1300E.E. Psalter lxxvii. 28 In mid þar kastelles fellen þai. a1340Hampole Psalter xxvi. 5 If castels be set agaynes me..Kastels are conspiracyons of oure foes. 1388Wyclif Lev. xxiv. 14 Lede out the blasfemere without the castels [1382 tentis]. 1483Caxton Gold. Leg. 58/2 The Angel of god wente to fore the castellis of Israhel.
II. From French.
3. a. A large building or set of buildings fortified for defence against an enemy; a fortress, stronghold. Retained as a name for large mansions or country houses, which were formerly feudal castles, but not, like F. château, transferred to this sense.
a1075O.E. Chron. (Laud MS.) an. 1048 Þa hæfdon þa welisce men ᵹewroht ænne castel on Herefordscire. Ibid. an. 1069 Se eorl Walðeof..and Eadgar æðeling..þa castelas ᵹewunnan. a1154Ibid. an. 1140 He beset heom til hi aiauen up here castles. a1225Ancr. R. 62 Þeo hwile þæt me..wiðuten asaileð þene castel. 1297R. Glouc (1810) 540 Tho the barons adde the toun, and the castel the king. c1386Chaucer Frankl. T. 477 A castel al of lime and ston. 1393Gower Conf. I. 184 Of this castell was castellaine Elda the kinges chamberlaine. 1424Paston Lett. I. 15 At the comyng of..the Duc of Norfolk fro his Castell of Framyngham. 1584D. Powel Lloyd's Cambria 3 The cities, townes, Castels and villages. 1597Shakes. Rich. II, iii. iii. 52 This castles tatter'd battlements. 1611Bible 1 Chron. xi. 7 Dauid dwelt in the castell. 1638Duke of Hamilton in H. Papers (1880) 12 Itt is imposabill to put ani of itt in to Ed[in]bur[gh] Castell. 1756–7tr. Keysler's Trav. (1760) I. 496 The old castle of Pisa. 1856Emerson Eng. Traits, Wealth Wks. (Bohn) II. 72 New men prove an overmatch for the landowner, and the mill buys out the castle. Mod. The Round Tower of Windsor Castle. Dover Castle is still a fortress.
b. A model or similitude of a castle, made in any material; a castle-like pile of anything. (Applied by boys to four cherry-stones placed like a pyramid.)
1627Massinger Gt. Duke Flor. iv. ii, Sit down and eat some sugar-plums. Here's a castle Of march-pane too. 1641G. Cavendish's Life Wolsey in Select. Harl. Misc. (1793) 103 The officers brought into the house a casteel of fine manchet. Mod. The whole collapsed like a castle of cards.
c. Loosely applied to a large building.
1886Pall Mall G. 10 Aug. 10/2 The Duchess of Teck..opened a ‘Babies' Castle’ at Hawkhurst yesterday, in connection with Dr. Barnardo's homes.
d. the Castle, in reference to Ireland, means specifically Dublin Castle, as the seat of the vice-regal court and administration; hence, in politics, the authority centred at Dublin Castle, the officials who administer the government of Ireland. Also attrib. as in Castle influence, Castle government, etc. So also Castleism, the officialism of Dublin Castle.
1735Mrs. Sican in Swift's Lett. (1768) IV. 129 Our Irish ladies made a fine appearance the birth-day at the castle. c1795Burke Corr. (1844) IV. 321 The constant meddling of the bishops and the clergy with the Castle, and of the Castle with them, will infallibly set them ill with their own body. 1800Grattan Speech in Irish Ho. Comm. 5 Feb., Whether you will go, with the Castle at your head, to the tomb of Charlemont..and erase his epitaph. 1813O'Connell Speech 24 Dec., A newspaper in the pay of the Castle. 1843Madden United Irishm. II. xvii. 367 Hired spies, informers, and witnesses kept in the pay of the Castle. 1880A. M. Sullivan New Irel. xxii. 267 The Castle raised a petty squabble with the prison board as to the expense. 1887Pall Mall G. 22 Sept. 4/1 So long as the whole machinery of Castle government is..anti-popular..such elements of popular government as exist will be anti-Castle. 1887R. Wallace Sp. Ho. Comm. 7 June, The unauthorised tyranny which was the animating spirit of Dublin Castleism.
e. Phrase. an (English)man's house his castle.
[1567W. Stanford Plees del Coron 14 b, Ma meason est a moy come mon castel hors de quel le ley ne moy arta a fuer.] 1588W. Lambarde Eiren. ii. vii. 257 Our law calleth a man's house, his castle, meaning that he may defend himselfe therein. 1600–16Coke 5 Rep. 91 b, The house of every man is to him as his Castle and Fortresse, as well for his defence against injury and violence, as for his repose. 1856Emerson Eng. Traits, Wealth Wks. (Bohn) II. 73 The house is a castle which the King cannot enter. 1868Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) II. vii. 128 An Englishman's house is his castle.
f. A heap of brushwood or sticks under which rabbits hide when being hunted.
1898Encycl. Sport Mar. 175/1 The whole space is laid out in lines of some 20 to 30 yards in breadth, marked out by heaps of sticks or brushwood euphemistically termed ‘castles’. Ibid. 175/2 When three or more residents turn out together from the same ‘castle’, and perchance bolt backwards, then complications ensue.
g. Cricket. The wicket a batsman defends.
1959I. Peebles in Sunday Times 31 May 38/3 In support came..Alfie Hall..with a low action which ensured his hitting the castle. 1960― Bowler's Turn 59, I..knocked..Robinson's castle down first ball.
4. fig. (or allegorical). ‘Stronghold, fortress’.
c1300Cursor M. 9881 Þis castel es o luue and grace. c1320(title), Her byginet a tretys Þat is yclept Castel off loue. 1477Earl Rivers (Caxton) Dictes 64 Suffisaunce is a castell that kepeth wyse men from euyl werkis. 1533Elyot (title), The Castel of Helth. 1551Recorde (title), The Castle of Knowledge. 1783Cowper Task v. 525 Seeing the old castle of the state so assail'd. 1823Lamb Elia Ser. i. xxvi. (1865) 211 Shake not the castles of his pride.
5. poet. or rhetorical for: A large ship (esp. of war); usually with some attribute.
1642Howell For. Trav. (Arb.) 46 Great Britaine..having so many invincible castles in motion (I meane Her Ships). 1695Blackmore Pr. Arth. v. 224 The floating Castles dance upon the Tide. 1821Shelley Hellas 24 Our winged-castles [fly] from their merchant ships. 1856Emerson Eng. Traits viii. Wks. (Bohn) II. 63 These sea-kings may take once again to their floating castles.
6. a. A small wooden tower used for defence in warfare; a tower borne on the back of an elephant.
c1380Sir Ferumb. 3252 To þe castel þat was ymad of treo al þat host he broȝte. c1400Mandeville xviii. 191 The Castelles of Tree..that craftily ben sett up on the Olifantes Bakkes, for to fyghten aȝen hire Enemyes. 1489Caxton Faytes of A. i. xxiv. 77 The girdell that helde vp the castell vpon theyre backes. 1503Hawes Examp. Virt. ix. 167 Syttynge in a castell..On an olyphauntes backe. 1843Macaulay Proph. of Capys xxiv, The beast on whom the Castle With all its guards doth stand. 1868Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) II. 624 The temporary towers..used in the military art of the time..sometimes called castles.
b. A tower in general.
1642Howell For. Trav. (Arb.) 77 There is a Castle in the grand Caire in Egypt called the Niloscope, where there stands a Pillar.
7. Naut. A tower or elevated structure on the deck of a ship. Cf. forecastle. Obs.
a1400Morte Arth. 3617 The toppe-castelles he stuffede with toyelys. c1460Towneley Myst. 27 The helme and the castelle also wille I [Noah] take. 1521Eden Decades W. Ind. i. iii. (Arb.) 76 The watche men lokinge owte of the toppe castell of the shyppe. 1611Cotgr., Gaillard, the round house, or hinder castle, of a ship.
8. Applied (in proper names) to ancient British or Roman earthworks, as Abbotsbury Castle between Weymouth and Bridport, Maiden Castle at Dorchester, Round Castle near Oxford, Yarnbury Castle, etc.
9. Chess. One of the pieces, made to represent a castle; also called a rook.
[1610J. Guillim Heraldrie iv. xiii. (1611) 222 They [the Rooks] stand in the vttermost corners of the Chesbord, as frontier Castles. ]a1649Drummond of Hawthornden Fam. Ep. Wks. (1711) 146 Here is a king defended by a lady, two bishops, two knights, at the end of the lists, with two rooks, fortresses, or castles. 1847Staunton Chess-pl. Handbk. 5 The Rook, or Castle is next in power to the Queen.
†10. ‘A kind of close helmet’ (Nares): but perh. only a fig. use. Obs.
1577Holinshed Chron. II. 815 Then..entred Sir Thomas Kneuet, in a castell of cole black, and ouer the castell was written The dolorous castell. 1606Shakes. Tr. & Cr. v. ii. 187 Stand fast, and weare a Castle on thy head.
11. castle in the air, visionary project or scheme, day-dream, idle fancy. Common since 1575, varied occasionally with castle in the skies, and the like; castle in Spain [= F. château en Espagne] is found 1400–1600, and occasionally as a Gallicism in modern writers. Castle alone is also used where the allusion is obvious: cf. castle-builder, -building.[As to the Fr. faire des châteaux en Espagne (found in 13th c.) see Littré; since it varied with châteaux en Asie, en Albanie, it appears that the phrase at bottom meant only to build castles in a foreign country where one had no standing-ground, Spain being finally taken as the nearest Moorish country to Christendom, or perhaps with some reference to the arms of Castile.] c1400Rom. Rose 2573 Thou shalt make castels thanne in Spayne, And dreme of joye, alle but in vayne. 1475Caxton Jason 19 He began to make castellis in Spaygne as louers doo. 1575Gascoigne Steel Gl. 55 (Arb.) Things are thought, which neuer yet were wrought, And castels buylt aboue in lofty skies. 1580North Plutarch (1676) 171 They built Castles in the air, and thought to do great wonders. 1586T. B. La Primaud. Fr. Acad. ii. (1594) 182 Some..have their wittes a wool-gathering, and as wee use commonly to say, are building of castles in Spaine. 1590Greene Orl. Fur. (1599) 16 In conceite builde castles in the skie. 1611Cotgr., Faire des chasteaux en Espaigne, to build castles in the aire (say we). 1621Burton Anat. Mel. i. iii. i. ii. (1651) 187 That castle in the ayr, that crochet, that whimsie. c1630Drummond of Hawthornden Poems 42. 2 Strange castles builded in the skies. 1738J. Keill Anim. Oecon. Pref. 27 To explain Nature by Theories..is only building Castles in the Air. a1763Shenstone Odes (1765) 237 To plan frail castles in the skies. 1829Marryat F. Mildmay xvi, I built castles till bed-time. 1860Motley Netherl. IV. 282 The explosion of the Gunpowder Plot blowing the castles in Spain into the air. 1867Maurice Patriarchs & Lawg. vi. (ed. 4) 120 In looking back to the castles of earliest boyhood. 1871M. Collins Mrq. & Merch. II. vii. 203 We have all had our castles in Spain.
12. Comb., as castle-battlement, castle-court, castle-ditch, castle-gate, castle-guardian, castle-wall; castle-born, castle-buttressed, castle-crowned adjs.: also † castle-boon, an unpaid service due to a castle from neighbouring owners or tenants; see boon n.1 6; † castle-bote, the keeping of a castle in repair, a contribution levied for this purpose; Castle-chamber (Court of), the Irish analogue of the Court of Star-chamber, under the Tudors and Stuarts; † castle-cloud, a castle-like cloud, a cumulus: † castle-come-down, used by Foxe for ruin, total destruction; castle-garth, ? a yard or enclosure belonging to a castle; † castle-gilliflower, the plant Matthiola incana; † castle-hunter, one who builds castles in the air; † castle-monger, one who builds or owns castles; castle-nut, a castellated nut (see castellated ppl. a.); castle pudding, a pudding steamed or baked in a dariole mould; † castle-soap, see Castile soap; † castle-stead (see quot.); castle-top, a tall humming top (still in north. dial.); castle-town, a town defended by a castle; also (Sc.) a collection of houses lying near or under a castle; castlewards adv., towards the castle; castle-wick = castleship; castle-work (see quot.). See also castle-builder, -guard, -ward, -wise.[15..Plumpton Corr. Introd. 20 They and their tenants were to be quit of *Castell-boone and of drink-money for the foresters, upon payment of a rent of four shillings a year.] 1848Kingsley Saint's Trag. ii. iii, The *castle-born brat is a senator born, Or a saint, if religion's in vogue.
1628Coke On Litt. 127 a, Bote signifieth amerciament or compensation, or sometimes freedom from the same, as *castle-bote.
1648Art. of Peace betw. Ormond & Irish xxi, Persons..authoriz'd by Commission under the Great Seal to regulate the Court of *Castle-chamber.
1686Goad Celest. Bodies ii. ii. 160 Hot and dry, misty air, *castle clouds. 1563–87Foxe A. & M. (1596) 1902/1 Her high buildinges of such ioyes and felicities, came all to a Castle Comedowne.
1815Scott Ld. of Isles v. xxvii, Man and guard the *castle-court.
1610Mirr. Mag. 776 That ancient *castle-crowned hill.
c1475Voc. in Wr.-Wülcker 784. 19 Hec listia, a *castylledyche. 1598Shakes. Merry W. v. ii. 1 Wee'll couch i'th Castle-ditch.
1596Spenser F.Q. ii. xi. 6 Seuen of the name against the *castle-gate..he did closely place.
1851Sir F. Palgrave Norm. & Eng. I. 567 Isembard's *castlegarth now constitutes a suburb of Saint Valory.
1578Lyte Dodoens ii. iv. 152 The great *Castell or stocke Gillofer. 1597Gerarde Herbal cxiv. 373 Castle Gilloflower.
1752Berkeley Lett. in Wks. IV. 334 We have not the transports of your *castle-hunters; but our lives are calm and serene.
1655Fuller Ch. Hist. iii. ii. 53 (D.) The Bishops (being the greatest *castle-mongers in that age), very stubborn, and not easily to be ordered.
1902Automobile Rev. July 1, *Castle nut, a nut having three grooves cut across its top face to receive a split pin. 1940Chambers's Techn. Dict. 141/2 Castle nut, a six-sided nut in the top of which six radial slots are cut. Two of these line up with a hole drilled in the bolt or screw, a split pin being inserted to prevent loosening.
1845E. Acton Mod. Cookery xviii. 472 Sutherland or *Castle Puddings..equal weight of eggs..butter..flour..sugar... Pour the mixture..into well-buttered cups, and bake. 1965E. J. Howard After Julius xv. 250 Hanwell was having some castle puddings in the kitchen. 1965A. Christie At Bertram's Hotel xi. 107 Veal cutlets..succeeded by some small castle puddings with a blackberry sauce.
1829Carlyle Misc. (1857) I. 274 A deep tragedy of the *Castle-Spectre sort.
1678–1706Phillips, *Castlesteed..anciently used for any Fortress or Bulwark. [Also in Kersey, and Bailey 1721–1800].
1768–74Tucker Lt. Nat. (1852) II. 633 The kites, and marbles, and *castle tops he was fond of then.
1665Select. fr. Harl. Misc. (1793) 169 This was a *castle-town, and of great strength. 1864Glasgow Her. 16 May, These cothouses were often called the Castletoun, because they belonged to or lay near the castle.
c1175Lamb. Hom. 141 Alse an *castel wal. 1815Scott Ld. of Isles iv. viii, That lovely lady sate and wept Upon the castle-wall.
1831J. Wilson Unimore vi. 313 He moves *Castle-wards.
1611Cotgr., Chastellenie, a *Castle-wicke, a castleship.
1448R. Glouc. (1810) 450 (MS. College of Arms) That suche *castellwerk was nat semyng to Religion. 1846Wright Ess. Mid. Ages I. v. 195 Grievously they oppressed the miserable people of the land with their castle-works.
▪ II. castle, v.|ˈkɑːs(ə)l, -æ-|
[f. prec. n.]
1. a. trans. To inclose or place in, or as in, a castle; also fig. †b. To inclose (a cistern, etc.) within a building (obs.; cf. castellated 2). Also castle up, etc.
1587Fleming Cont. Holinshed III. 1354/1 The conducting of Thames water, cesterning the same in lead, and castelling with stone. 1611Florio, Castellare, to encastle, to Castle. 1655W. Gurnall Chr. in Arm. Introd. iv. §1 (1669) 13/2 Castle me in the arms of thy everlasting strength. 1704Hearne Duct. Hist. (1714) I. 449 The first Cistern Castled with Stone was the great Conduit in West-Cheap. 1792W. Roberts Looker-on No. 30 After having castled himself up, as it were, in his own exclusive spirit. 1871Browning Pr. Hohenst. 116 Some fierce tribe, castled on the mountain peak.
†2. To ornament with battlements or in imitation of a castle. Obs.
c1386Chaucer Pars. T. ⁋371 Bake metes and dish metes..peynted and castelled with papir.
3. Chess.
a. intr. To bring the castle or rook up to the square next the king, and move the king to the other side of the castle. Also said of the king.
1656Beale Chess 8 He [the king] may change (or Castle) with this Rooke, that is, he may goe two draughts at once towards this Rooke..causing the Rooke to stand next to him on either side. 1820Hoyle's Games Impr. 210 If you have your choice on which side to castle. 1847Staunton Chess-pl. handbk. 19 If he castle on the Queen's side, he plays his King to Q.B.'s square, and Q.'s rook to Q.'s sq. The object of this compound move is generally to place the royal Piece in safety, and at the same time bring the Rook..into better play. 1870Hardy & Ware Mod. Hoyle, Chess 38 He can move only one square at a time except when he castles, which he may do once during each game.
b. trans.
1764R. Lambe Hist. Chess 97 After you have opened your Game a little, and castled your King, bring out your Pieces. 1820Hoyle's Games Impr. 202 Castle your king as soon as convenient. 1868C. R. Markham in Macm. Mag. No. 103. 87/2 The Abyssinian is allowed time to castle his king and take the pieces.
Hence ˈcastling vbl. n.
1813Monthly Rev. LXXII. 355 His games are drawn up as if Castling was not in use. 1880Boy's own Bk. 586 Castling is a compound move of king and castle. |