| 释义 |
caviare, caviar
(see below)
Forms: 6 chauiale, 7 cavialy; 6 cavery, 7 caveari, caveary, (cauearee), cauiarie, 7–8 caviary; cavear(e, caveer, (7 gaueare, cavere, cavajar, cavayer, 8 cavier, kavia); 7– caviare, caviar.
[Of uncertain origin, found in Turkish as khāvyār; in Italian in 16th c. as caviale (whence 16th c. F. cavial, Sp. cavial, 16th c. Eng. cavialy), also as caviaro, whence F. and Pg. caviar.
(It has no root in Turkish, and has not the look of a Turkish word. Redhouse in his MS. Thesaurus marks it as Italian-Turkish, looking upon it as borrowed from Italian.’ Prof. Ch. Rieu.)
In English occurring with great variety of spelling and pronunciation, after Italian and French, with various native modifications. Originally, caviˈāly, -ˈāle, -ˈārie, -ˈāre was of 4 syllables, with accent on the penult, as in Italian, but was sometimes reduced to 3 syllables, by slurring -iā-, as -yā-, and later with the accent shifted to the first syllable. As early as 1625, the final -e, in caviare, caveare, was often dropped in speech, and later also in writing, giving caviar, cavear (cf. F. caviar), pronounced |kævɪˈɑː(r), -ˈɛə(r)|, sometimes |kævˈjɑː(r), -ˈjɛə(r)|, and perh. also with accent shifted |ˈkævɪɑː(r), -ɪə(r), -jə(r)|. About 1700, prevalent forms were caˈvear, caˈveer, riming with prepare, and cheer; the latter pronunciation appears to have been the only one in common use in the end of the 18th c., for Walker, 1797, who spells caviare and pronounces |kəˈvɪə(r)|, says,
‘Either the spelling or the pronunciation of this word should be altered..the ancient spelling seems to have been Caviare; though Buchanan and Bailey, in compliance with pronunciation, spell it Caveer, W. Johnston Cavear, and Ash, as a less usual spelling, Cavier.’
Smart (1846) pronounces |kævˈjɛə(r)|, Webster has the accent on first syllable |ˈkævɪɑː(r)|; prevalent pronunciations in England c 1890 were |kævɪˈɑː(r), kævˈjɑː(r)|, ‘etymologically the best’ (N.E.D.), also |kævɪˈɛə(r)|, and as in Smart. The prevalent pronunciation in the late 20th century is as in Webster. Shakespeare's caviˈarie, and Swift's caˈveer, are recognized archaic forms.]
1. The roe of the sturgeon and other large fish obtained from lakes and rivers of the east of Europe, pressed and salted, and eaten as a relish.
(α) cavialy, caviarie, and allied forms:
1591G. Fletcher Russe Commw. (1857) 12 Of Ickary or cavery, a great quantitie is made upon the river of Volgha. 1598Epulario H ij, To dresse a kind of meat of the spawne of Sturgions, called Chauiale. a1612Harington Epigr. iii. (1633) 33 Yet eatst thou Ringoes and potato Rootes And Gaueare, but it litle bootes. a1616Beaum. & Fl. Passion. Madm. v. 353 (N.) Laugh—wide—loud—and vary—..One that ne'er tasted caveare. 1616Bullokar, Cauearee, strange meate like blacke sope. 1620Skelton Quix. IV. xiii. 103 Black Meat called Caviary, made of Fishes Eggs. 1626Bacon Sylva §835 Red-Herrings, Caueary, Parmizan, &c. 1639Nabbes Spring's Glory, Anchoves & Caveary. 1655Moufet & Bennet Health's Improv. (1746) 264 As for Cavialy..the Italian Proverb will euer be true..He that eateth of Cavialies, Eateth Salt, Dung, and Flies. 1702W. J. tr. Bruyn's Voy. Levant xlii. 170 They eat it..like Caviary. 1721–1800Bailey, Ca·viary [1731–61 also Cavee·r].
(β) caviare, caviar, etc., of 3 or 2 syllables.
1620E. Blount Observ. & Disc. (N.), That the only delicacies be mushrooms, caveare, or snails. 1624Capt. Smith Virginia vi. 211 Cauiare and Puttargo. 1628Wither Brit. Rememb. i. 345 Caveär, and twenty such like bables. 1663R. Head Hic et Ubique 24 Potargo, Cavere, Olives and such like. 1673Ray Journ. Low-C. II. 353 The red Cavear..made of the eggs or roe..of the Cyprinus. 1680Morden Geog. Rect. (1685) 62 Oyl and Cavayer about Volga. Ibid. 77 Three or 400 weight of Caveer. 1698J. Crull Muscovy 163 (N.) Caviare, or cavajar (by the Russians called ikary). 1708Motteux Rabelais iv. xviii, Pots of Cavier. 1708W. King Cookery (1807) 73 What lord of old, would bid his cook prepare Mangoes, potargo, champignons, caveare? 1730Swift Panegyr. Dean, And, for our home-bred British Cheer, Botargo, Catsup, and Caveer. 1740R. Brookes Art of Angling i. xxxii. 74 A sort of Edible which they call Cavear, or Kavia. 1774Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1862) II. i. vi. 267 A kind of cavier. 1782P. H. Bruce Mem. vii. 236 What the Russians call Ikari, and we caviar. 1837M. Donovan Dom. Econ. II. 189 The roe is made into a caviare. 1853A. Soyer Pantroph. 217 Caviar of an inferior quality. 1870Yeats Nat. Hist. Comm. 325 Russian caviare.
b. The circumstance that caviare is generally unpalatable to those who have not acquired a taste for it, is referred to by Shakespeare in a phrase which has become one of the commonplaces of literary quotation and allusion.
1602Shakes. Ham. ii. ii. 457 For the Play I remember pleas'd not the Million, 'twas Cauiarie to the Generall: but it was..an excellent Play. 1822Hazlitt Men & Mann. Ser. ii. iii. (1869) 77 Nothing goes down with them but what is caviare to the multitude. 1827Scott Two Drovers i, His own legends of clanfights and creaghs..would have been caviare to his companion. 1847Barham Ingold. Leg., St. Dunstan, The fare to which I allude, With as good table-beer as ever was brewed, Was all ‘caviare to the multitude’. 1880Literary World 13 Feb. 100/2 They..will be considered caviare to the general public.
2. slang. A passage blacked out by a censor (orig. a Russian censor) by the use of a stamp which when inked and applied to the paper leaves a close network of white lines and black diamonds, resembling to some extent the appearance of caviare spread upon bread and butter. So caviare v. trans., to block out or censor in this way.
1890St. James's Gaz. 25 Apr. 7/1 Every one of Mr. Kennan's articles in the Century has been ‘caviared’. 1894Westm. Gaz. 2 Nov. 1/2 The Czar..had..to seem as if he had blotted the assassin's menace out from his mind as completely as his own censors ‘caviared’ it out of the newspapers. 1899Gissing Crown of Life xix, We call caviare the bits blacked out in our newspapers and periodicals. 1920Times 5 Nov. 13/4 Surely there would have been ample time to prevent its appearance in the book itself..either by cancelling the leaf on which it was printed..or by the process called ‘caviare’. |