| 释义 |
▪ I. chalk, n.|tʃɔːk|
Forms: 1 calc, cealc, 4–7 chalke, (5 chaalke, shalke), 6 chauke, chawke, 6–7 chaulk(e, 6– chalk. See also cauk n.
[Common WGer.; OE. cealc (:—*ceælc, *cælc, *calc) = OS. calc (MDu. calk, Du. kalk), OHG. chalch (MHG. kalc, mod.G. kalk, kalch); also Da., Sw., mod.Icel. kalk); a. L. calc-em, calx lime; this sense is retained in the Teutonic languages generally, but in English the word passed at an early period into the sense of L. crēta, OHG. krîde, F. craie. Cf. the quotations in which L. calx is translated cealcstan limestone, and the fact that chalk is the chief ‘limestone’ of the S.E. of England.]
¶ It occurs in the oldest Eng. Glossaries, as rendering L. calculus (? = later cealcstan.)
c700Epinal Gl. (also Erf. & Cott.) 165 Calculus, cealc. c1050Gloss. in Wr.-Wülcker 362/1 Calculus, cealc, numestan (? read pumestan).
†1. ? Lime. (Traces of this sense after the OE. period are very uncertain; quot. 1572 is doubtful.)
c893K. ælfred Oros. vi. xxxii. §2 Sume niht on anum niwcilctan huse [nuper calce illitorum]..þa ongon se cealc mid unᵹemete stincan. c1050O.E. Voc. in Wr.-Wülcker 334 Calx, cealcstan [= limestone]. a1200Ibid. 551 Calcx, chalcston. 1572J. Jones Bathes of Bath ii. 17 b, Snow is very cold, and chalke is very hot, yet eyther of them is most whyte.
2. An opaque white soft earthy limestone, which exists in deposits of vast extent and thickness in the south-east of England, and forms high cliffs along the sea-shore.
Chemically, chalk consists of carbonate of lime with some impurities. Geologically, it is a deep-sea formation composed of fragments of shells of Foraminifera, abounding in certain important animal fossils, and interspersed with nodules of flint. It is burned for lime, and prepared for writing or marking on blackboards or other dark surfaces. In 17–18th c. it is often mentioned as eaten by young women suffering from chlorosis: cf. quot. 1811.
956[see chalkpit in sense 7]. c1400Destr. Troy 3047 Hir chekes..as the chalke white. c1440Promp. Parv. 68 Calke or chalke, erþe, calx, creta. c1450Voc. in Wr.-Wülcker 576 Creta, chaalke. c1500Cocke Lorell's B. (1843) 3 Stele floure and put chauke therin. 1587Mirr. Mag., Elstride xxxiv. 7 Shee lookt as pale as chalke with wrathfull ire. 1694Reply Ladies' & Bachelor's Petit. in Harl. Misc. IV. 438 (D.) How can any man..believe that ten thousand green-sickness maidens..would rather die martyrs to oatmeal, loam, and chalk than accept..matrimony? 1700Farquhar Const. Couple v. iii. (D.) You might have had me once; but now, Madam, if you should by chance fall to eating chalk or gnawing the sheets, 'tis none of my fault. 1787Winter Syst. Husb. 51 Chalk is an absorbent earth. 1811Hooper New Med. Dict., Chlorosis..a preternatural appetite for chalk, lime, and other absorbents..usually attend on this disease. c1850Arab. Nts. (Rtldg.) 640 The robber quickly made a mark on the door with some chalk. 1857Kingsley Misc. II. 372 It [chalk] was deposited as white lime mud, at a vast sea-depth. 1859Musketry Instr. 21 A black board and a piece of chalk..to describe the figures. 1880Geikie Phys. Geog. iv. 191 Chalk..is formed of the broken remains of minute forms of marine animal life.
3. a. Applied to other earths resembling chalk. fuller's chalk: ? fuller's earth. In quot. 1658 probably = calx. brown chalk: a name for umber. French chalk: a kind of steatite. red chalk: a bed of chalk of a deep red colour in Norfolk; also applied to ‘ruddle, a red argillaceous ore of iron’ (Syd. Soc. Lex.). black chalk (see quots.).
1601Holland Pliny II. 560 Sundry sorts of chaulkes for to scoure clothes, and namely the Tuckers earth. 1607Topsell Four-f. Beasts 200 Mingled with Fullers chaulke. 1658Rowland Moufet's Theat. Ins. 911 The chaulk or salt of it..is..commended by Chymicks, and Chirurgeons, for to cure that kernell or tumour of flesh. 1854Encycl. Brit. VI. 402/1 Black Chalk, a mineral used by artists for drawing. It is a variety of bituminous shale, the schiste-graphique of Haüy. 1886J. W. Anderson Prospector's Handbk. 115 Black Chalk—a variety of clay containing carbon. Mod. The section of the Red Chalk at Hunstanton.
b. spec. Applied to various coloured preparations resembling chalk in texture, and used like it in the form of crayons for drawing. With pl. Also attrib. drawn with chalk, executed in chalk.
1481–90Howard Househ. Bks. (1841) 202 Item, in yelu okyr..Item, in blak chalke. c1790J. Imison Sch. Art II. 55 Sketching chalk..a composition made of whiting and tobacco-pipe clay rolled like crayons. 1816J. Smith Panorama Sc. & Art 702 Chalks are..held in a steel or brass case, called a portcrayon. 1832G. Downes Lett. Cont. Countries I. 161 Two heads in chalks by..Rahn. 1883Lloyd Ebb & Fl. I. 30 A beautiful chalk head of a dog. 1884Cassell's F.M. 216/1 Shading in chalk from the flat.
4. In reference to the old custom at alehouses, etc., of ‘ticking’ or writing up with chalk a ‘score’ or account of credit given: transferred from the chalk used to the chalk marks or ticks on the door, etc., the ‘score’ entered in chalk, the reckoning or account; credit, ‘tick’.
a1529Skelton El. Rummyng 613 We're fayne with a chalke To score on the balke. c1570Thynne Pride & Lowl. (1841) 58 Your cheker man for it doth keepe no chalke. 1590Tarleton Newes Purgat. (1844) 82 His score growing very great, and much chalk upon the post. 1592Nashe P. Penilesse B j b, Hee that hath no money must goe and dine with sir John best betrust, at the signe of the chalke and the Post. 1634S. R. Noble Soldier v. iii. in Bullen O. Pl. I. 333 There's lesse chalke upon you[r] score of sinnes. 16..Songs Lond. Prentices (1841) 157 When we have no mony, Wher shall we find chalk? a1704T. Brown Sat. on Fr. King Wks. 1730 I. 60, I trespassed most enormously in chalk. 1719D'Urfey Pills (1872) I. 270 This wheedling talk You fancy will rub out my Chalk.
5. a. A mark, line, or ‘score’ made with chalk; spec. in various games (formerly scored with chalk).
1680Cotton Compl. Gamester in Singer Hist. Cards (1816) 341 The eldest must show how many chalks he hath in his hand to set up. 1801Strutt Sports & Past. iii. vii. 242 Thirty-one chalks complete the game. 1861Gen. P. Thompson Audi Alt. III. cxlvi. 135 Draw a chalk, and let those who are disposed, step over it. 1887Sporting Life 24 June 1/4 Skittles..Curry went out with 4 chalks.
b. fig. A scratch or scar. slang.
1840Marryat Poor Jack vi, I got this chalk.
6. Phrases.
a. Chalk and cheese are opposed in various proverbial expressions as things differing greatly in their qualities or value, though their appearance is not unlike, and their names alliterate.
1393Gower Conf. I. 17 Lo, how they feignen chalk for chese. 1541Barnes Wks. (1573) 258 This deffinition agreeth as well with your key, as Chalke and Cheese. a1555Latimer in Foxe A. & M. (1684) III. 413 As though I could not discern cheese from chalk. 1579Gosson Sch. Abuse To Rdr., Making black of white, Chalke of Cheese. 1600Rowlands Lett. Humours Blood vi. 75 Tom is no more like thee, then Chalks like Cheese. 1708Motteux Rabelais v. xvi, Words..as analogous as Chalk and Cheese! 1826Scott Woodst. xxiv, This Scotch scare-crow was no more to be compared to him than chalk was to cheese.
b. (by) a long chalk, also by long chalks, by chalks (colloq.): in a great degree, by far (in allusion to the use of chalk in scoring ‘points’, etc.; see 4, 5). to walk one's chalks (slang): to go away, be off.
1835A. B. Longstreet Georgia Scenes 6 Oh, wake snakes, and walk your chalks. 1837–40Haliburton Clockm. (1862) 26 Your factories down east..go ahead on the English a long chalk. 1840–5Barham Ingol. Leg., St. Romwold (D.), Sir Alured's steed was by long chalks the best. a1849J. C. Mangan Poems (1859) 459, I could once beat all of them by chalks. a1859De Quincey Syst. Heavens Wks. III. 171 note, As regards the body of water..the Indus ranks foremost by a long chalk. 1857Kingsley Two Years Ago i. (D.) The prisoner has..cut his stick, and walked his chalks, and is off to London.
7. a. attrib. and Comb., as chalk-bank, chalk-cliff, chalk-country, chalk-down, chalk-dust, chalk-formation, chalk-hill, chalk-land, chalk-licker, chalk-lime, chalk-ridge, chalk-score (see 4), chalk-stripe; chalk-eating, chalk-faced, chalk-like, adjs.; chalk-back day (see quots.); chalk-bed, a stratum of chalk; chalk-cutter, one who digs chalk; chalk-drawing, a drawing executed in chalk (see 3 b); chalk-flint, a flint found in the chalk: so chalk-fossil, etc.; chalk-head (humorous), a good head for chalking scores (see 4); chalk-lime, lime made from chalk; chalk-mark n., a mark, esp. a distinctive mark, made with chalk; v. trans., to mark with chalk, esp. with a distinctive mark; to draw (a line) with chalk; hence chalk-marked adj.; chalk-marl, an argillaceous stratum situated just beneath the Lower White Chalk; chalk period, the cretaceous period (see cretaceous a. 2); chalk-pit, chalk-quarry, a pit or quarry from which chalk is dug; chalk stream, a stream flowing over chalk; chalk talk U.S., a lecture or speech illustrated by chalk sketches made by the speaker; hence chalk-talker.
1851N. & Q. IV. 501/2 At Diss, Norfolk, it is customary for the juvenile populace, on the Thursday before the third Friday in September..to mark..each other's dress with white chalk, pleading a prescriptive right to be mischievous on ‘*chalk-back day’. 1906Westm. Gaz. 27 Feb. 2/3 In Norfolk there used to be an annual ‘Chalk-back Day’, the servants hired at the September fair at Diss being marked with chalk on either jacket or dress to indicate that they were settled.
1823Cobbett Rur. Rides (1885) I. 309 You actually have a *chalk-bank to your right and a sand-bank to your left.
1802Playfair Illustr. Hutton. The. 177 In the *Chalk-beds of England..a great proportion of the petrifactions belong to the tropical seas.
1773G. White Selborne xxxviii, The next church, ruin, *chalk-cliff..may become their hybernaculum.
1830Cobbett Rur. Rides (1885) II. 321 The houses white and thatched, as they are in all *chalk-countries.
1876Green Short Hist. i. §3 (1882) 17 Sitting..on the *chalk-down above Minster.
a1723D'Urfey Plague of Impert. (D.), Discouler'd, pale, as..*chalk-eating girl That oatmeal with it chew'd.
1896Daily News 6 Apr. 6/5 A not very distant *chalk-faced hill. 1935C. Day Lewis Time to Dance 47 Not for long will your chalk-faced bravado Stand the erosion of eternity.
1823W. Buckland Reliq. Diluv. 193 The diluvium contains..fragments of chalk and *chalk-flints.
1881Carpenter Microsc. (ed. 6) xxi. 826 The Ventriculites which are well known as *chalk-fossils.
1863M. Lemon Wait for End (Hoppe), ‘Haven't got a *chalk-head, and can't keep score,’ replied Tom [the waiter].
1823Cobbett Rur. Rides (1885) I. 315 A great *chalk-hill. 1832Tennyson Miller's Dau. xxxi, On the chalk-hill the bearded grass Is dry and dewless.
1941Proc. Prehist. Soc. VII. 149 The cultural succession observed on the south English *chalk⁓lands.
1712Steele Spect. No. 431 §3 These craving Damsels, whether..Pipe-champers, *Chalk-lickers, Wax-nibblers, etc.
1842E. Turner Elem. Chem. (ed. 7) 759 The white *chalk-like excrement of Serpents.
1754Hales in Phil. Trans. XLVIII. 827 *Chalk-lime..will not preserve water from putrefaction: though stone-lime..does preserve water in a great measure.
1862Thackeray Round. Papers 166 On the doorpost..is a little *chalk-mark. 1878Chambers's Jrnl. 14 Dec. 791/2 The white chalk-mark on his [sc. a Brahmin's] forehead, which signifies his rank to the world. 1927Scots Observer, 11 June 2/2 A happy-go-lucky Customs officer chalk-marked my suit case. 1928Daily Tel. 9 Oct. 8/1 He has to toe the line which I chalk-mark, otherwise out he goes.
1880R. Rowe Picked up in Streets 221 Rows of broken, dusty, *chalk-marked shutters.
1876Page Adv. Text-bk. Geol. xviii. 344 Bones of birds..obtained from the *chalk-marl of England.
1811A. T. Thomson Lond. Disp. (1818) 653 An elegant and useful adjunct to the *chalk mixture.
1904J. R. A. Davis Nat. Hist. Animals III. lii. 309 The toothless Pterosaurs (species of Pteranodon), which flourished during the *Chalk period.
956Chart. Eadwiᵹ in Cod. Dipl. V. 346 Of Deohholes hyllæ on ðonæ *cealcpyt; swa forð..oðða ða dunæ ufewearde. 1884Contemp. Rev. Aug. 331 The chalk-pits..are usually unfenced.
1832Tennyson Miller's Dau. xv, The white *chalk-quarry from the hill Gleam'd to the flying moon.
1866Carlyle Remin. I. 239 Now have a *chalk-score and no money.
1829T. Arnold Jrnl. 7 Aug. in Stanley Life & Corr. (1846) App. D. 658 As gentle and as limpid as one of the clear rapid *chalk streams of the south of Hampshire. 1858Kingsley in Fraser's Mag. Dec. 330/1 In chalk streams the largest fish are found oftener in the mill-heads than in the mill-tails. 1904E. F. Benson Challoners xiv, The chalk-stream..was brimful from bank to bank of hurrying translucent water. 1906Macm. Mag. Apr. 453 The chalk stream regions to-day are not fishing countries in the sense that Devon, Hereford, or Wales are.
1943R. Chandler Lady in Lake (1944) i. 7 Smooth grey flannel with a narrow *chalk stripe. 1953‘S. Ransome’ Drag the Dark (1954) ii. 24 A double-breasted blue chalk-stripe suit.
1881Christian Miscell. V. 40 His inimitable ‘*chalk-talk’. 1969New Yorker 31 May 78/2 We are treated to a vicious and numbing chalk-talk from the writings of the founder.
1888St. Paul & Minneapolis Pioneer Press 22 July (Farmer), The celebrated *chalk-talker.
b. In the names of butterflies and moths, as chalk carpet, chalk hill blue, chalk pit (see quots.).
1832J. Rennie Butterfl. & Moths 18 The Chalk Hill Blue (Polyommatus Corydon, Stephens). Ibid. 117 The Chalk Carpet (Larentia bipunctaria, Ochsenheimer). Ibid. 125 The Chalk Carpet (Xerene procellata, Ochsenheimer). Ibid. 230 The Chalk-pit Plume (Pterophorus migadactylus, Fabricius) ‘frequents chalky districts’. 1892Kipling Lett. of Travel (1920) 36 A lordly swallow-tailed butterfly,..very like the flitting ‘chalk-blue’ of the English downs. 1927Daily Express 14 July 5/5 The chalkhill and holly blues would make beauty spots among the yellow iris.
Add:[2.] b. Geol. A deposit or stratum composed mainly of chalk; freq. used to denote a particular stratum or system of such composition (usu. with capital initial).
1811T. Webster Let. 7 June in H. C. Englefield Descr. Isle of Wight (1816) 149 On arriving at the pit, I found this was cut in the lower chalk, which was entirely without flints. 1814Trans. Geol. Soc. II. 161 (heading) On the freshwater formations in the Isle of Wight, with some observations on the strata over the chalk in the south-east part of England. 1824W. H. Fitton in Ann. Philos. VIII. 462 Proposed names of the strata. 1. Chalk..Including chalk with and without flints—(the craie blanche of the French) and grey chalk—chalk marl of Mr. Webster. 1833G. Mantell Geol. S. E. Eng. v. 69 The Upper and Lower Chalk of Sussex. 1882A. Geikie Text-bk. Geol. 820 The lower part of the Chalk has generally a somewhat greyish tint. Ibid. 821 A well-defined band between the Grey Chalk and the overlying lower subdivision of the White Chalk (Turonian). 1910Bull. Geol. Survey W. Austral. No. 36. 115 (title) The geological age and organic remains of the Gingin Chalk. 1930F. J. North Limestones xi. 250 ‘The Chalk’, in the stratigraphical sense, includes some rocks that are hard and marly and others that are sandy. 1946L. D. Stamp Britain's Struct. xii. 137 Permanent connection across the central ridge was probably not established till Lower Chalk times. 1969Bennison & Wright Geol. Hist. Brit. Isles xiv. 323 In Yorkshire, north of the Humber only thin pre-chalk strata occur, the Red Chalk and Carstone. 1977A. Hallam Planet Earth 223/3 Also occurring in marine sediments, and best known from the chalks of Kansas.., are the last of the flying reptiles, the pterosaurs.
[6.] c. chalk and talk, a method of teaching consisting of lectures illustrated chiefly on the blackboard; also chalk-and-talker (Austral.), a school-teacher. colloq.
1937G. A. N. Lowndes Silent Social Revolution ii. 36 The blackboard was replacing the reading cards or letter sheets hitherto almost universal. For the era of ‘chalk and talk’ had to intervene before the era of textbooks. 1941Baker Dict. Austral. Slang 17 Chalk-and-talker, a school-teacher. 1955School Sci. Rev. June 394 All too frequently lessons become ‘chalk and talk’ illustrated with a few demonstration experiments. 1977P. Strevens New Orientations Teaching Eng. xiv. 166 Until some eight years ago, the teaching of foreign languages was a ‘chalk and talk’ profession. 1986Listener 18 Sept. 5/2 What they want is a less didactic style in the classroom, less of what is called ‘chalk and talk’, the teacher lecturing and the children passively taking it in (or not).
▪ II. chalk, v.|tʃɔːk|
Also 6–7 chalke, chaulk(e, chauk(e, 7 chawke. See also cauk v.2
[f. prec. n.]
1. trans. To mix or treat with chalk.
1575Laneham Let. (1871) 39 Mylk for theyr flawnez, not pild nor chalked. 1649W. Blithe Eng. Improv. Impr. (1653) 183 Land..Dunged, Limed, Marled, or Chalked, or otherwise made fat and warm. 1759tr. Duhamel's Husb. i. viii. (1762) 35 It was the custom of the Britons to chalk their lands. 1875[see chalking vbl. n.].
2. a. To rub, mark, or inscribe with chalk.
1592Greene Disput. 11 The boyes..shall chalke him on the backe for a Crosbite. 1677Moxon Mech. Exerc. (1703) 207 They chalk the Flat side of it. 1679R. Mansell Narr. Popish Plot Addr. c, Wisest Counsels, which by ill success have been chalkt o' th' back for Follies. 1813Moore Post Bag viii. 36 Thou know'st the time..It takes to chalk a ball-room floor. 1839Dickens Nich. Nick. xiv, Morleena..had the soles of her shoes chalked.
b. fig. To make white or pale as by rubbing with chalk; to blanch.
1633G. Herbert Temple, Forerunners vi, Let a bleak palenesse chalk the doore. 1847Tennyson Princ. iv. 358 Fear Stared in her eyes, and chalk'd her face.
c. to chalk (a person's) hat, to have one's hat chalked: to allow, be allowed, free travel (as on a railway). U.S. colloq. Obs. exc. Hist.
1823Quitman Let. in J. F. H. Claiborne Life & Corr. (1860) 78, I will ‘chalk your hat’ for the journey. 1880A. A. Hayes New Colorado (1881) xi. 149 Twenty-five seedy, second-class ruffians, who proposed to travel, as they say in the West, ‘with their hats chalked’, or free. 1887Nation (N.Y.) 21 Apr. 329/1 It would seem that all railway officers and most railway employees have their ‘hats chalked’ all over the U.S. 1928J. W. Starr 100 Yrs. Amer. Railroading 76 The practice out there was called ‘chalking the hat’, from the custom of the conductor in placing a white mark or ticket on the..headgear of the passenger.
d. To mark (an object) with chalk as an indication that it has been officially admitted, e.g. by a customs officer, or directed. U.S.
1867Mrs. Whitney L. Goldthwaite iii, Stooping to examine the trunk..[he said,] ‘These things is chalked all right for Littleton.’ 1893‘Mark Twain’ {pstlg}1,000,000 Banknote 258 In his first agitation he was going to try to bribe the postman to chalk it through.
3. a. To write with chalk; to draw, mark, line with chalk.
1580G. Harvey 3 Wittie Lett. 38 Whom..I recount and chaulke uppe in the Catalogue. 1589R. Harvey Pl. Perc. 25 So I will chalke thy praises vp. 1709Steele & Add. Tatler No. 93 ⁋4, I have chalked out in every Figure my own Dimensions. a1720Sheffield (Dk. Buckhm.) Wks. (1753) I. 96 As painters first chalk out the future face. 1823J. Badcock Dom. Amusem. 156 One chalks down nine figures. 1849F. B. Head Stokers & Pok. vi. (1851) 58 Large letters were chalked on consecutive compartments.
b. spec. To write up in chalk (a record, esp. of credits given); to score. Hence to chalk it: to run up a score, take ‘tick’. Now esp. common in phr. to chalk it up (to), to charge it (to) (a person, an account, experience, etc.). Also, to write down; to set down as a sum or estimate.
15971st Pt. Return Parnass. i. i. 451 All my debts stande chaukt upon the poste for liquor. a1704T. Brown Wks. (1760) I. 182 (D.) A country parliament man that chalk'd it plentifully last winter session. 1826T. Wilson Pitman's Pay (1843) 11 She chalks up ‘scores’ at a' the shops. 1835R. M. Bird Hawks of Hawkhollow II. viii. 78 He chalked me down like a fool, me and Tom Staples; being old friends, or sort of. 1845Whitehall xliv. 306 May I never chalk another pint. 1845Disraeli Sybil (1863) 282 Every man I chalked up was of the same opinion as the landlord of the Cat and Fiddle. 1877E. Peacock Gloss. Manley & Corringham 53/1 Chalk, to mark on a board with chalk the number of pints of beer a person is in debt to a publican. ‘Benny Mason's been to th' Gouden Cup an' had two quarts o' ale chalk'd down to you.’ 1886Elworthy W. Somerset Word-Bk. 122 Publicans are accustomed to keep the score by chalk marks behind the door, hence to be (chau·kd aup) is to be entered as a debtor. 1895in N. & Q. (1941) CLXXXI. 117/1 We want a drink... So, Miss, do chalk it up. 1939N. Monsarrat This is Schoolroom ii. vii. 176 One of those superb nights when everything is so perfectly in tune..that one unconsciously chalks it up, to have something to aim at in the future. 1953W. P. McGivern Big Heat vi. 82 Well, we can chalk it up to experience.
4. chalk out. fig.
†a. To mark out, as with chalk (obs.).
b. To delineate, esp. by the main features; to outline, sketch out, adumbrate.
1571Golding Calvin on Ps. xviii. 44 God did but (as it were under a dark shadowe) chalk out the..kingdome of his sonne. 1579Tomson Calvin's Serm. Tim. 309/2 They are chalked out as enimies. 1634W. Wood New Eng. Prosp. i. viii, The Princely Eagle, and the soaring Hawke, Whom in their unknowne wayes there's none can chawke. 1678Bunyan Pilgr. i. Apol., This Book it chaulketh out before thine eyes The man that seeks the everlasting Prize. 1765–93Blackstone Comm. (ed. 12) 412 We have now chalked out all the principal outlines of this vast title of the law.
c. fig. To trace out, mark out, as a course to be followed. Also occas. chalk forth (obs.).
1579Gosson Sch. Abuse (Arb.) 25 Chaulk out the way to do the like. 1610Shakes. Temp. v. i. 203 It is you, that haue chalk'd forth the way Which brought vs hither. 1613― Hen. VIII, i. i. 60. 1643 Digges Unlawf. Taking Arms §2 (1647) 14 That way to eternall glory, which our Saviour hath chalked out. 1670Cotton Espernon i. ii. 77 His Majesty being pleas'd..to chalk him out what he would have him do. 1707Vulpone 25 They have a much shorter way chalked out by this Article. 1754Richardson Grandison VII. li. 259 Lay down your own plan: Chalk out your future steps. 1807Byron Childish Recoll. 68 When now the boy is ripen'd into man, His careful sire chalks forth some wary plan. 1872J. Grant Newsp. Press III. xi. 253 [He] pursued the course which he had from the first chalked out for himself. |