| 释义 |
▪ I. charcoal, n.|ˈtʃɑːkəʊl|
Forms: 4–7 charcole, 5 charcolle, charkole, 6 chark(e cole, (colle, coole), cherke cole, charecole, 7 charcoll, charcoale, charecoale, char-cole, charcoale, charr-coale, 7–8 char-coal, 7– charcoal.
[The first element is of uncertain origin; from the earliest instances it appears to be char; charke, cherke, found from beg. of 16th c., being app. due to erroneous analysis of the spoken word, and having no independent origin or meaning, though afterwards (in 17th c.) used as an independent word. A current suggestion is that char- is an application of chare v. or n.1, as if turn-coal, i.e. wood turned or converted into coal; but for this no actual evidence has been found.
The name ‘coal’ itself originally meant ‘charcoal’ (collier being a ‘charcoal-burner’), and no satisfactory explanation appears of the introduction of the name charcoal in the same sense, esp. as there is no contemporary reference to ‘earth-coal’, ‘stone-coal’, ‘pit-coal’, or ‘sea-coal’ (as mineral coal was, for various reasons, called). See coal.]
1. a. The black porous pulverizable substance, consisting (when pure) wholly of carbon, obtained as the solid residue in the imperfect combustion of wood, bones, and other vegetable or animal matter. Hence specified as wood charcoal, vegetable charcoal, animal charcoal. † pit charcoal, coke (obs.).
c1340Gaw. & Gr. Knt. 875 A cheyer by-fore þe chemné, þer charcole brenned. c1420Anturs of Arth. xxxv, A schimnay of charcole, to chaufen the knyȝte. c1440Promp. Parv. 69 Charcole [Pynson charkole], carbo. 1470–1Mem. Ripon (Surtees) III. 216 Ij skeppis carbonum vocatorum charcole. 1514Acc. Churchw. St. Dunstan's Canterb. in Archæol. Cantiana XVII. 79 Item for ij quarters of charecole. 1562Act 5 Eliz. c. 4 §6 Working..of any..Stone, Sea cole, stone cole, Moore cole or cherke cole. 1624Capt. Smith Virginia iii. x. 85 Victuall, and some Char-coale for a fire. 1626Bacon Sylva §775 Sea-coal last longer than Char-coal; and Char-coal of Roots, being coaled into great pieces, last longer than ordinary Char-coal. 1656H. More Enthus. Tri. 26 The fumes of Charcoale, that has often made men fall down dead. 1662Stillingfl. Orig. Sacr. ii. vii. §5 A picture drawn in Charcoale. 1770Phil. Trans. LX. 214 The inside of all pieces of pit char⁓coal is full of cavities. 1838T. Thomson Chem. Org. Bodies 755 Animal charcoal is a much more powerful discolouring principle than vegetable charcoal. 1864Longfellow Wayside Inn 119 A figure in shovel hat Drawn in charcoal on the wall. 1865Jevons Coal Quest. (ed. 2) 299 Until the middle of the last century, however, iron was always made with charcoal, and a woody country was necessarily its seat. 1875Ure Dict. Arts I. 764 Animal charcoal especially..has been much employed in the construction of filters.
†b. = carbon n. Obs.
1800tr. Lagrange's Chem. I. 57 Charcoal, the base of animal and vegetable matters, is widely diffused.
†c. ? = carbonate.
1790Priestley in Phil. Trans. LXXX. 107, I heated charcoal of copper in 41 ounce measures of dephlogisticated air.
d. = charcoal grey. Also attrib. orig. U.S.
1952Women's Wear Daily 16 Oct. 3 Charcoal is the choice for a gored skirt sundress with one of the new little triangle cover-tops. 1953New Yorker 13 June 86/2 White cotton drill striped in pink, blue, or charcoal makes a cardigan jacket. 1955Wall Street Jrnl. 25 Feb. 17/3 The charcoal trend in suits will extend to dark blues and greens next fall. 1958M. Dickens Man Overboard i. 14 Ben was seeing himself in a narrow-trousered charcoal suit, entertaining Rose on an expense account.
†2. collect. pl. in sense of 1. Obs.
1489Caxton Faytes of A. ii. xxi. 135 Thre thousand sackes of charcolys made of wilowe tree. 1493Festivall (W. de W. 1515) 25 A man that made charke coles in a wood. 1557Ludlow Churchw. Acc. (Camden) 76 Item, for charke cooles. 1598J. Manwood Lawes Forest xxv. i. (1615) 253/2 Charecoales of Brouse wood. 1610Holland Camden's Brit. (1637) 302 Croidon..is very well known..for char-coles which the townsmen make good chaffers of. 1719D'Urfey Pills (1872) III. 111 Those glowing Char-coals.
3. A charcoal pencil or crayon for drawing.
1688R. Holme Armoury iii. 144/2 Charcoals are Sallow Wood, or Withy Burnt and split into the form of Pencils, and sharpened to a Point.
4. Short for ‘charcoal drawing’.
1884American VIII. 59 A few good charcoals, but this last branch..seems to be sadly neglected by our own artists.
5. pl. ‘The name by which the best tin plates are known; these are always made by charcoal fires’ (Ure Dict. Arts I. 767).
6. attrib. and Comb., as charcoal-basket, charcoal-dust, charcoal-fire, charcoal-man, charcoal-merchant, charcoal-poultice, charcoal-powder; charcoal biscuit, a biscuit containing wood-charcoal as an anti-fermentative, absorbent, or deodorizer; charcoal-black, a pigment obtained from charcoal; charcoal brown, a dark brown colour; freq. attrib.; charcoal-burner, one whose occupation it is to make charcoal by burning wood, etc.; so charcoal-burning; † charcoal-collier = charcoal-burner; charcoal-filter, a filter in which charcoal is used to absorb impurities; charcoal-furnace, a furnace in which charcoal is made by dry distillation of wood; charcoal grey, (a) a dark grey powder or pigment made from charcoal; (b) a dark grey colour; charcoal-iron, iron containing a certain percentage of carbon; charcoal-oven = charcoal-furnace; charcoal-point (Electr.) = carbon-point; see carbon n. 2, 3 c.
a1658Cleveland Gen. Poems (1677) 15 The Green sickness of the Mind..A kind of *Charcoal Appetite.
1885Army & Navy Co-op. Soc. Price List 759 Bragg's *Charcoal Biscuits. 1925Charcoal biscuit [see digestive A. 2 b].
1622Peacham Compl. Gent. xiii. (1634) 132 Shaddow it with *Char-coale blacke.
1959‘Ed McBain’ Pusher ii. 16 He was..dressed now in a brown sharkskin suit and *charcoal-brown overcoat.
1841W. Spalding Italy & It. Isl. I. 257 A few *charcoal-burners among the brakes.
1863Watts Dict. Chem. I. 759 If the supply of air is limited, only the more volatile ingredients [of wood] burn away, and the greater part of the carbon remains behind. This is the principle of the process of *charcoal-burning.
1636Althorp MS. in Simpkinson Washingtons Introd. 78 To the *charcoal colliers uppon my lordes guift towardes the buying of their sackes 00 03 06.
1800tr. Lagrange's Chem. I. 101 Add to it as much very dry *charcoal-dust.
1681J. Chetham Angler's Vade-m. xxxix. §2 (1689) 254 A clear *Charcoal or Wood-coal Fire.
1801N. Coxe Tour Monmouth. I. 3 Tintern Abby, *charcoal furnace, forges, and wire-works.
1907Yesterday's Shopping (1969) 471/1 Water Colours..*Charcoal grey. 1934H. Hiler Notes Techn. Painting ii. 90 Greys. Charcoal grey, Davy's grey, [etc.]. 1949Dict. Colours Int. Decoration (Brit. Colour Council) III. 5/2 Charcoal grey,..a descriptive colour name introduced into seasonal ranges by B.C.C. in 1942, to denote a neutral grey. 1963Times 27 Feb. 6/4 An easy-to-wear blouse style garment in charcoal grey.
1858Greener Gunnery 166 *Charcoal iron has..been the only stub twist barrels they..have ever been served with. 1861Lond. Rev. 16 Feb. 167 The charcoal iron of Newland and Backbarrow, near Ulverston..unrivalled in quality. 1870Daily News 14 Apr., The rope is of charcoal iron, and two inches in circumference. 1875Ure Dict. Arts III. 895 With an admixture of charcoal pig-iron.
1697tr. C'tess D'Aunoy's Trav. (1706) 245 A hundred *Charcoal-men..provide the Wood, which is to burn those that are condemned to the Fire. 1830Scott Ivanhoe Introd., The..romance of Rauf Colziar, in which Charlemagne is introduced as the unknown guest of a charcoal-man.
1781Gibbon Decl. & F. II. 30 His Father..exercised the trade of a *charcoal-merchant.
1878tr. Ziemssen's Cycl. Med. XVII. 463 In the immediate vicinity of *charcoal-ovens.
c1865Letheby in Circ. Sc. I. 136/1 If the *charcoal-points are too close together.
1876Bartholow Mat. Med. (1879) 553 A *charcoal-poultice differs from an ordinary poultice in having powdered charcoal incorporated with the mass. 1881Syd. Soc. Lex., Cataplasma carbonis..The charcoal poultice. For correcting the fœtor..of ill-conditioned ulcers.
1855J. F. W. Johnston Chem. Com. Life I. 81 *Charcoal powder darkens..the flowers of the dahlia.
▪ II. charcoal, v. trans.
[f. prec. n.]
1. To mark, write, or blacken, with charcoal.
1840Thackeray Paris Sk.-bk. (1867) 387 Half a lame couplet charcoaled on the wall. 1860All Y. Round No. 47. 493 Brows..charcoaled with some black pigment. 1865Carlyle Fredk. Gt. IV. 178.
2. To suffocate with the fumes of charcoal.
1839Dickens Nich. Nick. xxxvii, Because she wouldn't shut herself up in an air-tight three-pair-of-stairs and charcoal herself to death. 1866Lond. Rev. 16 June 665 The novelist..drowned one character, shot another, charcoaled a third, and in some manner got rid of the entire lot. |