| 释义 |
▪ I. chare, char, n.1|tʃɛə(r), tʃɑː(r)|
Forms: 1 cierr, cirr, cerr, cyrr, 2–4 cherre, 3 chærre, chearre, 3–4 chere, 4–5 charre, 6–7 chair, (7 chaer, chewre, charr), 5– chare, 3– char; see also the variant chore.
[OE. cęrr, cięrr, cyrr, masc. i- stem:—O.Teut. type *karri-z or *karzi-z: cf. chare v.1
(Often identified with OHG. chêr, MHG. kêr, Ger. kehr, MDu. kêr, Du. keer, masc.; besides which there is OHG. chêra, MHG. kêre, Ger. kehre, MDu. and MLG. kêre, LG. kêr str. fem.; but these represent OTeut. types *kairi-z-oz or kaizi-z, oz, and *kairâ or *kaizâ, the vowel of which has no connexion with that of the OE. word. No forms cognate to either are known outside Teutonic.)
In modern English the ordinary form of the word from the 13th c. onwards was char: but sense 5 is now usually chare; char, chore, chewre, are dialectal; chore also in U.S. On the other hand the compound, which in the 17th and 18th c. was so commonly charewoman, chairwoman, is now charwoman.]
I. Obsolete senses: usually cher, char.
†1. The return or coming round again of a time; hence gen. turn, occasion, time. Obs.
(The literal sense 2 is not cited in OE.)
c1000Ags. Gosp. Luke xxii. 32 æt sumum cyrre [Lindisf. hwile ᵹicerred] ᵹewend andtryme þine ᵹebroðru. c1000ælfric Gen. xxxviii. 18 æt þam cyrre heo wearð mid cilde. c1000Sax. Leechd. I. 214 ærest þry..æt þam feorþan cyrre niᵹon. c1205Lay. 6844 Makeden hine þridde chærre king. c1230Hali Meid. 23 At an chere. c1320Sir Beues 3461 Allas! that ilche cherre Hii wente fro hire alto ferre.
†2. A turning or movement back, return, retreat; fig. (in after-char, again-char) repentance. Obs.
c1220Bestiary 643 Ðanne he makeð ðer-to char. a1300Cursor M. 21922 Qua-sum be-for will noght be-warr, He sal find þan nan efter-char. c1300in Wright Lyric P. xiv. 46 To late cometh the ȝeyn-char. c1450Lonelich Graal lii. 617 So sore to-gederis they mette..there was non geyn char.
†b. on char: on the turn, in the act of shutting; ajar.
1500–20Dunbar Done is a battell, &c. 11 The auld kene tegir, with his teeth on char. a1510Douglas K. Hart xlvi, The dure on chare it stude. 1513― æneis iii. vi. 177 Quhill percace The pipand wynd blaw up the dur on char.
†3. A turn or movement generally. Obs.
c1325Body & Soul 157 (Mätz.) Bote as tou bere me aboute, ne miȝt I do the leste char. c1340Cursor M. 5172 (Trin.) [Abraham] drowȝe his swerde priuely Þat þe childe were nat war Ar he had done þat char.
†4. A turn or stroke of work; an action, deed; a piece of work or business. Obs.
c897K. ælfred Gregory's Past. iv. 36 Menn þe bið abisᵹod..mid oðrum cierrum [v.r. cirrum]. c1175Lamb. Hom. 137 Sulche monne þe him deð..wiken and cherres. c1330R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 8801 Sleyght & connyng doþ many a chare. c1450Bk. Curtasye 96 in Babees Bk. (1868) 302 While þou holdes mete in mouthe, be war To drynke, þat is vnhonest char. 1570[see chare v.1 4]. 1602Warner Alb. Eng. xii. lxxiv. (1612) 306 This Chaer thus chaerd..returnes he backe. c1622Fletcher Love's Cure iii. ii, Here's two chewres chewr'd. 1680News fr. Country in Roxb. Ball. (1881) IV. 201 How pure a Charr had it been then, they not one, to ten times Ten.
II. Extant sense: now usually chore.
5. esp. An occasional turn of work, an odd job, esp. of household work; hence in pl. the household work of a domestic servant.
c1325Pol. Songs 341 Unnethe wolde eny don a char. c1410Love Bonavent. Mirr. xiii. 32 (Gibbs MS.) Makyng þe beddes and suche oþer chares. 1606Shakes. Ant. & Cl. iv. xv. 75 The Maid that Milkes, And doe's the meanest chares. 1608–11Bp. Hall Medit. & Vows iii. (1614) 74 Many weare Gods cloth..that never did good chare in his service. 1679Hist. Jetzer 2 Cleft out Wood, carryed Stones, and did other odd Chairs. 1832–4De Quincey Cæsars Wks. IX. 69 The peasant who does the humblest chares. 1866Daily Tel. 30 Jan. 5/2 The mother will be grey, and ‘past chares’. 1881M. E. Braddon Asph. III. 321 Not less monotonous than the humblest chars. 1881Huxley Sc. & Cult. ii. 34 Mere handicrafts and chares.
6. Comb., in sense 5, as chare-work. See also char-.
1613Heywood Brazen Age ii. ii. Wks. 1874 III. 240 Woman..spinnes, Cards, and doth *chare-worke.
▪ II. chare, n.2|tʃɛə(r)|
Forms: 3 chihera, 4 chere, 5– chare; also 6 chayer, 8 chair.
[? The same as chare turning; cf. Sc. wynd.]
Local name for a narrow lane, alley, or wynd, in Newcastle and some neighbouring towns; also for some country lanes and field tracks, e.g. the three which converge at Chare ends, by the landing-place on Holy Island.
12..Carta Will. de Glanavilla in Surtees Hist. Durham (Gateshead) Poters-chihera. a1400Ibid. Waldeschere. 1430Inquest on death of R. Thornton, ibid., Pylot-chare. 1596Wills & Inv. N.C. (1835) I. 263 In the lowe seller, in Chapmane chayer. 1707Lond. Gaz. No. 4293/3 A Large Dwelling-House in the Broad Chair in Newcastle upon Tyne..will be sold. 1772Pennant Tour Scotl. (1790) III. 305 The lower streets and chares or alleys are extremely narrow. 1862Smiles Engineers III. 411 The queer chares and closes, the wynds and lanes of Newcastle.
▪ III. chare, n.3
chariot, car: see char n.2
▪ IV. † chare, n.4 Obs.
[a. OF. char (mod.F. chair):—L. carn-em flesh.]
1. Flesh, meat. (Only in French names of dishes.)
c1450Courses of a Meal in Q. Eliz. Acad. 92 Graunte chare. 1461–83Liber Niger Edw. IV, in Househ. Ord. (1790) 30 For his yoman..he taketh dayly, one payne, one messe gros chare [elsewhere ‘gret flessh’, ‘great meat’].
2. ‘Flesh’ or pulp of fruit, as in the following:
† chare de quince. Obs. Also 5 chardecoynes, -qweyns, charequynses, 6 chardequynce. [F. *chair de coings (OF. cooins) pulp of quinces: see ] A preserve made of the pulp of quinces.
c1440Douce MS. 55 fol. 28 b, In maner as men seth chare de quincys. c1440Anc. Cookery in Househ. Ord. (1790) 455 A halfe pounde of chardecoynes. 1452Marg. Paston Lett. 182 I. 245, I pray yow that ye wol send me a booke wyth chardeqweyns that I may have of in the monynggs, for the eyeres be nat holsom in this town. 1469Househ. Ord. (1790) 95 Empty pottes of grene gynger, bagges, bookes of charequynses, boxes of comfettes. Ibid. 103 Charequynses, 10lb. the boke, vs.—2l. 10s. 1513Bk. Keruynge in Babees Bk. (1868) 266 Loke ye haue in all seasons butter, chese, apples, peres, nottes..compost, grene gynger and chardequynce.
† chare de wardon. Obs. A preserve made of the pulp of Warden pears.
a1422Dinner to Hen. V, in Q. Eliz. Acad. 91. c 1425 15th c. Cookery Bk. (Harl. MS. 279) §34 Chardewardon.—Take Pere Wardonys, sethe hem in Wyne or in fayre Water.
▪ V. chare, n.5
obs. f. char n.3 a fish.
▪ VI. † chare, a. Obs.
[App. shortened from chary: ? influenced by chere, F. cher dear.]
1. = chary; careful.
1564Brief Exam., As the prudent and chare ouerseers iudge. 1565Golding Ovid's Met. xiv. (1593) 336 My forrest Ide, of which I am most chare. 1587Fleming Contn. Holinshed III. 1339/1 Chare defense of faithful league.
2. Dear. Cf. chary 3, chere.
1583Golding Calvin on Deut. xxiii. 134 He sheweth howe deare and chare our soulehealth is vnto him.
▪ VII. chare, char, v.|tʃɛə(r), tʃɑː(r)|
Forms: 1 ciérran, cerran, cyrran, 2 cherre, 2–4 cher, 3 churre, chearre, 3–4 chere, 4 charre, 4–6 charr, 7 (chaer, chewre), 3– chare, 4– char.
[OE. cęrran (Vesp. Ps.) W.S. cięrran, cyrran:—OTeut. type *karrjan or *karzjan, f. *karri- *karzi, OE. cęrre, chare n.1 Senses 4 and 5 are perhaps newly formed on the n.
(Often identified with OHG. chêran, chêrran (:—chêrjan) MHG. kêren, Ger. kehren, OLG. kêrjan (kêrôn), MDu. kêren, Du. keeren OFris. kêra, with the same signification. But these represent an OTeut. *kairjan or *kaizjan, the vocalism of which is entirely different. Cf. chare n.1).
The modern form is generally char; chore and chewre are dial.]
†1. trans. To turn; esp. to turn aside or away (also with by); to lead aside; to drive away. Obs.
c1000Ags. Ps. cxiii.[iv] 8 He..clifu cyrreð on cwicu swylce wæteres wellan. a1240Lofsong in Cott. Hom. 215 And cher me from sunne. c1325Metr. Hom. (1862) 52 Satenas our wai will charre. c1340Gaw. & Gr. Knt. 850 Þe lorde hym charred to a chambre. a1400Cov. Myst. (1841) 325 And chare awey the crowe. 1501Douglas Pal. Hon. i. xix, And stand on rowme quhair better folk bene charrit. 1513― æneis ii. v. (iv) 43 As ane bull..charris by the aix with his nek wyght. 1674Ray N.C. Wds. 10 Chare, to stop: as char the Cow, i.e. Stop or turn her. [So 1721 in Bailey.]
†b. Inverted constr. (= ‘to turn the rain from her’.) Obs. rare.
a1500Prose Leg. in Anglia VIII. 142 She hadde no cloþes to chare hir fro þe rayne.
†2. refl. in sense of next. Obs.
c1000Cædmon's Satan 698 (Gr.) Cer ðe on bæcling. c1205Lay. 21266 Þis isæh Childric, & gon him to charren. [c1400Destr. Troy 8643 Achilles for the chop cherit hym not litle, Braid out of batell, bound vp his wounde.]
†3. intr. To turn; esp. to turn away or aside, depart; to turn back, return. Obs. Cf. again-chare in again- 2.
c1000Ags. Ps. lxix. [lxx.] 3 Hi on hinderlincg..cyrrað. c1175Lamb. Hom. 79 Hwan ic aȝen cherre. c1205Lay. 29495 And charde aȝein sone eft into Rome. a1225Juliana 33 Te þreo children þe chearre nalden from þe lahen. a1250Prov. ælfred 85 in O.E. Misc. 106 Eueruyches monnes dom to his owere dure churreþ. c1250Gen. & Ex. 2390 Or ic of werlde chare. c1375? Barbour St. Theodera 121 Scho..as scho mycht, did turne & chare.
†b. To turn from one bodily state, belief, etc., to another. Obs.
a1225Leg. Kath. 2260 Chear ananriht, þæt te oðre chearren þurh þe. c1330R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 15730 Þe ffeuere agu ful sore hym hatte; But sone he chared [Wace Dont cil retorne] & wel swatte.
4. trans. To do, accomplish (a turn of work). arch. or Obs.
1570Marriage Wit & Sc. iv. iv. in Hazl. Dodsley II. 375 This char is char'd well. 1602[see char n.1 4]. 1612Fletcher Two Noble K. iii. ii. 21 All's chared when he is gone. c1622― Love's Cure iii. ii, Here's two chewres chewr'd. 1816Scott Bl. Dwarf vii, How now, ruffian, is thy job chared?
5. intr. (Now usu. in form char.) To do odd turns or jobs, esp. of housework; to work in this way by the day, without continuous employment; hence trans. (colloq.) to do the cleaning work of (a house). Hence ˈcharing vbl. n.
1732Acc. Workhouses (ed. 2) 95 If any person shall go a begging, or charing..they shall be sent to Bridewell. 1810Coleridge Friend (1883) 230 Him, herself, and two little children, she had to maintain by washing and charing (note, I am ignorant whether there be any classical authority for this word, but I know no other word that expresses occasional day labour in the houses of others). 1826Miss Mitford Village Ser. iii. (1863) 528 The identical lady of the mop, who occasionally chared at the house. 1837Dickens Pickw. (1847) 273/1 ‘Betsy Martin..goes out charing and washing, by the day’. 1864H. Kingsley in Macm. Mag. Dec. 144 Look at that girl's charing; why I never see anything like it, with the exception of Mrs. Chittle, who chared Park Villa at the end of a fortnight, nursing two. 1906Daily Chron. 28 Aug. 8/5, I feel grateful to ‘My Charwoman’, for it is certain she knows her business—she can char. 1925Contemp. Rev. July 86 The scene where Lummox ‘chars’ in an immoral house.
▪ VIII. [chare v.
in Bailey, etc. misprint for chave q.v.]
▪ IX. chare
obs. form of chair.
▪ X. chare
= schare, cut, obs. pa. tense of shear v.
c1425Wyntoun Cron. vi. xiii. 160 Before þe Burde..The Dukis Brede þis childe þan chare. |