| 释义 |
▪ I. shard, sherd, n.1|ʃɑːd, ʃɜːd|
Forms: 1 sceard, 4 shord, 4–5 schoord, (5 schorde, schourde), 4–6 scherd(e, 5–6 sherde, (6 shered), 6 sharde, 6–7 sheard(e, 7–8 Sc. shaird, 8 dial. shoard, 9 shord, sheard, 4– sherd, 5– shard.
[OE. sceard neut., cogn. w. OFris. skerd (? neut.) cut, notch (WFris. skird, NFris. skárd, schaard, scherd), MDu. scharde fem., schart (schard-) masc., flaw, fragment (mod.Du. schaard fem.), MLG. schart neut., crack, chink, mod.LG. schaard potsherd, also breach, gap (e.g. in an embankment), MHG., mod.G. scharte fem., notch, gap, ON. skarð neut. (Da. skaar chink, potsherd, MSw. skardh neut., gap, chink, skardher masc., potsherd); subst. uses of the adj. OE. sceard, OS. skard, OFris. skerde, OHG. (lida-)scart (MHG. schart), ON. skarð-r:—OTeut. *skardo- cut, notched, diminished, a ppl. formation on the root *skar- (:—*sker-: *skur-): see shear v.]
I. A cleft, gap.
1. A gap in an enclosure, esp. in a hedge or bank. Now chiefly dial.
a1000in Kemble Cod. Dipl. (1848) VI. 220 Swa on ðæt lytle sceard ðæt is on burhhlinceas. [a1100Gerefa xiii. in Anglia IX. 262 Dicsceard betan.] c1430Lydg. Min. Poems (Percy Soc.) 114 The other twayen was elle aferd, They sparyd nethe stylle ne sherd. 1471Yatton Churchw. Acc. (Somerset Rec. Soc.) 107 For makyng a schorde at the wyte croste ijd. 1488Cal. Anc. Rec. Dublin (1889) 493 And be cause the dyche of that lane was faste, they brake a shard and put men over the dyche. 1523–34Fitzherb. Husb. §141 If he..fynde a gap, or a sherde in his hedge. 1581J. Bell Haddon's Answ. Osor. 454 But here was one sharde left open which must needes be stopt up with some brambles and Bryars. 1789W. H. Marshall Glocester I. 331 Shard, a gap in a hedge; the common term. 1863Kinglake Crimea (1877) III. i. 111 His practised eye soon showed him a fit ‘shard’ or break in the scarped face of the bank.
fig.1581J. Bell Haddon's Answ. Osor. 68 b, Now for asmuch as you have stopt up a fewe shardes in these your last tedious Commentaries,..I thought good to reply.
†2. Used by Spenser for: ? A dividing water.
1590Spenser F.Q. ii. vi. 38 Vpon that shore he spied Atin stand, There by his maister left, when late he far'd In Phædrias fleet barke ouer that perlous shard.
3. A gap or notch in the blade of a tool. dial.
1787Grose Provinc. Gloss., Shard, a gap or notch. This knife has a great shard. Glouc.
II.
4. a. A fragment of broken earthenware. spec. in Archæol., a piece of broken pottery. Phrase: to break, etc. into sherds: to reduce to fragments, break beyond repair.
Cf. potsherd and OE. crocsceard. Sherd is now established as the normal Archæol. spelling.
c1000Gl. Prud. in Germania (N.S.) XI. 398/257 Testarum, scearda. 13..Childh. Jesus 340 in Archiv Stud. neu. Spr. LXXIV. 331 His pechere he brake..And Ihesu gadirde Þe skarthes [v.r. scherdys]. 1382Wyclif Job ii. 8 Job..with a sherd [1388 schelle] scrapide awei the quyture. ― Ps. xxi. 16 My vertue driede as a shord [1388 tiyl stoon]. ― Ecclus. xxii. 7 Who techeth a fool, as that glueth togidere a sherd.1387Trevisa Higden (Rolls) IV. 151 Hayle stones i-medled with scherdes. 1426Lydg. De Guil. Pilgr. 4197 Thogh that a pot be broke smal On sherdys & on pecys ek. c1440Promp. Parv. 445/2 Scherde, or schoord, of a broke vesselle (P. schourde of broken vessel), testula, testa. 1483Caxton Golden Leg. 208 b/2 He put not away the wodenes of his flessh with a sherde or shelle. 1602Shakes. Ham. v. i. 254 Shardes, Flints, and Peebles. 1610B. Jonson Alch. iv. v. (1612) K 2 b, There will be, perhaps, Something, about the scraping of the Shardes, Will cure the Itch. 1656Cowley Davideis ii. 715 And scarce ought now of that vast Citie's found But shards and rubbish. 1725Bradley's Fam. Dict., Drain, a small Passage made for Water to run Under-ground, with dry Shards at Bottom. 1796Stedman Surinam II. xx. 114 Several of the poor rebel negroes..had only the shards of Spa-water cans, instead of flints. 1837Carlyle Fr. Rev. iii. ii. v, Mirabeau's treason: wherefore his Bust..is instantly broken to sherds. 1865Tylor Early Hist. Man. viii. 217 The mutilation of the priests of Cybele was done with a sherd of Samian ware. 1877A. B. Edwards Up Nile xix. 531 Fragments of black, red, and yellowish pottery, like the shards of Elephantine and Philæ. 1881Blackmore Christowell iv, He took up a shord..and went down to the river, with that for his cup. 1937Jrnl. R. Anthrop. Inst. LXVII. 233, I could find no bronze-age sherds. 1955Sci. Amer. July 46/3 We came upon a few fragmentary sherds of Aegean painted pottery. 1971World Archaeol. III. 203 Many historic Amphlett sherds were recovered.
Proverbs.1641D. Ferguson's Sc. Prov. (1785) 34 Where the pig's broken let the sherds lie. 1678Ray Prov. (ed. 2) 351 When Tom's pitcher's broken I shall have the sheards (i.e. kindness after others have done with it).
b. fig. and in figurative context.
1579J. Stubbes Gaping Gulf D 5 b, Which makes hym esteeme himselfe as the iron pot, and vs as the earthen crock, with whom..he weens he can dash vs into shards at hys pleasure. 1647C. Harvey Schola Cordis xiv. 31 I'll breake it [sc. my heart] all In pieces small; Sinne shall not finde a shearde without a flaw Wherein [etc.]. 1847Longfellow Evang. ii. i. 67 Thus did that poor soul wander..Bleeding, barefooted, over the shards and thorns of existence. 1883D. C. Murray Joseph's Coat xxvii, Love's idol..was long since broken, and the worshipper was still sorely wounded by the shards.
c. transf. A fragment (of other material).
1561Hollybush Hom. Apoth. 39 b, If the rubbel or shardes of the stone [i.e. calculus] do put the to payn. 1565Cooper Thesaurus, Assula..a sharde of marble, or other stone. 1577Harrison England ii. vi. (1877) i. 147 All [glasses] go one waie, that is, to shards at the last. a1611Chapman Iliad v. 297 The hip of Anchisiades..which all in sherds it droue. 1829Brockett N.C. Words (ed. 2) s.v., Many of the common people, in the lower parts of Newcastle, used to resort to the Quayside.., where they gathered up coals with the half of a wooden dish, called a shard. 1847Tennyson Princess v. 132 What were I nigher this altho' we dash'd Your cities to shards with catapults. 1858Carlyle Fredk. Gt. iii. xx. I. 268 Suddenly with huge jingle, the glass-door of his room went to sherds. 1877–8Henley in Ballades & Rondeaus (Canterb. Poets) 77 A melon's dripping sherds. 1910Spectator 11 June 968/1 The bark was blown clean off the stem; there were great shards and slices of bark lying twenty and thirty yards away.
d. Sc. A remnant (of something worn or decayed).
1785Burns Ep. W. Simpson Postscr. xii, An' when the auld Moon's gaun to lea'e them, The hindmost shaird, they'll fetch it wi' them, Just i' their pouch. 1866Carlyle in Froude Remin. (1881) II. 164 Badams..was living..in a big old rambling sherd of a house among waste gardens. 1883A. Lang in Fortn. Rev. Dec. 846 Everything he carried was more or less broken and outworn... His tomahawk was a mere shard of rusted steel.
†5. A scale (in quot. of a dragon). Obs. rare—1.[Cf. OHG. scartifedar, shell fish or tortoise.] 1390Gower Conf. III. 68 Sche sih, hir thoghte, a dragoun tho, Whos scherdes schynen as the Sonne.
▪ II. shard, n.2 Obs. exc. dial.|ʃɑːd|
In 6 sharde.
[app. cogn. w. sharn.]
A patch of cow-dung. (Cf. cow-shard.)
1545Elyot Dict. s.v. Bonasus, In his runnynge [he] flyngeth, and shoteth furth his sharde and dunge thre furlonge from hym. 1576G. Pettie Petite Pallace 82 b, The Humblebee..at nyght taketh no scorne to lodge in a Cowes foule sharde. 1606Shakes. Ant. & Cl. iii. ii. 19 They are his Shards, and he their Beetle. 1687Dryden Hind & Panther i. 321 Such souls as Shards produce, such beetle things As only buz to heaven with ev'ning wings. 1828[Carr] Craven Gloss. 1876Whitby Gloss., Sharn, Shard, Sharra, or Skarn, cow's dung.
b. Comb.: shard-beetle, a beetle of the family Geotrupidæ, found under dung, a dor-beetle.
1854A. Adams, etc. Man. Nat. Hist. 188 Shard-Beetles (Geotrupidæ).
▪ III. shard, n.3|ʃɑːd|
Variant of chard2.
1685Dryden tr. Hor. Epode ii. 81 More pleasing morsels..Than Shards [L. herba lapathi] or Mallows for the pot. 1856Kane Arct. Expl. II. i. 25 With furs and woollens layer upon layer inside, like the shards of an artichoke.
▪ IV. shard, n.4|ʃɑːd|
[Evolved from a misunderstanding of Shakespeare's use in shard-born: see also quot. 1606 s.v. shard n.2]
The elytron or wing-case of a coleopterous insect.
[1755Johnson s.v. Shardborn, Perhaps shard in Shakespeare may signify the sheaths of the wings of insects.] 1811R. Willan List Words W.R. Yorks. in Archæologia XVII. 157 Shard, the shell or hard outward covering of the tribe of insects denominated Coleoptera. 1842Longfellow Hiaw. xii. 182 The shining shards of beetles. 1884Mag. Art Jan. 116 The glittering shards of insects.
▪ V. shard
obs. form of char n.3
1668Charleton Onomast. 155 Trutta Minor..a Shard. 1755Johnson, Shard..4. A sort of fish.
▪ VI. shard, v. rare.|ʃɑːd|
Also sherd.
[f. shard n.1]
1. a. trans. To break into fragments. Also with off. b. intr. Of a tree: To shed its bark in ‘shards’. Hence ˈsharding ppl. a.
1582[implied in sharded ppl. a.1]. 1891Nisbet Colonial Tramp I. 4 Dead, white branches and sharding trunks. 1900Conan Doyle Gt. Boer War xvi. 269 The artillery fire..was then turned..upon..the isolated Vaalkranz... The hillside was sharded off in great flakes. 1910Contemp. Rev. Mar. 339 The veils and filaments of queens are torn aside, their bracelets sherded on their wrists.
2. trans. To notch the edge of (a tool). dial.
1879Exmoor Scolding & Courtship (E.D.S.) Gloss. s.v., Thee's a shorded my knife. 1886W. Somerset Word-bk. s.v. Shord, Zee how he've a-bin and a-shorded my plane ire. |