| 释义 |
▪ I. share, n.1|ʃɛə(r)|
Forms: 1 scær, scear, scer, 3 ssare, 4 schar, shaar, (pl. scharres, -is, sharris), 4, 6 shar, 4–6 schare, (7 shere, sheare, 8 sharr), 4– share.
[OE. scear, scær (masc. or neut.) = OFris. skere, schere, MLG. schar neut., schare fem. (Da. skær from LG.), OHG. scar, scaro masc., scara fem. (MHG. schar masc., fem., neut., mod.G. schar fem., f. Teut. root *skar-: *sker-: see shear v.]
1. The iron blade in a plough which cuts the ground at the bottom of the furrow; a ploughshare.
c725Corpus Gloss. (Hessels) 8 Uomer, scær. c1000[see coulter 1]. a1050Liber Scintill. xxxii. (1889) 124 Scer tungan ure [L. vomer linguæ nostræ]. 1297R. Glouc. (Rolls) 6890 Lat nime foure yrene ssares [v.r. scharres] vor hire sulue al a fure. 1340–70Alex. & Dind. 294 Hit is no leue in oure lawe þat we land erie Wiþ no scharpede schar to schape þe forwes. 1382Wyclif 1 Kings xiii. 21 Thanne al Yrael descendide to Philistiym, that echon sharpe his shaar [1388 schar]..for eggys of the sharis [ 1388scharris]..weren blunt. c1386[see coulter 1]. 1483Caxton Golden Leg. 130/1 Whan he toke the share to make clene hys cultre hyt cleuyd to hys hond. 1523–34Fitzherb. Husb. § 3 The share is a pece of yren, sharpe before and brode behynde, a fote longe, made with a socket. 1594Selimus in Greene's Wks. (Grosart) XIV. 204 The earth knew not the share, nor seas the barke. 1604–5Shuttleworths' Acc. (Chetham Soc.) 160, ij sheres to plow with, iiijs viijd. 1686Plot Staffordsh. 161 If a Workman should forge out a sheare of this for a plough, it is so brittle [that etc.]. 1703Pope Thebais 187 As stubborn steers..Alike disdain with servile necks to bear Th' unwonted weight, or drag the crooked share. 1733W. Ellis Chiltern & Vale Farm. 21 Great Clots, that will not yield to the Coulter's Cut, nor the Sharr's Break. 1870Morris Earthly Par. II. iii. 279 As the bright share carved out the furrow clean. 1880Jefferies Greene Ferne Farm 111 An upturned plough with rusty share.
fig.1815Byron Parisina xx. Those furrows which the burning share Of sorrow ploughs untimely there. 1837H. Martineau Soc. Amer. III. 238 In whom the very foundations of belief have been ploughed up by the share of authority.
b. The analogous part of a seed-drill, or similar implement.
1731Tull Horse-hoeing Husb. xxii. (Dublin 1733) 351 But I soon contrived a Plow with four Iron Shares, to make Channels [for seed] in any Ground. Ibid. xxiii. 352 This [Drill-] Plow makes its Channels by three Sheats, and their Shares and Trunks. 1763Museum Rust. I. lxxxi. 346 After sowing, it will be proper to plow the ground, where the lucern grows, with a drill-plow, with a round share. 1861Times 11 July, The same implement frame..serves for ploughing, scarifying, trenching, digging, ridging, &c., according as it is fitted with shares for these various operations.
2. attrib. and Comb., share-fin, share-point; † share acre, an acre charged with supply of a ploughshare yearly to the manor; so share acre rent; share-beam, in a plough of the ancient type, the beam which carries the share; share-head, the share-beam.
1641Surv. Pleshebury Manor, Essex (MS.) fol. 6 b, For 1 acre of land called a *share acre..12d. Ibid. fol. 4 b, For rents that the saide Smyth receiveth of diverse other persons, called Share acre rents, payeth to this manor yearely.
a1000Voc. in Wr.-Wülcker 196/28 Brigacus, *scearbeam. 1523–34Fitzherb. Husb. §3 The sharbeame is the tre vnderneth, where-vpon the share is set. 1884Longman's Mag. Feb. 403 The ‘hardy rustic’ [in Tuscany] still goes into the woods and seeks for an elm..for the share-beams with double backs, called ‘dentale a due dorsi’.
1653*Share-fin (phin) [see fin n.1 3 b].
1846Keightley Notes Virg., Terms Husb. 355 The share-beam or *share-head: a piece of wood..to which the share was fitted.
1665D. Dudley Metallum Martis (1855) 31 The Ploughman often breaks his *Share point off if it be made of coldshare Iron. 1733W. Ellis Chiltern & Vale Farm. 40 Just before the Sharr Point. 1852C. W. H[oskyns] Talpa i. 3 The plough comes to a standstill, just revealing, at the share-point, the bruised side of a quartz pebble.
▪ II. † share, n.2 Obs.|ʃɛə(r)|
Forms: α. 1 scaru, 4 shzare, 4–5 schar(e, schore, shaar, 6 shaare, shayre, 8–9 shear (-bone), 5– share; β. 3 scher, 3–4 sheer, 3–6 schere, 4–5 shere, 6 Sc. scheir.
[The same word as next.]
The division or fork of the body; the pubic region, groin.
αc1000Sax. Leechd. II. 232 Leᵹe ofer þa scare oþ þone nafolan. c1050Voc. in Wr.-Wülcker 356/22 Aluus, mannes scaru. c1325Gloss. W. de Bibbesw. in Wright Voc. 148 Le penul, the schore [v.r. shzare]. 1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. vii. lv. (1495) 268 The ache is abowte the shaar and the twyste bytwene the genytours. c1400Laud Troy Bk. 6242 But he smot him aȝeyn so sore, That fro his heued doun to his schore He cleue him doun by the chyn. c1440Promp. Parv. 448/1 Schore, privy parte of a mann, pubes. 1545T. Raynalde Byrth Mankynde i. iv. (1552) 7 From the mydryffe to the flankes or share. 1657W. Coles Adam in Eden xxi. 44 If the Share and parts thereabouts be anointed therewith. 1694Phil. Trans. XVIII. 22 These Bones, viz. the Share or Pubes.
βa1225Ancr. R. 272 Heo þuruhstihten Isboset adun into [þe] schere. a1290Pains of Hell (MS. Digby 86) 102 He þat wes owre [= whore] oþer kopiner Þat stondeþ in to hoere sheer. 1382Wyclif 2 Kings ii. 23 Thanne Abner..smoot hym in the sheer [1388 schar]. c1400Laud Troy Bk. 9679 Some is cloven In-to the shere, Some has lorn bothe cheke & ere. c1475Pict. Voc. in Wr.-Wülcker 750/25 Hec pubes, schere. 1536Bellenden Cron. Scot. xii. viii, This Edrik..straik hym throw the scheir in his bowellis.
b. Comb.: share-artery, the pubic artery; share-bone = pubis 1; † sharewort, a plant (Gerarde's drawing, according to Britten and Holland, represents Pallenis spinosa).
1545T. Raynalde Byrth Mankynde i. xiv. (1552) 38 Thee *shares artyres.
1541R. Copland Guydon's Quest. Cyrurg. I iv, These two bones..ioyneth to y⊇ share before, and therfore are they called the *share bones. 1615Crooke Body of Man 935 The bone without a name..hath three parts; the Hip, the Hanches and the Sharebones. 1732Arbuthnot Rules of Diet in Aliments, etc. 423 A sensation of Weight in the Lower Belly under the Shear-Bone. 1827Lancet 6 Oct. 7/1 Vernacular terms... The pubis, the shear bone.
1578Lyte Dodoens i. xxiv. 36 Aster Atticus... This herbe is called..in English *Sharewurte or Sterrewurte:..in high Douch..Scartenkraut, and Sternkraut. Ibid., Layd to the botches..about the share or priuie members [it] preuayleth much against the same. 1601Holland Pliny xxvi. ix. II. 256 Inguinaria, which some name Argemony. [Margin.] Some call it Sharewort or Codwort.
▪ III. share, n.3|ʃɛə(r)|
Forms: 5 schar, chare, 6 schare, shaire, 4, 6– share. See also skair.
[ME. share, schar:—OE. scearu str. fem., cutting, division (recorded in the senses ‘tonsure’ and ‘division or fork of the body’, share n.1; also in comb. landscearu land, boundary, folc-, léodscearu division of people, nation, hearmscearu penalty), corresponding formally to OS. scara share in a common field, troop (Gallée), also in comb. as harm-scara penalty, MLG. schare troop, share, OFris. -skere (in hermskere penance), Du. schaar fem., troop, multitude, OHG. scara troop, share of forced labour (MHG., mod.G. schar troop, multitude), OTeut. *skarō, f. root *sker- to cut, divide: see shear v.]
1. a. The part or portion (of something) which is alloted or belongs to an individual, when distribution is made among a number; also, the portion or quota which is contributed by an individual.
In the earliest instances used for: (a) a custom paid by fishing-boats; (b) the portion of prize-money due to each of the officers and men of a ship.
1372For. Acc. 6, A (P.R.O.), Custuma navium batellorum piscentium super mare ibidem [Winchelsea] vocat' shares. 1375in Black Bk. Admiralty (Rolls) I. 172 Item, de prendre et saisir pour ladmiral les shares a lui dues doffice de toutes maneres de biens pris ou gaignez sur la mer. c1400Ibid. 400 Ladmiral aura un share del entierte. 1411Exch. Acc. Q.R. Bundle 67 No. 18 (P.R.O.), Et ibidem cepit unum schar de Thos Ise magistro unius ballenger. 1481Howard Househ. Bks. (Roxb.) 80 My Lord paid John Petman ix. li. x. s. For xxxviij. chares; that is the maister ij. chares, and him self ij. chares and xxxiiij persones, that is xxxiiij. chares. 1530Palsgr. 266/1 Schare of a man of a prise of warre tyme, butin. 1544in Sel. Pleas Crt. Admiralty (1894) I. 141 All suche maryners as wyll not sail in the said shippe for their shaires. 1562Mirr. Mag., Shore's Wife lii, When almes was delt I had a hungry share. 1575Gascoigne Weedes Wks. 1907 I. 454 Antonius who conquered prowde Egipt..Chose Cleopatra for his love... He snapt but hir for his owne share. 1617Moryson Itin. i. 94 Thus hath one Poet, three crownes to his share. 1653Descr. & Plat Sea-coasts Eng. A 3, As to the Shares in Prizes. a1667Cowley Ess., Agric., ‘Happy the Man’ 21 Of which large shares, on the glad sacred daies He gives to Friends. a1700Evelyn Diary 5 July 1646, Taking our turns to row, of which I reckon my share came to little less than 20 leagues. 1801Farmer's Mag. Jan. 77 Lord Somerville, the late President, comes in for a share of the general thrashing. 1809Byron Let. 11 Aug. in R. C. Dallas Corr. (1825) I. 90 She offered a share of her apartment, which my virtue induced me to decline. 1844H. H. Wilson Brit. India I. 307 They insisted upon their shares, and refused to fight unless they obtained a portion of the spoil. 1880L. Stephen Pope iii. 79 We could have wished that he had been a little more liberal with his share of the plunder. 1888F. Hume Mme. Midas i. Prol., There is gold here, my friend, and we must get our share of it.
b. In pregnant sense = One's due, proper, or fair share; one's full share (of something enjoyed or suffered in common with others).
c1645Howell Lett. (1650) II. lxv. 102 One who by this recluse passive condition hath his share of this hideous storm. 1697Dryden Virg. Georg. iv. 356 Lazy Drones, without their Share of Pain, In Winter Quarters free, devour the Gain. 1745Sir C. H. Williams in Jesse Selwyn & Contemp. (1843) I. 65 Lady Lucy indeed was very plentifully abused, and Mr. Hobart had his share. 1856Sir B. Brodie Psychol. Inq. (1862) II. iv. 141 It cannot be denied that the lower animals have their share of whatever evil exists in the universe. 1871Morley Voltaire 10 Whole generations that might have produced their share of skilful and intrepid mariners.
c. The measure or degree of a quality, condition, etc. which is allotted to an individual by nature or Providence.
1722De Foe Hist. Plague (1756) 285 Those Physicians, who had the least Share of Religion in them, were oblig'd to acknowledge that it was all supernatural. 1742M. Whiteway in Earl Orrery's Rem. Swift xi. (1752) 90 Mr. Nichols thought it possible he might return to a share of understanding. 1816J. Smith Panorama Sci. & Art II. 258 When it contains less than its natural share [of electric fluid], it is said to be negative, or electrified minus. 1816Scott Old Mort. xliii, Exerting that youthful agility of which he possessed an uncommon share. 1848Thackeray Van. Fair xxxiii, Her mamma and sister..regarded her with that amiable pity, of which your really superior woman always has such a share to give away.
2. Comm. A definite portion of a property owned by a number in common; spec. each of the equal parts into which the capital of a joint-stock company or corporation is divided.
deferred shares, preference (or preferred) shares: see deferred, preference 8. ordinary shares, the shares which form the common stock and are without ‘preference’.
1601B. Jonson Poetaster iii. iv. 373 Commend me to seuen-shares and a halfe. 1629Sherley & Hatherley in Bradford Plymouth Plant. (1856) 259, I thinke it conscionable and reasonable yt you should beare your shares and proporcion of y⊇ stock. 1660F. Brooke tr. Le Blanc's Trav. 4 The ship, wherein my Father had halfe share. a1700Evelyn Diary 2 July 1667, He was endeavouring to bring me into the project, and proffered me a share. 1708Lond. Gaz. No. 4484/3 All Persons that have any Demands.., on account of their Old Additional Stock, commonly called the Shares, are desired..to repair to Skinner's Hall. 1818Cruise Digest (ed. 2) I. 58 A share in the New River water is held to be real property, as also a share in the navigation of the river Avon. Ibid. II. 515 The last mode by which an estate in joint tenancy may be destroyed, is by the devolving of all the shares on one of the joint tenants, by survivorship. 1863Kinglake Crimea I. xiv. 228 He was a buyer and seller of those fractional and volatile interests in trading adventures, which go by the name of ‘shares’. 1891Law Rep., Weekly Notes 68/2 The company had been most successful..paying a very large dividend on the ordinary shares. 1893Law Times XCV. 305/2 If she wished to be sure of her income she should of all things avoid dabbling in the shares of new companies.
3. a. A part taken in (an action, experience, etc.). Chiefly in phr. to have, take, bear a (one's, etc.) share in, to have or take part in, participate in.
1592Kyd Sp. Trag. i. ii. 125 Hieronimo, it greatly pleaseth vs That in our victorie thou haue a share. 1687Burnet Contn. Reply to Varillas 103 Somerset came again into a Share in the Government. 1687A. Lovell tr. Thevenot's Trav. i. 267 Our ship had also some share in the danger. 1721De Foe Mem. Cavalier (1840) 93, I had no share in the business of Donawert. 1779Mirror No. 60 The philosopher..took little share in the conversation. 1855Macaulay Hist. Eng. xix. IV. 362 note, He is extolled as having borne a principal share in the emancipation of the press. 1871Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) IV. xviii. 105 We may fully acquit William of any personal share in the evil deeds of Odo and his fellow viceroy. 1875Jowett Plato (ed. 2) V. 89 He who has no share in the administration of justice, appears to himself to have no share in the state.
†b. to take share of: to share (something) with another. Obs.
1738Swift Pol. Conversat. 127, I took Share of a Beefstake and Two Muggs of Ale with my Chapman.
4.
†a. gen. A part, piece, or portion (of anything).
c1400Rule St. Benet (Verse) 881 Our gude angel Al our warkes to god wil tel, Al be it neuer so litil a schar. 1664in Extr. St. Papers rel. Friends Ser. iii. (1912) 214, I intend..to have them..out of y⊇ custody of our Kendall gaoler who is a great share of a Fanatick himselfe. 1751T. Sharp in Lett. Lit. Men (Camden) 377 No small share of their time was taken up with a trust they were engaged in. 1760–72H. Brooke Fool of Qual. (1809) I. 116 My friends..have engaged to spend a share of to-morrow in a party of pleasure upon the Thames.
b. One of several parts into which anything is divided; a section or division. Now dial.
1598Stow Surv. 156 Where turning south, and breaking it selfe into many small shares, rilles or streames, it left the name of Share borne lane. 1793–1813Reports Agric. 76 (E.D.D.) In a dry [seed time] the barley sown on the sand land frequently comes up in two shares, and ripens unequally. 1893–4Northumbld. Gloss. s.v., The skate fish is usually dressed for sale and cut into slices or shares.
†c. spec. One of the portions into which land or territory is divided; a portion of land assigned to a particular holder, a lot. Obs.
[1570–6Lambarde Peramb. Kent 20 Alfred..diuided the whole Realme into certein parts, or Sections.., whiche..he termed shires, or (as we yet speake) shares, and portions.] 1643Baker Chron., Jas I, 158 So as now they began to divide the Country [Bermuda] into Tribes and the Tribes into Shares. 1682Piers Descr. W. Meath (1770) 116 Of these they make so many lots or equal shares, as there are ploughs in the town. Ibid., To each plow they reckon a certain number of acres, which by a general name is called a share; each share hath particularly such and such half acres or stangs assigned to it by name to make up the given number.
d. In a salmon-weir: see quot.
1842Act 5 & 6 Vict. c. 106 §41 A free Gap or Queen's Share shall be left or formed in the deepest Part of such River.
†e. With etymological reference to shear: A piece hewn out, or cut or torn away. (Cf. potshare var. potsherd.) Obs.
1590Spenser F.Q. i. ii. 18 Therewith vpon his crest With rigour so outrageous he smitt, That a large share it hewd out of the rest. 1641Milton Ch. Govt. i. vii, No wonder then in..the fierce encounter of truth and falshood together, if, as it were, the splinters and shares of so violent a jousting, there fall [etc.]. 17..Clerk Colvil vii. in Herd Sc. Songs (1776) I. 161 Frae her sark he cut a share.
5. Phrases. (See also 3.)
a. share and share alike (earlier † share and share like), with equal shares, having each a like share. Also to go share and share alike († like).
a1566R. Edwards Damon & Pithias (1908) G j b, Let vs into the Courte to parte the spoyle, share and share like. 1651N. Bacon Disc. Gov. Eng. vii. 68 Edward the Third..promiseth them [the Flemings] share and share like with his own People. 1692R. L'Estrange Fables vii. 6 Every one to go share and share-like in what they took. 1702Yalden æsop at Court ii. 10 The Articles were these: Share and share like whate'er they got. 1719De Foe Crusoe ii. ii. 30 He declar'd he had reserv'd nothing from the Men, and went Share and Share alike with them in every Bit they eat. 1766Blackstone Comm. II. xiv. 218 Their representatives..shared the inheritance per capita, that is, share and share alike. 1840Marryat Poor Jack xxxi, I bequeath to my nephews and nieces..the whole of my.. personal effects, share and share alike. 1859Thackeray Virgin. lviii, She fondly hoped that he might be inclined to go share and share alike with Twin junior. 1886Laing-Meason Sir William's Specul. 75 All costs, charges, and similar payments should be share and share alike.
b. to fall to one's share: to be assigned as one's portion; hence, to fall to one's lot (to do, etc.).
1637Earl of Monmouth tr. Malvezzi's Romulus & Tarquin 169 Had it fallen to the common people of Romes share to give their vote. a1700Evelyn Diary 25 Dec. 1658, It fell to my share to be confin'd to a roome in the house. 1813Scott Rokeby v. xxiii, And oh! when Passion rules, how rare The hours that fall to Virtue's share! 1865Nat. Hist. Rev. July 387 They divided the field of work between them... To Kotschy's share fell the flowering plants.
c. for my share, for my part, as regards my part in the matter. Now rare.
1674N. Fairfax Bulk & Selv. 24 And verily, for my share, I cannot see why [etc.]. 1794Godwin Caleb Williams 114 For my share, misfortunes come so thick upon me, that [etc.]. 1799H. Mitchell Scotticisms 76 For my share I scorn a sycophant; Sc.—For my part. 1837Carlyle Fr. Rev. III. v. v, Busy sits Carnot,..busy, for his share, in ‘organizing victory’.
d. on shares. Applied to a system whereby two or more persons participate in the risks and profits of an undertaking; as to go on shares (with); to work, etc. on shares. Also, upon shares, on the shares.
1792J. Belknap Hist. New Hampsh. III. 216 Men can always be had to go on shares, which is by far the most profitable method, both to the employers and the fishermen. 1817Massachusetts Spy 29 Jan. 1/2 To be let, upon Shares or Hire, a Farm. 1830Galt Lawrie T. ii. v. (1849) 55 He had proposed to me to send a venture by the same ship or go on shares with him. 1878J. S. Campion On Frontier (ed. 2) 6 The Captain resided in a good house on his own farm,..which was worked for him on shares by a smart Yankee. 1882[see renter n.1 4 b]. 1901Munsey's Mag. XXV. 345/2 It all came out of his own pocket, for he was sailing the vessel on shares.
e. to go shares with (another or others) in (a possession, enterprise, etc.): to enjoy a part in, paticipate in, contribute towards. Also to run shares, to club shares. shares! an exclamation demanding to be allowed to ‘go shares’ in something found, stolen, etc. by another person; hence to cry shares.
1818Scott Hrt. Midl. i, Bubbleburgh is only one of a set of five boroughs which club their shares for a member of parliament. 1821Shelley Let. to L. Hunt 26 Aug., Go shares with him and me in a periodical work. 1850Tait's Mag. XVII. 182/1 The two scoundrels..have run shares in this imposition. 1869Browning Ring & Bk. xi. 841 Why touch the thing myself When I could see you hunt and then cry ‘Shares! Quarter the carcass or we quarrel’. 1879Sala Paris Herself Again II. xi. 153, I went shares with a friend in the purchase of..a whole ticket. 1888Rider Haggard Col. Quaritch iv, If you find the treasure we will go shares.
6. attrib. and Comb., as (sense 2) share bonus, share broker, share capital, share-certificate, share-dealing, share index, share-list, share-market, share-mart, share-owner(ship), share premium, share price, share-warrant; † share-book, a book brought out by a number of booksellers or publishers with a collective imprint; share-farmer chiefly Austral., one who works on a farm for an agreed portion of the profits; so share-farming vbl. n.; share-fisherman = shareman; share-hand N. Amer., a farm-worker or tenant who raises crops on shares; shareman, a fisherman who shares with the owner of the vessel in the profits in lieu of wages; share-milker N.Z., one who works on a dairy farm for an agreed portion of the profits (cf. share-farmer above); hence share-milk v. trans., share-milking vbl. n.; share-pusher (see quot. 1914); hence share-pushing vbl. n. and ppl. a.; sharesman, † (a) one who has his share of something; (b) = shareman. Also shareholder, -holding.
1928Daily Chron. 9 Aug. 8/4 A *share bonus of 50 per cent. was provided on account of the year 1917–18.
1851Bohn in De Lolme's Constit. Eng. (1853) 4 In 1781 the work was bought of De Lolme by the trade, and was thereafter published under their mutual protection as what is technically called a *share book. 1909Growoll Three Cent. Eng. Booktrade Bibliogr. 23 The books that were thus issued under a collective imprint were first known as ‘Sharebooks’; later they were called ‘Chapter-books’.
1845(title) Railway Maria; or, The Irish *sharebroker. 1851(title) Ralph's Stock & Share Brokers' Directory.
1848Bradshaw's Railway Almanack 57 Guaranteed 5 per cent. in perpetuity upon {pstlg}3,000,000 (the authorized *Share Capital). 1974Terminol. Managem. & Financial Accountancy (Inst. Cost & Managem. Accountants) 62 Equity share capital, the issued share capital of a company which carries an unrestricted right to participate beyond a specified amount in a distribution.
1888Act 51 Vict. c. 8 §12 The holder of any Foreign or Colonial *Share Certificate.
1955Times 17 May 18/4 Not inconsiderable profits have been made from time to time in *sharedealing. 1969Times 2 May (Suppl.) p. viii/4 The finance houses do not distribute as dividend the profits made on the realization of investments, colloquially known as share-dealing profits.
1928R. G. Stapledon Tour in Austral. & N.Z. iv. 28 Many successful men have started as *share-farmers. 1966Southerly XXVI. 203 Sharemilker..is a New Zealand term, which is certainly not in use in New South Wales, where the popular term is sharefarmer.
1927Austral. Encycl. I. 46 The details of ‘*share-farming’ contracts varied with the district: thus in some cases the landowner provided everything but the labour and took two-thirds of the crop in return, in others the farmer provided plant, labour, and half the bags required and took half the crop. 1932A. Jose Australia Human & Economic 262 Thus there came into favour a system of ‘share-farming’ (in Europe better known as metayage), which gave the actual cultivators an interest in good tillage while retaining in the owner's hands full control of his property. 1960Farmer & Stockbreeder 12 Jan. 51/1 Several new variations of the old share-farming system were propounded.
1901Scotsman 11 Sept. 8/5 The Grimsby owners and the *share fishermen last night arrived at a final settlement of all outstanding questions between them.
1911Jenks & Lauck Immigration Problem 83 How much value careful cultivation, kitchen gardens and small store accounts may be to the cotton ‘*share hand’ and tenant.
1930Financial News 13 Aug. 1/5 (heading) Industrial *Share Index. 1982Financial Times 1 May 24/2 The FT-Actuaries 500 share index eased only 0.9 per cent from Thursday's record high.
1846Daily News 21 Jan. 5/5 Leeds Exchange.—Notice was given on the *share list of Monday that [etc.].
1687Connecticut Colony Public Rec. (1859) III. 425 Fishermen..shall not presume to break off their voyage..without the consent of the owner, master and *share-men. 1820in C. R. Fay Life & Labour in Newfoundland (1956) viii. 139 Sharemen are frequently indigent planters who have fallen into debt with their merchant and who cannot afford to use their own boats. 1901Westm. Gaz. 31 Aug. 4/3 The sharemen, as the skippers and the mates of the trawlers are called—for the reason that they have never been paid a wage, but shared with the owners the profits of their voyages to the fishing-grounds. 1966A. R. Scammell My Newfoundland 26, I was shareman with his father..three summers on the lower Labrador.
1841Thackeray Gt. Hoggarty Diam. vii, Our great men in the *share-market.
1870J. K. Medbery Men & Mysteries Wall St. 19 In all the great European *share-marts there is a general executive organization.
1937Gordon & Bennett Gentlemen of Jury ii. 67 Two months later the mother is ‘out in the sheds’ helping to *share-milk 100 cows.
1935J. Guthrie Little Country xii. 203 Advertisements..for a farm-hand or a *share-milker. 1977N.Z. Herald 8 Jan. 4–7/2 (Advt.), A position has become available for a 50–50 sharemilker on a 130-acre dairy farm. The present sharemilker has purchased his own farm property.
1937H. G. Philpott Hist. N.Z. Dairy Industry i. iii. 65 [He] adopted the system of farm labour now commonly known as ‘*share milking’. 1958Times 16 June 12/7 In New Zealand ‘share milking’, as it is called, is controlled by a wages board award. 1973Massey Ferguson Rev. (N.Z.) Mar.–Apr. 5/3 Sharemilking is an important cornerstone of the dairy industry in New Zealand.
1968Sci. Jrnl. Nov. 89/1 Competitors, suppliers, customers, *shareowners, bankers and the government. 1978Detroit Free Press 5 Mar. b 13/3 [They] have made lifetime careers of trying to give shareowners a voice in the running of publicly held companies.
1962Economist 24 Mar. 1149/2 (heading) Wider *shareownership.
1930Daily Express 6 Oct. 14/2 The discount on this issue has been entirely written off from *share premium and capital reserve accounts.
1930Economist 19 Apr. 896/2 Rayon *share prices were found to have fully discounted in advance the retention of the duties. 1980W. Ash Incorporated xiii. 156 You can imagine what could've happened to share prices if..that got out beforehand.
1914H. Halford Dict. Stock Market Terms 79 *Share pusher, one who endeavours to dispose of Shares to the public by circular or advertisement, instead of selling them on the market. 1938‘N. Shute’ Ruined City xii. 247 We're a precious pair... Couple of bloody share⁓pushers, if you ask me. 1965B. Sweet-Escott Baker Street Irregular i. 34 A look which suggested that I must be a cross between a share-pusher and a black marketeer.
1928Daily Mail 3 Aug. 19/3 The day on which the sections penalising *share-pushing shall come into force. 1928Evening News 18 Aug. 11/3 Shares of this sort are among those that figure prominently in the share-pushing circulars of the ‘bucket-shop’ brigade. 1972Times 28 Dec. 17/4 The City section..has developed considerable expertise in cases involving prospectuses, sharepushing and market rigging operations. 1977N. Faulks No Mitigating Circumstances xi. 152 A number of other persons were charged with having taken part in share⁓pushing transactions.
1640Mure Counter-Buff 245 Yea, though he should undo them, He's *sharesman of the harme. 1867G. E. Clark Seven Years of Sailor's Life xxvii. 272 The sharesmen were all looking at the steamer that lay just ahead. 1895Outing XXVII. 20/1 ‘Sharesmen’..are credited with a certain share of what they catch, a third to a half usually going to the planter. 1912Oysterman & Fisherman Mar. 14/1 The crew wage and crew feeding system practiced by the ‘sharesmen’-outfitters.
1867Act 30 & 31 Vict. c. 131 §28 A *Share Warrant shall entitle the Bearer of such Warrant to the Shares or Stock specified in it.
Add:[6.] share economy, a system of economic organization in which employees receive a share of their company's profits as a regular element of their pay; contr. with wage economy s.v. *wage n. 4.
1983M. L. Weitzman in Econ. Jrnl. XLIII. 779 There is..a tendency for a *share economy to pay out a higher total real income to labour than a wage economy after a recessionary shock. 1986Economist 29 Mar. 44/1 Professor Martin Weitzman..argues that a ‘share economy’..would have two big advantages over a ‘wage economy’.
▸ Broadcasting. The portion (based on statistical sampling) of the total number of televisions or radios in use at a given time which are tuned to a particular programme, station, etc., used as a measure of popularity. Freq. with prefixed number indicating the percentage. Cf. rating n.1 5d.
1953N.Y. Times 20 Aug. 39/7 (advt.) Just three weeks later..Nielsen ratings and audience share began a steady climb. 1974Broadcasting 12 Aug. 28/3 In the most recent national overnights..it hit its low of the season so far, an 11.8 rating and 27 share. 1989Broadcast 18 Aug. 8/3 The show premiered in the 22.00 time period on the station. At its peak, it was pulling down five rating/10 share numbers. 2005Austral. Financial Rev. (Sydney) 22 Aug. 49/1 Media buyers claimed that Ten's audience share and revenue would be squeezed by the big programs on Seven and Nine.
▪ IV. † share, v.1 Obs.
Also 7 shayre.
[A variant of shear v. (cf. bare var. of bear v.); in some uses associated with share n.1 (For other senses see shear v.)]
trans. To cut into parts; to cut off.
1553[cf. sharing vbl. n.1]. 1565J. Phillip Patient Grissell 1149 (Malone Soc.), I will share with sword, the Infants corpes by force. 1596Spenser F.Q. iv. ii. 17 Like two mad mastiffes each on other flew, And shields did share, and mailes did rash, and helmes did hew. 1614Gorges Lucan vi. 232 Where now the cultor shares the soyle, And plough-men daily eare and toyle. Ibid. 237 That lumpe..Which on a young colts forhead breeds,..Before the louing damme so share It with her teeth, and make it bare. 1667Milton P.L. vi. 326 The sword..deep entring shar'd All his right side. 1673Essex Papers (Camden) I. 139, I would rather run y⊇ hazard of shayring a point of my Orders. 1735Somerville Chase iii. 210 When ev'ry Art has fail'd the captive Fox Has shar'd the wounded Joint, and with a Limb Compounded for his Life.
b. with adv. or advb. phrase.
1577B. Googe Heresbach's Husb. iii. (1586) 120 Some vse to geue them [horses] aples shared in peces. 1596Spenser F.Q. v. v. 9 For with his trenchant blade at the next blow Halfe of her shield he shared quite away. 1608Topsell Serpents 28 While they share them asunder, they are stung or bitten by the serpent. 1691Ray Creation i. (1692) 124 Pieces of Rose or other Leaves which she [the Bee] shares off with her mouth.
Hence † shared ppl. a., cut, divided, cloven.
1598Bp. Hall Sat. v. ii. 69 If perchance thou..with thine elbow shad'st thy shared meat. 1614Gorges Lucan vii. 301 We do not seeke that they should burne In parted flames and shared vrne [orig. Petimus non singula busta, Discretosque rogos]. 1697Dryden æneid ix. 1019 Scalp, Face, and Shoulders, the keen Steel divides; And the shar'd Visage hangs on equal sides.
▪ V. share, v.2|ʃɛə(r)|
Also 6 shaire, shayre, 7 Sc. shair.
[f. share n.3]
1. a. trans. To divide and apportion in shares between two or more recipients. Obs. or arch.
1590Spenser F.Q. ii. x. 28 In his crowne he counted her no haire, But twixt the other twaine his kingdome whole did shaire. 1607Shakes. Timon iv. ii. 23 Good Fellowes all, The latest of my wealth Ile share among'st you. 1610Holland Camden's Brit. i. 641 He..shared the Country among his companions. 1624Quarles Job Milit. Med. ix. 43 To Good and Bad, both Fortunes Heauen doth share, That both, an after-change, may hope, and feare. 1708Swift Let. conc. Sacram. Test ⁋19 Misc. (1711) 340 Suppose I share my Fortune equally between my own Children and a Stranger, whom I take into my Protection; will that be a Method to unite them? 1711W. Sutherland Shipbuild. Assist. 48 The But Ends, which are shared with as much Indifferency as possible, that every Part of the Ship may be of equal Strength. 1743Bulkeley & Cummins Voy. S. Seas 160 We shar'd all the Provisions among the Company. 1837–9Hallam Lit. Europe iii. v. §7 Their parental love forbids all preference, and an impartial law of gavel-kind shares their page among all the offspring of their brain. 1863Neale Med. Hymns (ed. 2) 197 Midst his people thus the Clerk Scripture nurture shareth.
b. Now chiefly with out.
1644–52J. Smith Sel. Disc. vii. iv. (1821) 347 Those immortal inheritances which he shares out amongst his spiritual sons and subjects in heaven. 1723Present St. Russia I. 52 The Senate shares that Service out among the several Governments. 1761Hume Hist. Eng. I. xiii. 314 The landed property was gradually shared out into more hands. Ibid. III. liii. 135 Worldly glory had been shared out to them with a sparing hand. 1898Brabrook Provid. Societies 57 The funds..diminish so rapidly that the old men share out what there is and close the society. 1901T. J. Alldridge Sherbro xxiii. 242 When there is ‘flesh kind’ for the carriers, it is given to the head-man, who shares it out most carefully.
c. To apportion to an individual as his share. Also with out. arch.
c1586C'tess Pembroke Ps. lviii. iv, There is a God that shares to each his own. 1596Spenser F.Q. iv. viii. 5 And euery day, for guerdon of her song, He part of his small feast to her would share. 1602Carew Cornwall i. 13 In Wastrell, it is lawfull for any man to make triall of his fortune that way, prouided, that hee acknowledge the Lordes right, by sharing out vnto him a certaine part, which they can toll. 1633P. Fletcher Purple Isl. vi. xxxi, He all in all..Does share to each his due, and equall dole impart. 1893Stevenson Catriona vi. 62 And here I am with my foot in the stirrup again and some of the responsibility shared into my hand of prosecuting King George's enemies.
d. To divide (what one has or receives) into portions, and give shares to others as well as one's self. Const. with.
1592Arden of Feversham ii. i. 35 Were it not that I see more company comming down the hill, I would be fellowes with you once more, and share Crownes with you to. 1636[Freeman] tr. Seneca's Shortn. Life (1663) 4 To share his money no man can abide; Their lives 'twixt many all men will divide. 1771Goldsm. Hist. Eng. I. 149 These had a power of sharing their grants to inferior tenants. 1819Shelley Cyclops 538 Cyclops. Should I not share this liquor with my brothers? Ulysses. Keep it yourself, and be more honoured so. 1901Hall & Osborne Sunshine & Surf xxiii. 297 The natives had only brought enough [water] for themselves..which, however, they generously shared with us.
e. To divide into parts or shares. rare.
1591–5Spenser Colin Clout 138 First into many parts his streame he shar'd. 1719De Foe Crusoe i. (Globe) 311, I shar'd the Island into Parts with 'em. 1847C. Brontë J. Eyre v. I. 74 A thin oaten cake, shared into fragments. Ibid. xxi, Take one day; share it into sections; to each section apportion its task.
† f. refl. To divide one's service, devotion, etc. between (two different objects). Obs.
1680C. Nesse Church Hist. 164 Solomon had been sharing himself betwixt God and idols.
2. Of two or more persons: To divide into shares and take each a portion. Also absol.
1594Shakes. Rich. III, i. iii. 159 You wrangling Pyrates, that fall out, In sharing that which you haue pill'd from me. 1596― 1 Hen. IV, ii. ii. 104 Come my Masters, let vs share, and then to horsse. 1660Stanley Hist. Philos. xiii. Epicurus i. (1687) 836/1 The Two thousand Citizens, whom the Athenians sent to Samus to share the Land by Lots.
3. a. To grant or give another or others a share in. Also const. with.
1662Dryden To Ld. Chanc. 44 Well may he then to you his Cares impart And share his Burden where he shares his Heart. 1717Pope Eloisa to Abelard 49–50 Then share thy pain, allow that sad relief; Ah, more than share it, give me all thy grief. 1818Shelley Marenghi xii, There was set A penalty of blood on all who shared So much of water with him as might wet His lips. 1847Tennyson Princess vi. 235 Now had you got a friend of your own age, Now could you share your thought. 1860E. Washburn Amer. Law Real Property I. 364 (Funk) A mode of letting lands..where the tenant is to cultivate them, and share the crops with his landlord. Mod. I will share my room with you for to-night if you cannot get a bed anywhere else.
¶b. nonce-use. To cause (one thing) to share its place with another.
1813Scott Rokeby i. viii, A scorching clime, And toil, had done the work of time,..And sable hairs with silver shared.
4. a. To receive, possess, or occupy together with others.
1592Shakes. Rom. & Jul. i. iii. 93 So shall you share all that he doth possesse. c1600Histriomastix vi. i. (1610) H 1 b, Cun[stable]. Soft sirs, I must talke with you for taxe mony, To releeue the poore, not a penny paid yet. Post. Sir, at few words we shar'd but xv. pence last weeke. a1640Day Peregr. Schol. (1881) 75 Lookeing downe I might perceive a white mowse and a blacke mowse shareinge the roote of the tree. 1697Dryden Virg. Georg. iv. 698 Longing the common Light again to share. 1762Goldsm. Cit. W. xv, He was born to share the bounties of heaven, but he has monopolized them. 1804J. Grahame Sabbath 35 He shares the frugal meal with those he loves. 1825T. Hook Sayings Ser. ii. Man of Many Fr. I. 283 She quitted the sofa she had been unwillingly sharing with the self-pleased beau.
b. fig. (with a thing as subject.)
c1652Milton Sonn. Fairfax 14 In vain doth Valour bleed While Avarice, and Rapine share the land. 1742Young Nt. Th. v. 17 We wear the chains of pleasure, and of pride; These share the man; and these distract him too.
†c. To receive or possess (a portion allotted to one); to take or receive as one's share. poet. Obs.
1594Shakes. Rich. III, v. iii. 268 But if I thriue, the gaine of my attempt, The least of you shall share his part thereof. c1600― Sonn. xlvii, An other time mine eye is my hearts guest, And in his thoughts of loue doth share a part. 1618Rowlands Sacred Mem. Miracles (1876) 37 Who seeing now her sorrowes cause to liue, Had such a fulnesse of a ioyfull heart, That neuer woman sharde a greater part.
†d. to share from: to gain at the expense of.
1599Shakes. Hen. V, iv. iii. 32, I would not loose so great an Honor, As one man more me thinkes would share from me, For the best hope I haue. 1606― Tr. & Cr. i. iii. 367 What glory our Achilles shares from Hector.
¶e. to share alone: incorrectly, to possess unshared.
1626Massinger Rom. Actor v. ii, You shall not share alone The glorie of a deed that will endure To all posteritie.
f. Chem. Of an atom, orbital, etc.: to hold (one or more electrons) in common with another atom or orbital, so as to form a covalent bond. (See also shared ppl. a.)
1919Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. XLI. 888 An octet may share an even number of its electrons with 1, 2, 3, or 4 other octets. 1923Trans. Faraday Soc. XIX. 461 In chemically stable molecules we have only to consider atoms sharing pairs of electrons. It is well known that such structures do not exhibit any signs of electrical polarity. One must therefore suppose that the net charge on both atoms is zero, i.e. that the two shared electrons are in general so distributed that when one is in one atom the other is in the other. 1964J. W. Linnett Electronic Structure of Molecules ii. 29 The two electrons may be regarded as being shared between the 1s orbital of the hydrogen and one of the 2p orbitals of the fluorine.
5. To participate in (an action, activity, opinion, feeling, or condition); to perform, enjoy, or suffer in common with others; to possess (a quality) which other persons or things also have. Const. with.
1590Shakes. Mids. N. iii. ii. 198 Is all the counsell that we two haue shar'd, The sister vowes,..O, is all forgot? 1604― Oth. iii. iv. 95 A man that all his time Hath..Shar'd dangers with you. 1667Dryden Ind. Emp. v. ii. (1668) 62, I am content in Death to share your Fate. 1761Gray Fatal Sisters 27 Where our Friends the conflict share. 1815Scott Guy M. xvi, That love of admiration which all pretty women share less or more. 1848Thackeray Van. Fair xxix, How could we, with our means, live at all, but for a friend to share expenses? Ibid. xlii, His dinner, which he and his daughter took in silence..or which they shared..with a party of dismal friends. 1856Froude Hist. Eng. (1858) I. iii. 267 The bribery was equally shared between both parties. 1860Tyndall Glac. i. xviii. 131 Their willingness to share my fate whatever that might be. 1874Green Short Hist. iv. §3. 177 He [Edward I] shared to the full his people's love of hard fighting. 1885Eagles Constr. Geom. Plane Curves 99 The ellipse shares with the hyperbola the property of satisfying five geometrical conditions. 1895Law Times C. 4/1 Lord Macnaghten's satisfaction with things as they are will not be shared by anyone.
6. a. intr. To have a share (in something); to participate in, to take part in.
1598Shakes. Merry W. ii. ii. 14 Didst not thou share? hadst thou not fifteene pence? 1605― Macb. iv. i. 40, I commend your paines, And euery one shall share i'th' gaines. 1669N. Morton New England's Mem. (1910) 35 In which sickness the seamen shared also deeply, and many died. 1690Locke Govt. §91 (1692) 91 A Right of Inheritance gave every one..a Title to share in the Goods of his Father. 1781Cowper Hope 686 Good-breeding..if in masculine debate he shar'd, Ensur'd him mute attention and regard. 1849Macaulay Hist. Eng. ii. I. 156 Was it not enough..that he shared, with the rest of the nation, in the blessings of that mild government of which he had long been the foe? 1912Eng. Hist. Rev. Jan. 53 The king would not share in the expense of raising opposition to the candidature of the electoral prince of Saxony.
b. To participate with (a person) in something. (? Obs.) rare.
1594Shakes. 1 Hen. IV, v. iv. 64, I am the Prince of Wales, and thinke not Percy, To share with me in glory any more. 1677Milton P.L. ix. 831 Adam shall share with me in bliss or woe. 1709Atterbury Serm. (Luke x. 32) (1726) II. 244 We cannot, surely, think it beneath us, to share with those glorious Beings, in such an Administration! 1771Goldsm. Hist. Eng. II. 281 They had shared with him in all his former dangers and distresses.
†c. To partake of. Obs. rare.
1649Earl of Monmouth tr. Senault's Use Passions (1671) 6 The one and the other shares of servitude. 1720Humourist 71 Those deplorable Wretches, who, as they share of our Likeness and Nature, ought to share of our Compassion. 1736Welsted Wks. (1787) 472 Any other people..must have shared, more or less, of the same frailty.
†d. To be equal with. Obs. rare—1.
1601Shakes. All's Well i. i. 73 Succeed thy father In manners as in shape: thy blood and vertue Contend for Empire in thee, and thy goodnesse Share with thy birth-right.
e. Used in reduplicated form share and share (alike, etc.): the phrase in share n.3 being misapprehended grammatically.
1821Scott Pirate xvii, They say, that a' men share and share equals-aquals in the creature's ulzie. 1841Lytton Nt. & Morn. i. vi, And a pretty boy is always a help in a linen-draper's shop. He shall share and share with my own young folks. 1841Macaulay Lit. Copyright Sp. (1853) I. 286 In Kent the sons share and share alike. 1906M. Corelli Treas. Heaven x, I've no money—we all share and share alike in camp.
7. intr. and trans. In the language of Moral Rearmament: to confess one's sins openly; to impart to others one's spiritual experiences. Also const. with. Also in wider use.
1932[implied at sharing vbl. n.2 2]. 1933S. A. King Challenge to Oxford Groups v. 48 What does the Bishop think a man feels when he has ‘shared’ for ‘witness’ and finds that God has used that ‘sharing’ to bring a brother out of..bondage? 1934R. Macaulay Going Abroad xiv. 111 She would, thought he, be able to share with another girl in a way she could not with him. Ibid. xvii. 135, I must say, I did annoy my father a bit by sharing with him a few things I'd thought about him. 1940Graves & Hodge Long Week-End xii. 205 One of their practices was to ‘share’ confessions of their sins. 1949A. Wilson Wrong Set 19, I do believe you're trying to get me to ‘share’. And I never even guessed that you were a Grouper. 1981B. Paul Your Eyelids are growing Heavy (1982) ix. 121 She ‘shared’ with the group the fact that she'd begun to have severe bouts of depression.
8. Comb.: share-out [subst. use of the vbl. phrase in 1 b], the act of distributing in shares. Occas. attrib. in share-out club or share-out society. Also that which is distributed; a portion or share (of profits, interest, etc.), a ‘cut’.
1902Daily Chron. 7 Jan. 7/1 A share-out club. 1906Westm. Gaz. 24 Dec. 10/1 There was disappointment for a very large number of members of the Church Institute Slate Club..when it was found that the expected ‘share-out’ would not take place. 1909Daily Chron. 17 Dec. 1/3 ‘Share-out night’ is a very big event..in the Sick and Provident Club. 1941Sun (Baltimore) 27 Jan. 4/1 It could be ‘well in at the head of the table for the shareout’ when the war ended. 1951A. L. Rowse England of Elizabeth viii. 325 The new nobility around the young king helped themselves to a vast share-out of Crown and Church lands. 1963Times 7 May 18/2 No, a share-out it may be—and each shareholder may have his own private, affectionate name for it—but in..the businesslike print of The Birmingham Post, ‘dividend’ is the better term. 1976Scottish Daily Express 23 Dec. 6/2 Kilkerr was forced to accept his share-out from Soho vice bosses on Friday nights.
Hence shared ppl. a.
1884Lit. World (Boston U.S.) 19 Apr. 134/2 Hopes and plans for a shared life, a household which should be his own. 1897Westm. Gaz. 30 June 1/3 The boy is a shared property: he has to serve two masters. 1923[see sense 4 f above]. 1939L. Pauling Nature Chem. Bond i. 6 In methane the carbon atom, with its two inner electrons and its outer shell of eight shared electrons, has assumed the stable ten-electron configuration of neon. 1977H. S. Pickering Covalent Bond ii. 17 A variant of the covalent bond occurs in which the two shared electrons of the bond come originally from one of the two atoms.
Add:[4.] [a.] Also absol.
1932W. Faulkner Light in August i. 25 ‘I'd take it kind for you to share.’ ‘I wouldn't care to. You go ahead and eat.’ 1981‘M. Underwood’ Double Jeopardy xiv. 115 Rosa..glanced round the room. ‘It reminds me of the days when I used to share,’ she said. ‘Except there were five of us.’
[8.] shareware Computing (orig. U.S.), software, often distributed informally, which is available free of charge for evaluation, after which a fee is usually requested for continued use.
1983InfoWorld 15 Aug. 64/1 It certainly was a different bag of mail I received in response to the last *shareware installment. Usually..the ratio of downloaders requesting programs to the uploaders donating them is about 20 to 1. 1989Daily Tel. 19 Jan. 27/5 As some of the best value software..is available to anybody who can dial the right telephone number, the field of shareware and public domain software is a seam worth mining.
also ˈsharedness n., the quality or fact of being shared.
1947L. MacNeice Dark Tower 13 That feeling of sharedness..given to a play by every fresh production. 1977Douglas & Johnson Existential Sociol. p. xiv, We have tried to show that any such ideas of sharedness (or patterns) must be seen in the context of the pluralistic, conflictual, and necessarily problematic nature of our lives. 1986Word XXXVII. 50 If we are to regard cultural representations as conceptually real to members of the culture, their sharedness cannot merely be assumed. |