| 释义 |
chauvinism|ˈʃəʊvɪnɪz(ə)m|
Also Chauvinism.
[a. F. chauvinisme, orig. ‘idolatrie napoléonienne’ La Rousse; from the surname of a veteran soldier of the First Republic and Empire, Nicolas Chauvin of Rochefort, whose demonstrative patriotism and loyalty were celebrated, and at length ridiculed, by his comrades. After the fall of Napoleon, applied in ridicule to old soldiers of the Empire, who professed a sort of idolatrous admiration for his person and acts. Especially popularized as the name of one of the characters in Cogniard's famous vaudeville, La Cocarde Tricolore, 1831 (‘je suis français, je suis Chauvin’); and now applied to any one smitten with an absurd patriotism, and enthusiasm for national glory and military ascendancy.]
a. Exaggerated patriotism of a bellicose sort; blind enthusiasm for national glory or military ascendancy; the French quality which finds its parallel in British ‘Jingoism’.
1870Pall Mall G. 17 Sept. 10 What the French may have contributed to the progress of culture within the last twenty years is nothing in comparison to the dangers caused within the same space of time by Chauvinism. 1882Spectator 16 Sept. 1186 Throughout Southern Europe, including France, the journalists are much more inclined to chauvinism than the people are. 1883American VII. 156 Educated men are supposed to see the difference between patriotism and Chauvinism.
b. Excessive loyalty to or belief in the superiority of one's own kind of cause, and prejudice against others. Freq. with defining adj., as cultural chauvinism, scientific, etc. chauvinism. male chauvinism: see male n.2 4.
1955Bull. Atomic Sci. Apr. 142/3 Even though scientists did not go as far as to confuse scientific knowledge with national ideological doctrine, they did, nonetheless, often make it a point of patriotic honor to practice a certain kind of scientific nationalism and almost indeed a scientific chauvinism. 1968Voice of Women's Lib. Movement June 8 The chauvinism..they met came from individuals and was not built into the institution itself. 1970K. Millett Sexual Politics (1971) ii. iv. 208 At times there is a curious tone of ‘female chauvinism’. 1973C. Sagan Cosmic Connection (1974) xxiv. 180 Contact with another intelligent species on a planet of some other star..may help us to cast off our..human chauvinism. 1975New Left Rev. Nov.–Dec. 48 Bachelard's neglect..cannot be ascribed to cultural chauvinism alone. 1984N.Y. Times 15 Jan. 23/1 Freedom from sexism..must include a commitment to freedom from national chauvinism; class and ethnic bias; anti-Semitism; [etc.].
So ˈchauvinist n. and a., chauviˈnistic a., chauviˈnistically adv.
1870Pall Mall G. 3 Oct. 10 ‘Là où Rhin nous quitte, le danger commence,’ said Lavalée in his chauvinistic work on the frontiers of France. 1877Wallace Russia xxvi. 411 Among the extreme chauvinists. 1883D. C. Boulger in Fortn. Rev., China & For. Powers, The most chauvinist of Manchu statesmen. 1885Athenæum 17 Oct. 504/3 The curious Chauvinistic character taken by German patriotism. 1968Ramparts May 12/3 Paternalism, male ego and all the rest of the chauvinist bag are out of place today. 1970Univ. Leeds Rev. May 65 There will be in one's country and its life a mixture of good and ill, and..if the good were not present or were exiguous by comparison with the ill, then one could not love it, except chauvinistically. 1973C. Sagan Cosmic Connection (1974) vi. 47 A carbon chauvinist holds that biological systems elsewhere in the universe will be constructed out of carbon compounds, as is life on this planet. 1975N.Y. Sunday News 29 June 18 Linda Wolfe's new book..may cause some chauvinistic husbands to sit bolt upright in their easy chairs. 1977Rolling Stone 21 Apr. 6/3 First, her treatment of Edmund—female chauvinist! 1983N.Y. Times 20 Nov. vi. 75/3 What Giacomo Casanova chauvinistically called ‘the Italian style’—and what the Americans call the French kiss. |