| 释义 |
▪ I. chine, n.1|tʃaɪn|
Forms: 1 cine, cyne, cinu, 4–5 chene, 4–6 chyn, 4–6, 9 chyne, 5–6 chinne, chynne, chin, 3– chine.
[OE. cinu, -an, wk. fem., corresp. to MDu. kēne, Du. keen (:—kina) chap, germ, f. root ki- to burst open, split, etc.: see chine v.1
The phonetic history has points of doubt. The normal course was for the i to remain short, which is exemplified by the frequent chynne, chinne, chyn, chin of 15–16th c. But chene was the form with many (e.g. Trevisa, Palladius). In the middle of the 16th c. the word was superseded by chink, except in the local use, 2 b, in which mod. usage makes the ī long.]
†1. An open fissure or crack in a surface; a cleft, crack, chink, leak. Obs.
c888K. ælfred Boeth. xxxv. §3 Duru þær ðær ic ær ᵹeseah ane lytle cynan. c1000ælfric Hom. II. 154 (Bosw.) Gemette he ðæt fæt swa ᵹehal ðæt ðær nan cinu on næs ᵹesewen. 1382Wyclif Song Sol. ii. 14 In the chyne of a ston wal. 1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xvii. cxxiii. (Tollem. MS.) Schippis beþ pichid þerwiþ, and chynes [ed. 1535 chinnes] and crasyng of schippes beþ stopped. c1420Pallad. on Husb. i. 1140 Iche hole & chene. a1420Hoccleve De Reg. Princ. 4259 In at the chynnes of the bordes they prye. a1535More De quat. Noviss. Wks. 100 A leude master..letteth..his shyp fal on a leke, and than careth not yet to stop the chines. 1545T. Raynalde Byrth Man. Hh i, Betwene the chines and gynks [ed. 1564 chynes and chynkes] of closely ioynyd bourdes. 1572J. Bossewell Armorie ii. 72 In the holes and chynnes. 1582Batman ed. Barth. De P.R. 179 In chinnes. Ibid. 180 In chins and walls.
†b. spec. A fissure or crack in the skin; a chap.
c1340Cursor M. 14012 Where she fonde chyn or soore Wiþ oynement she anoynt þore. 1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. viii. xxiii. (Tollem. MS.) Þey..hauen ofte euel drye chines in þe hynder party of þe foot. 1545T. Raynalde Byrth Man. 49 Pusshes, chappyngs or chyns, which cause great payne. Ibid. iii. iii. (1634) 170 The childes lippes..hauing..clefts and chines. 1562W. Bullein Dial. Sorenes & Chyr. 45 a, Any clifte or chinne.
†c. A cut, an incision. Obs.
1387Trevisa Higden vi. vi. (Tollem. MS.) In that stone..is seen of that stroke a chynne of an elne longe. Ibid. (Rolls) I. 223 Þe chene of his wounde [vulneris hiatus].
†2. A fissure in the surface of the earth; a crevice, chasm. Obs.
c1050Ags. Gloss. in Wr.-Wülcker 381 Crypte, cinan. c1220Bestiary 402 In eried lond or in erðchine. 1387Trevisa Higden (Rolls) I. 233 Þere was somtyme in þe myddel of Rome a greet chene in þe erþe; out of þat chene come smoke and brymston, and slow many man. 1480Cambriæ Epit. 271 In that hither side in a chene Shall thou here wonder dene. c1490Caxton Ovid's Met. xiv. viii, By chynnes and krevays. 1577Harrison Descr. Brit. x. 35 A rocke..which hath a little rift or chine upon the side.
b. spec. On the Isle of Wight and Hampshire coast, a deep and narrow ravine cut in soft rock strata by a stream descending steeply to the sea.
1830Lyell Princ. Geol. I. 281 One of these chines, near Boscomb, has been deepened twenty feet within a few years. 1837Marryat Dog-fiend xv, A certain point close to the Black Gang chyne. 1879Jenkinson I. of Wight 69 The Shanklin Chine is the most beautiful of any on the island.
▪ II. chine, n.2|tʃaɪn|
Also 4–7 chyne, (7 chein, chaine).
[Aphetic f. *achine, for OF. eschine (mod.F. échine) spinal column, back-bone (11th c. in Littré), corresp. to Pr. esquina, esquena, Sp. esquena, It. schiena.
For the Romance word Diez suggests an adoption of OHG. scina, MHG. schine, which, among other things, meant ‘needle, splinter,’ perh. originally ‘small piece of bone or metal’. The transition of sense would be parallel to that of L. spina, prickle, fishbone, backbone, and Ger. grat; the difficulty being the want of evidence, either in German or Romanic, for this transition. (Scheler Anhang, to Diez quotes from an It.-Ger. Gloss. in Mussafia ‘schena, schinpein’ shinbone, which may be thought to show some approximation.)]
1. The spine, backbone, or vertebral column; more loosely ‘the part of the back in which the spine is found’ (J.). arch. and techn.
c1300K. Alis. 3977 Thow..Me byhynde at my chyne Smotest me with thy spere. 1440Anc. Cookery in Househ. Ord. (1790) 468 Take a pike or a tenche, and slitte hom by the chine. c1530Ld. Berners Arth. Lyt. Bryt. (1814) 495 The emperoure was so brused wyth hys fal, that nye the chyne of his backe was broken asonder. 1570Levins Manip. 139 The chine of a beast, spina. 1607Dekker Wh. Babylon Wks. 1873 II. 217 My backe must beare Till the chine crack. 1705Otway Orphan ii. iii. 516, I..clove the Rebel to the Chine. c1720W. Gibson Farrier's Guide i. iv. (1738) 35 It is continued along the Chine downwards..and through all that passage is term'd the Spinal Marrow. 1846J. Baxter Libr. Pract. Agric. II. 263 Sheep..The chine should be low and straight from the shoulders to the setting on of the tail. 1879Browning Ned Bratts 206.
†2. The back. Obs.
c1475Partenay 5647 Well felt the strokes on the chinesse bred. 1596Spenser F.Q. vi. iii. 3 Whom Calidore thus carried on his chine. 1611Cotgr., Eschinon, the chyne, or vpper part of the backe betweene the shoulders. 1775Songs Costume (1849) 255 Then the fops are so fine, With lank-waisted chine, And a skimp bit of a hat.
†b. to bow the chine. Obs.
1430Lydg. Chron. Troy i. vi, And do theym bowen both in backe and chyne. ― Bochas ii. xxxi. (1554) 67 a, To that Lord bowe a down thy chine. 1443Pol. Poems (1859) II. 211 Tofore whos face lowly they did enclyne..Ffyl doun to ground, bowyd bak and chyne.
3. Cookery. A ‘joint’ consisting of the whole or part of the backbone of an animal, with the adjoining flesh. The application varies much according to the animal; in mutton it is the ‘saddle’; in beef any part of the back (ribs or sirloin).
c1340Gaw. & Gr. Knt. 1354 Syþen sunder þay þe sydez swyft fro þe chyne [of a deer]. 1556in W. H. Turner Sel. Rec. Oxford 260 Item, payed for a chyne of freshe salmon. 1592Nobody & Someb. (1878) 289 Yeomen..Whose long backs bend with weightie chynes of biefe. a1764in Dodsley Coll. Poems VI. 257 Chickens and a chine of lamb. 1796H. Glasse Cookery ii. 7 In a sheep..the two loins together is called a chine or saddle of mutton. 1823F. Cooper Pioneers ix, A prodigious chine of roasted bear's meat.
b. spec. The backbone and immediately adjoining flesh of a bacon-pig, which remains when the sides are cut off for bacon-curing.
[1502Privy Purse Exp. Eliz. York (1830) 64 Podynges and chynes of porke.] 1712Addison Spect. No. 269 ⁋8 He had killed eight fat Hogs..he had dealt about his Chines very liberally amongst his Neighbours. 1788Ld. Auckland's Corr. II. 208 As the person said about his friend from the country sending him a chine, that he wished he had sent the turkey too. 1861Sat. Rev. 21 Dec. 647 When country cousins were not too fine to send up turkeys and chine.
4. transf. A ridge, crest, arête.
1855Singleton Virgil I. 166 And the billow now Upon its chine the ironed wheels supports. 1857Kingsley Two Y. Ago III. 99 Crawling on hands and knees along the sharp chines of the rocks. 1869Blackmore Lorna D. xxix. (ed. 12) 170 Every man in his several place, keeping down the rig or chine. 1876R. Burton Gorilla L. II. 257 We then struck the roughest of descents, down broken outcrops and chines of granite.
†5. mourning of the chine, mourne of the chine, mose in the chine, glanders of the chine: a disease of horses: see mourn v.2, glander. Hence, perhaps, chine, as name of a disease.
1523Fitzherb. Husb. §87 Mournynge on the chyne..appereth at his nosethryll lyke oke water. 1590Greene Never too late (1600) 55 Well, this Louer..began..to mourne of the chine, and to hang the lip. 1596Shakes. Tam. Shr. iii. ii. 51 His horse..possest with the glanders, and like to mose in the chine. 1607Topsell Four-f. Beasts 77 The iuice of black Chamæleon killeth young kie like the chine. 1697Dryden Virg. Georg. iii. 746 The wheasing Swine With Coughs is choak'd, and labours from the Chine.
6. Comb.
a. as † chine-beef; † chine-bone, the vertebral column; chine-marrow, spinal marrow.
1675Hobbes Odyssey (1677) 37 He took..Of good *chine⁓beef, and gave it to these guests.
c1532G. Du Wes Introd. Fr. in Palsgr. 903 The *chyne boone, la greue. 1594T. B. La Primaud. Fr. Acad. ii. 42 If the chinebone were all of one piece, a man shoulde bee alwayes stiffe like to a pale.
1661Lovell Hist. Anim. & Min. Introd., The *chine or pithmarrow.
b. cf. sense 5: chine-evil, chine-gall, chine-glanders.
1630Massinger Picture iv. ii, The friction with fumigation, cannot save him From the chine-evil. 1630J. Taylor (Water P.) Wks. i. 90/1 The Chinegall, the Nauelgall..the Glanders. 1746Langrish Phys. Exper. on Brutes 104 What the Farriers call the chine-glanders.
▪ III. chine, n.3|tʃaɪn|
[a variant of chime2, prob. altered by phonetic attraction to prec.]
1. The projecting rim at the heads of casks, etc., formed by the ends of the staves; = chime n.2
c1460J. Russell Bk. Nurture in Babees Bk. 121 When þow settyst a pipe abroche..iiij fyngur ouer þe nere chyne þow may percer or bore..and so shalle ye not cawse þe lies vp to ryse. 1601Househ. Ord. 295 The yeoman drawer hath for his fee all the lees of wine within fowre fingers of the chine. 1713Lond. & Country Brew. iv. (1743) 312 Ornamenting the very Chines of his Cask by a moulding Instrument. 1883American VI. 206 The old and mouldy casks had rotted away at their chines.
2. a. Ship-building. (See quot. 1850.)
1833Richardson Mercant. Mar. Archit. 5 The rabbet..is always the same distance from..the chine, as the thickness of the plank intended to be worked on the bottom. c1850Rudim. Navig. (Weale) 106 Chine, that part of the waterways which is left the thickest, and above the deckplank. It is bearded back, that the lower seam of spirketing may be more conveniently caulked, and is gouged hollow in front to form a watercourse.
b. Of a (flat-bottomed) ship: see quot. 1927. Of a flying boat, the extreme side member of the bottom of the hull running approximately parallel to the keel in side elevation.
[1911J. Barten Nautisches Taschen-Wörterbuch i. 43/1 Chine, die Rundung des Leibholzes.] 1920Jrnl. R. Aeronaut. Soc. XXIV. 465 When the A.D. boat was fully loaded the water-line came up above the chine. 1927G. Bradford Gloss. Sea Terms 56/2 Chine, the line of intersection between the sides and bottom of a flat-bottomed boat; the angle in the planking of a V-bottomed boat. 1933Jrnl. R. Aeronaut. Soc. XXXVII. 861 Increase of resistance..can be reduced by provision of longitudinal steps or scallops..so that at high speed the chines are clear. 1950Engineering 3 Mar. 229/2 The wooden hull was carvel-built, with a sharp chine, flat bottom, [etc.].
3. Comb., as (sense 1) chine-hoop (of a cask); (sense 2 b) chine-bilge, chine-piece, chine-strut.
1932Times Lit. Suppl. 24 Mar. 216/4 If a flat bottom and a chine-bilge are the hall mark [of a barge] the Humber keel and sloop are included.
a1825Forby Voc. E. Anglia, Chine-hoop, the extreme hoop which keeps the ends of the staves together.
1948R. de Kerchove Internat. Maritime Dict. 135/2 Chine piece, a longitudinal piece which runs from stem to stern where the side and bottom frames join in a V-bottom boat. Also called chine log.
1931Flight 23 Jan. 83/2 Chine struts have always been troublesome by reason of liability to damage by attendant boats.
▪ IV. chine
obs. f. chain.
▪ V. † chine, v.1 Obs.
Forms: inf. 1 cínan, 2–3 chinen, chynen, 4–6 chynne, 3– chine; pa. tense 2–3 chan, 3–4 chane, chon, 4– chined; pa. pple. 6– chined.
[OE. cínan, cán, cinon, cinen str. vb., corresp. to OS. and OHG. kînan:—OTeut. kînan, in which n appears to have been orig. a present-tense formative, f. stem. ki-; cf. Gothic strong pa. pple. us-kijans sprung up, also us-keinan to sprout out, spring up, with change of strong inflexion to the weak inflexion of the inchoative na- class. (Cf. awaken.) From the same root came OE. cíþ, OS. cîð, OHG. chîdi, mod.G. dial. keid(e sprout. The primary meaning of the vb. root ‘to burst open, split’ was retained in Eng. See also the deriv. vb. to to-chine.]
1. intr. To burst asunder, split open; to open in fissures; to crack, chink, etc.
a700Epinal Gloss. 495 Hiulca, cinaendi. a800Erfurt Gloss., cinendi. a1000Gloss. in Wr.-Wülcker 221 Dehiscens, cinende. c1000Sax. Leechd. II. 148 Ȝif men cine hwilc lim. c1175Lamb. Hom. (1867) 83 Þe sunne scineð þurh þe glesne ehþurl . þet gles ne brekeð ne chineð. c1305in Leg. Rood (1871) 142 His lippes to clouen and chyned. c1380Sir Ferumb. 212 Hys wounde..gan to chine. 1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xvii. ii. (1495) 599 By strengthe of hete the erthe cleuyth and chynnyth. 1530Whittinton Tullyes Offices iii. (1540) 129 Whan the erthe dyd chyne and gape..he went downe in to that great chyne..and dyd se an horse of brasse.
b. To split off, separate by a fissure.
c1300K. Alis. 2228 He smot his stede in the mane, That hed fro the body chane.
2. trans. To burst, split.
c1330Arth. & Merl. 7764 Tho that deth her hert chon. 1508Fisher Wks. 148 After the erth be brent, chyned, and chypped by the hete of the sonne.
▪ VI. chine, v.2|tʃaɪn|
Also 6 chynne, chyne.
[f. chine n.2; cf. F. échiner to break the back of.]
I. Connected with the chine = backbone.
1. trans. To cut along or across the chine or backbone; to cut the chine-piece.
1611Cotgr., Eschiner, to chyne; to diuide, or breake the backe of. 1615Markham Eng. Hous-wife 60 And the Pigge you shal chine [and] divide into two parts. 1636Divine Trag. lately Acted 22 [He] with a hatchet chines him downe the backe, so as his bowells fell out. 1787Canning Microc. No. 28. 1843 P. Parley's Ann. IV. 331 Cutting out a pluck, or chining a whole sheep.
b. spec. To cut up (a salmon or other fish).
1513Bk. Keruyng in Babees Bk. 265 Chyne that samon. 1651–7T. Barker Art of Angling (1820) 22 You chine the Salmon. 1653Walton Angler iii, Chine or slit him through the middle, as a salt fish is usually cut. 1787Best Angling (ed. 2) 168.
2. To break the chine or back of. (? Also, To cleave to the chine.)
1596Spenser F.Q. iv. vi. 13 On her horses hinder parts it [a stroke] fell..That quite it chynd his backe behind the sell. 1677Otway Cheats Scapin ii. i. 79 By all the Honour of my ancestors I'll chine the villain [Fr. je le veux échiner]. 1741Richardson Pamela II. 250 He would chine the Man, that was his Word, who offer'd to touch his Lady.
II. Connected with chine = ridge.
3. intr. and trans. To ridge. (Only in one writer.)
1869Blackmore Lorna D. iii. (ed. 12) 18 The valleys [were] chined with shadow. 1873― Cradock Nowell xi. (1881) 44 His mighty forehead would scarp and chine like the headland when the plough turns. 1880― Erema xx. (Hoppe) The cliff was of chalk..where it suddenly chined away from landslope into sea-front, a long bar of shingle began. |