| 释义 |
▪ I. shiver, n.1|ˈʃɪvə(r)|
Forms: 3 scifre, scivre, 4 schivere, 4–6 shyver, 5 schyver(e, schevyre, schyvyr, 5–6 shever, 6 shyvere, shiever, 6– shiver.
[Early ME. scifre, cogn. w. OHG. scivero wk. masc., splinter (MHG. schiver(e, schever(e splinter, mod.G. schiefer slate, short for schieferstein), f. Teut. root *skī̆f- to split, whence sheave n.2, shive n.2]
1. A fragment, chip, splinter. Now rare exc. in phrases: see b.
c1205Lay. 27784 Sceld aȝein scelden sciuren þer wunden. c1400Ywaine & Gaw. 3234 It was na wapen that man might welde Might get a shever out of thair shelde. 1525Ld. Berners Froiss. II. lxxviii. 234 Syr Raynolde du Roy brake his spere in iiii. peces, and y⊇ sheuers flewe a grete hyght into y⊇ ayre. 1576Newton Lemnie's Complex. i. vii. 53 A splint or shyuer of a broken speare. 1723Present St. Russia i. 119 They use no Candles, but long Shivers of Wood. 1810Scott Lady of L. iii. iv, A heap of withered boughs was piled, Of juniper and rowan wild, Mingled with shivers from the oak. 1885Tennyson Balin 108 Thorns of the crown and shivers of the cross.
fig.1649Jer. Taylor Gt. Exemp. iii. Ad. Sect. 16. 180 The Church gathering up..the shivers of the broken heart may reunite them.
b. Phrases. in shivers, broken, in small fragments (so to break, burst, etc. in or into shivers); (all) to shivers, into small fragments; † to go shivers, to be shattered to pieces.
c1205Lay. 4537 Scip ærne to-ȝen scip Þa hit al to-wonde to scifren. 13..Guy Warw. 7213 Wiþ þe spere he him smot smertliche..Þat alto schiueres it to-fleye. 1470–85Malory Arthur ii. v. 82 The Irysshe knyght smote Balyn on the sheld that alle wente sheuers of his spere. 1589Greene Tullies Love Wks. (Grosart) VII. 109 The boult rebounded and brake into a thousand shiuers. 1626Bacon Sylva §10 If you strike or pierce a Solid Body, that is brittle,..it breaketh not onely, wher the immediate force is; but breaketh all about into shiuers. 1769Gray Let. to Wharton 18 Oct., The rocks at top deep-cloven perpendicularly, by the rains, hanging loose and nodding forwards, seem just starting from their base in shivers. 1823Scoresby Jrnl. 443 The other ship..endeavouring to set his main-top-sail, it blew to shivers. 1883Ld. R. Gower Remin. II. xxix. 303 The thunder crashed and tore itself into shivers overhead.
fig.1658Cleveland Rust. Ramp. 2 And had not Providence held back the hand, the blow had faln, the Government had broke into shivers then. 1852H. Rogers Ecl. Faith (1853) 135 Yet this faculty uniformly yields—goes into shivers in the encounter!
c. spec. A flake or splinter of stone (e.g. one knocked off in stone-dressing). Now Sc. and dial.
1600Surflet Country Farm iii. xlvi. 517 Put in the clefts some shiuers of hard stone. 1708J. C. Compleat Collier (1845) 22 The Shivers or Splints of the Whin or hard Stone. 1861Stephens & Burn Farm-Buildings 243 A ditcher's shovel is also useful to him in putting the shivers of the stones together into heaps.
†2. ? A loose fibre or filament in undressed hemp. Obs. Cf. shive n.2
1440Wyclif's Bible, Josh. ii. 6 [Forsothe sche made the men to stie in to the soler of hir hows, and hilide hem with stobil] or schyueres [of flex, that was there]. 1615Markham Eng. Housew. iii. 97 You shall beate out all the loose buns and shiuers that hang in the Hempe or Flaxe. 1794Rigging & Seamanship I. 56 Shivers, the foul particles taken from the hemp when hatchelling.
3. Any kind of stone of a slaty or schistous character. [Perh. a. G. schiefer; cf. ]
1729Woodward Attempt Nat. Hist. Fossils i. I. 18 Shiver, of a dark Ash-Colour, near Black. 1789J. Williams Min. Kingd. II. 10 Some varieties of the schists or shivers are of the same colour and quality as the slates. 1829Glover's Hist. Derby I. 46 Shale or shiver..A black laminated clay, much indurated. 1881Raymond Mining Gloss., Shiver. 1. Shale; a hard argillaceous bed. 2. See Sheave.
attrib.1804Jameson Syst. Min. I. 9 Slate spar, or shiver spar. [Ger.] Schieferspath.
▪ II. shiver, n.2|ˈʃɪvə(r)|
Forms: 4 schivere, shyvere, schever, 4–5 schiver, schevere, 5 schevyr, schevre, schyver(e, shefure, 5–6 shyver, 5–8 shever, 6 shiffer, 7 shivar, shivor, 7–9 sheever, 6– shiver.
[ME. schivere, f. Teut. root *skī̆b- of sheave n.1, shive n.1]
†1. = shive n.1 1. Obs.
13..Sir Beues (A) 1826 Now ich wolde ȝeue hit [i.e. Arondel] kof For a schiuer of a lof! c1386Chaucer Sompn. T. 132 ‘Now dame’ quod he,..‘Haue I nat of a capon but the lyuere And of youre softe breed nat but a shyuere’. c1430Two Cookery-bks. 40 Whan it is cold, larde it, & schere on schevres. 1525Test. Ebor. (Surtees) V. 209 An halpeny white loffe and a shiffer of chese. 1656W. Dugard tr. Comenius' Gate Lat. Unl. 269 Rolls of bread taken out of the basket, or shivers cut out of the loaf. a1721Prior Erle Robert's Mice 50 Therein eke may Both be fed With Shiver of the Wheaten Bread. 1753Phil. Trans. XLVIII. 87 [It] left large spots..on that side whence the shivers were taken off.
b. fig. and in fig. context.
1594O. B. Quest. Profit. Concern. 4 b, The Moncks and Abbots of my knowledge, cut large shivers of the loafe for which they neuer sweate, to make themselues strong in the peoples favour and opinion. 1655Fuller Ch. Hist. iii. 55 His [sc. the Pope's] intolerable extortions; which, how great soever, were but a large shiver of that loaf, which he had given into the Kings hand.
2. A pulley: = sheave n.1 2.
1485Cely Papers (Camden) 176 For brassyn schyver for the schype, xxiiij d. 1495Naval Acc. Hen. VII (1896) 192 Snache poleyes with oon shever of brasse to y⊇ same. 1514in Oppenheim Adm. Royal Navy (1896) I. 373 Ramehedes with ij shevers of Brasse. 1578Nottingham Rec. IV. 52 An ironmonger of smale made wares, videlicet, of nayles, horse shues, slyppes, shyuers, spade shoes [etc.]. 1615R. Cocks Diary (Hakl. Soc.) I. 94 To have had his advice about bras shivers. 1800Trans. Soc. Arts XVIII. 232 The pulleys, or shivers. c1850Rudim. Navig. (Weale) 147 Shivers to stand nearly athwartships.
†3. The breastplate of a plough. Obs.
1652W. Blith Eng. Improver Improved ii. xxviii. (1653) 192 [Parts of a Plough.] 1. The Share, 2 the Coulter, 3 the Shield or Breast-plate (as some call them) Shivers. Ibid. 194 A Shiver [printed Shiner] or Breast-plate.
▪ III. shiver, n.3|ˈʃɪvə(r)|
[f. shiver v.2]
1. An act or a condition of shivering; a quivering or trembling, esp. of the body under the influence of cold, emotion, etc. Phrase, (all) in a shiver.
1727[E. Dorrington] Philip Quarll 163 High Mountains of Ice, which echo'd with Shivers. 1835Comic Almanack Jan. (1870) 4 When you first go to bathe, gentle Sir, in a river, If you dip in one foot, it will give you a shiver. 1852Mrs. Stowe Uncle Tom's C. viii, You are cold, and all in a shiver. 1863Mrs. Oliphant Salem Chapel x. 161 Shivers of restrained emotion ran through the astonished audience. 1876Hardy Ethelberta xliv, She closed her eyes in a white shiver.
b. transf. and fig.
1860Motley Netherl. ii. I. 31 Germany was in a shiver at every breeze from East and West. 1876Geo. Eliot Dan. Der. xxxix, With a sort of mental shiver.
2. (the) shivers: an attack of shivering; often spec. the ague.
1861Dickens Gt. Expect. iii, I'll beat the shivers so far, I'll bet you. 1882M. E. Braddon Mt. Royal xxx, I only know that I get the shivers every time I sit in your drawing-room. 1888Century Mag. May 28/2 It gives me the cold shivers when I think what might have become of me. 1899Allbutt's Syst. Med. VIII. 658 The beginning [of hydroa gestationis] is sometimes marked by shivers, illness and fever.
▪ IV. shiver, v.1|ˈʃɪvə(r)|
Forms: α. 3 shivre, 4 schiver(e, 4–5 schyver, 5 shifer, 4–6 shyver, shiever, 6– shiver; β. 4–5 schever, 5 schevere, scheffer, (chever), 4–6 shever, 7 shevire, shaver.
[f. shiver n.1 Cf. MDu. scheveren, MHG. schiveren (G. schiefern).]
1. trans. To break or split into small fragments or splinters.
αc1200[see to-shiver v.]. c1350Will. Palerne 3411 Mani a spere spacli on peces were to-broke, & many a schene scheld scheuered al to peces. c1400Ywaine & Gaw. 3539 Thair sheldes war shiferd and helms rifen. 1530Palsgr. 704/1, I whyl shyver this blocke into small chyppes. c1586C'tess Pembroke Ps. lxxvi. i, Their bow, and shaft, and shield, and sword he shivered. 1621G. Sandys Ovid's Met. iii. (1632) 82 What would haue..shiuered towres, doth giue no wound at all. 1711Steele Spect. No. 32 ⁋2 How many impartial Looking-Glasses had been censured and calumniated, nay, and sometimes shivered into ten thousand Splinters. 1815J. Smith Panorama Sci. & Art II. 227 The glass, under this management, is generally shivered into small pieces. 1837Carlyle Fr. Rev. I. vii. vii, Or rusty firelocks belch after him, shivering asunder his—hat. 1843― Past. & Pr. iv. iv. 369 Ye have shivered mountains asunder. 1876Jrnl. Franklin Inst. Jan. 30 The mail cars were completely crushed and shivered.
βa1400Morte Arth. 1813 Schotte thorowe the schiltrouns, and scheverede launcez. a1548Hall Chron., Hen. VI, 105 b, The sonne of the Master gonner..fired the gonne, whiche brake & shevered y⊇ yron barres of the grate. 1598Mucedorus Induct. 22 Ile thunder musicke shall appale the nimphes, And make them sheuer their clattering strings. 1688R. Holme Armoury iii. xvii. (Roxb.) 113/2 A Lance broken, or shavered in the middle.
b. fig. and in fig. context. Also with out.
a1593Marlowe tr. Lucan i. 85 O Roome thy selfe art cause of all these euils, Thy selfe thus shiuered out to three mens shares. 1631F. Lenton Charact. C 4 b, Diseases at last dry vp her marrow, and rottennesse so shiuers her, that shee drops asunder on a sudden, and wretchedly dyes without pitty. 1639Fuller Holy War iv. viii. (1640) 181 He found the Christians there shivered into severall factions. 1871Freeman Hist. Ess. Ser. i. vii. 197 At last the might and the hopes of Charles were shivered beneath the halbert of the free Switzer.
c. shiver my timbers: a mock oath attributed in comic fiction to sailors.
1835Marryat J. Faithful ix, I won't thrash you Tom. Shiver my timbers if I do.
2. intr. To fly in pieces; to split.
αc1330R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 13829 Þeir schaftes schiuered, & fleye in feld. c1386Chaucer Knt.'s T. 1747 Ther shyueren shaftes vpon sheeldes thikke. c1430Chev. Assigne 315 Þe speres..shyuereden to peces. 1581J. Bell Haddon's Answ. Osor. 34 b., Will at lenth bryng all his other buildyng to ruine, and cause it to shiever in peeces to the grounde. 1605Shakes. Lear iv. vi. 51 Had'st thou beene ought But Gozemore, Feathers, Ayre, (So many fathome downe precipitating) Thoud'st shiuer'd like an egge. 1768Gray Fatal Sisters vi, Ere the ruddy sun be set Pikes must shiver, javelins sing. 1837Carlyle Fr. Rev. I. vii. x, The panels shivering in, like potsherds. 1879Froude Cæsar xxvi. 460 As he crossed the hall, his statue fell, and shivered on the stones.
βc1402Lydg. Compl. Blk. Knt. 46 So loude songe that al the wode ronge, Lyke as hyt sholde sheuer in pesis smale. 1523Ld. Berners Froiss. I. ccxix. 282 The two knyghtes mette rudely togeyder, soo that their speares sheuered all to peaces.
fig.1638Mayne Lucian (1664) 2 Since my works are as frail, and brittle as their pots, and are ready to shiver and break, upon the least dash of a stone. 1645Milton Colast. 10 His eighth Argument shivers in the uttering.
†b. To send down (débris) by crumbling. Obs.
1759B. Martin Nat. Hist. Eng. II. 235 This Hill is almost perpetually shivering down Earth and great Stones.
3. intr. Of stone: To split along the natural line of cleavage. [? After G. schiefern.]
1728Chambers Cycl. s.v. Vein, Veins, in stones, are often a defect, proceeding usually from an inequality..which makes the stone crack, and shiver in those parts. 1826W. A. Miles Deverel Barrow, etc. 51 Its [i.e. Kimmeridge coal money's] great tendency to destructibility and of shivering laminally, would be a bar to its ever having been a coinage intended to pass from hand to hand.
▪ V. shiver, v.2|ˈʃɪvə(r)|
Forms: α. 3–4 chivere, chievere, 5–6 chyver, chever; β. 5–6 shyver, shever, 6 shiever, 8 schiver, 6– shiver.
[Early ME. chivere, of obscure etymology.
It may be doubtfully suggested that the word may originally have had reference to the chattering of the teeth from cold (cf. to chevere with the chin, quot. c 1475 below), and that (with the app. synonymous chivel v.) it is connected with early ME. cheovele, chefle to wag the jaws, chatter (see chavel v.), f. OE. ceafl jaw (see jowl). The ending -el may have been assimilated to the suffix -er5, common in verbs expressing tremulous movement; cf. however MHG. kiver (G. kiefer) beside kivel jaw. The change of ch to sh may have been due to the frequent association with shake.]
1. intr. To tremble, shake, quiver; esp. to tremble with cold or fear.
αc1250Death 142 in O.E. Misc. 176 For ich schal bernen in fur, and chiuerin in ise. 1390Gower Conf. III. 9 Thanne comth the blanche fievere With chele and makth me so to chievere. a1400Leg. Rood (1871) 144 Þe temple walles gan chiuere and schake, Veiles in þe temple a-two þei sponne. c1475Rauf Coilȝear 96 My Gaist and I baith cheueris with the chin, So fell ane wedder feld I neuer. 1530Palsgr. 483/2, I chever, as one dothe that is in an axes whan the colde cometh on hym.
βc1402Lydg. Compl. Blk. Knt. 230 With hote and colde my acces ys so meynt, That now I shyuer for defaute of hete. c1489Caxton Sonnes of Aymon x. 259 All his body shevered all sodenly for grete ioye. 1562A. Brooke Romeus & Iuliet 370 And now for feare she sheuereth, and now for loue she burnes. 1667Milton P.L. x. 1003 Why stand we longer shivering under feares That show no end but Death? 1749Smollett Gil Blas vii. i. (1782) III. 7 He drew his long rapier, which made me shiver. 1833H. Martineau Charmed Sea i. 3 The pines are stooping and shivering on all the hills around. 1866Geo. Eliot F. Holt I. i. 44 Under the cold weight of these thoughts Mrs. Transome shivered. 1878Susan Phillips On Seaboard 185 Where the sea-pinks grow, And the dry rushes shiver in the sand.
b. fig. or in fig. context.
1649Milton Tenure Kings 4 [They] begin to swerve and almost shiver at the majesty and grandeur of som noble deed, as if they were newly enter'd into a great sin. 1878J. S. Campion On Frontier (ed. 2) 27 The air shivered with noise; the earth trembled under our feet.
2. trans. (causative.)
†a. To give a sensation of chill to, to cause (a person or object) to shiver.
c1200[see shivering ppl. a.2 1]. 1797–1805S. & Ht. Lee Canterb. T., Old Woman's T. I. 354 A waking dream of horrors, not unlike that which had disturbed his sleep, seemed to shiver his senses.
b. † To cause (one's jaws) to tremble (obs.); to pour out or give forth with a trembling motion.
a1693Urquhart's Rabelais iii. xx. 167 Diddering and shivering his Chaps, as Apes use to do. 1821Clare Vill. Minstr. II. 167 Where tiny blossoms with a purple bell Shiver their beauties to the autumn-gale. a1861T. Woolner My Beautiful Lady, Storm ii, Quiet are the birds In ghostly trees that shiver not a sound.
3. Naut.
a. intr. Of a sail: To flutter or shake (in the wind).
1769Falconer Dict. Marine (1780) s.v. Tack, The head⁓sails are immediately made to shiver in the wind. 1809Byron Bards & Rev. liii, The sail..is shivering in the gale. 1891Patterson's Naut. Dict. i. s.v., A vessel's sails are said to shiver when she is luffed so close that the wind is spilled out of them.
b. trans. To cause (a sail) to flutter or shake in the wind, to bring a sail edge-on to the wind.
1769Falconer Dict. Marine ii. (1780), Déventer les voiles, to shiver the sails, or brace them so as to shiver in the wind. 1875Bedford Sailor's Pocket-bk. iii. (ed. 2) 59 Shiver the mizen topsail or brail up the spanker.
4. To quiver, to tremble with a shrinking movement.
c1869Adm. Paget Autobiog. (1896) 221 The gory head of a Greek just decapitated, the trunk still shivering. 1905Brit. Med. Jrnl. 27 May 1147 Time and again, I have seen the skin ‘shiver’ at the touch of the knife. |