| 释义 |
▪ I. shovel, n.|ˈʃʌv(ə)l|
Forms: α. 1 scofl, -scobl, 3 ssofle, 3–5 schovele, 4–5 schovel, 5 schofylle, schovyl(le, schowulle, -elle, shofful, showele, shovele, shoville, 5–6 schovell, shovill, 5–7 shovell, 6 schovyll, shoffell, choffell, shoovell, shovull, shovelle, showel, 6–7 showell, 7–8 shufle, 5– shovel; β. chiefly north. 3–6 schole, 4, 6 schule, 5 schoyll, schwll, 5–6 schowle, sholl, 5–6, 9 (dial.) shole, 5–7 schuill, 6 showll, schull, shoull, showle, 6–7 s(c)hoole, shoule, 6–9 shule, 8 shull, 8–9 (dial.) shool, shoo, 9 shoul, showl, shul; γ. 1 ? scolf, 6 chollve, 6, 9 (dial.) sholve.
[OE. scofl fem. corresponds to NFris. skofel digging shovel, MLG., LG. schuffel, shovel, weeding hoe, MDu. schofel, schoffel shovel (mod.Du. schoffel weeding hoe, whence scuffle n.); the MSw. skofl, skofwel (Sw. skofvel), Da. skovl, Norw. skufl, are prob. from LG.; parallel forms with long root-vowel are OHG. scûvala fem. (MHG. schûvel, mod.G. schaufel) shovel, early mod.Du. schuivel, dial. schoefel shovel; the OTeut. type *skū̆flō is app. f. the root *skū̆f-, *skū̆ƀ- of shove v.1]
1. a. A spade-like implement, consisting of a broad blade of metal or other material (more or less hollow and often with upturned sides), attached to a handle and used for raising and removing quantities of earth, grain, coal or other loose material. (In some dialects the word is applied to a spade.)
baker's shovel = peel n.2 2; coal-shovel, see coal n.1 15; malt-shovel, see malt n.1 4 b; paring-shovel, see paring vbl. n. 4; also fire-shovel.
αc725Corpus Gloss. 2051 Trulla: cruce, turl, scofl. Ibid. 2081 Vatilla: isern-scobl. c825Epinal Gloss. 1022 Trulla: scofl. a1100Gerefa in Anglia IX. 263 He sceal habban spade, scofle, wadspitel [etc.]. 1297R. Glouc. (Rolls) 2197 Vor ȝe beþ men bet iteiȝt to ssofle [v.rr. schouele, shouell] & to spade..þan [etc.]. 1377Langl. P. Pl. B. vi. 192 An heep of heremites..wenten as werkemen with spades and with schoueles. c1440Jacob's Well 189 A schouyl hath iij. thynges; a scho, an heued, & an handyl. 1531Rec. St. Mary at Hill 37 A lityll fyer choffell. 1602Shakes. Ham. v. i. 110 Why doe's he suffer this rude knaue now to knocke him about the Sconce with a dirty Shouell. 1718Hickes & Nelson Kettlewell i. xv. 107 The Apprentice-Boys would soon knock them on the Head with their paring Shovels. 1848Thackeray Van. Fair xiii, The cashier (whose benevolent occupation it is to..dispense sovereigns out of a copper shovel). 1906Petrie Relig. Anc. Egypt xiii. 84 The winnowing shovels and rakes stuck upright.
βa1300Holy Rood 42 (Ashm. MS.) Þo nome hi spade and schole. c1340Nominale (Skeat) 519 Trobile beche furche fymere Schole spade mouke-forke. 1453–4Durham Acc. Rolls (Surtees) 150, ij sholez ferro ligat. 1545Acc. Ld. High Treas. Scot. VIII. 360 For ane dousan of schulis, xs. 1612Sc. Bk. Rates in Halyburton's Ledger (1867) 326 Schooles vngarnished the hundreth xli. 1785Burns Ep. to J. Lapraik xi, What sairs your grammars? Ye'd better taen up spades and shools. 1823Scott Quentin D. xxxi, A beard like a baker's shool. 1894Crockett Raiders xv. 137 We made a grave..and I went for spades and shools.
γc875Erfurt Gloss. 1022 Trulla: scolf. 1504–5Rec. St. Mary at Hill (1905) 255 Payde for a chollve [cf. sholve ibid. 381] to pare the Chyrche iiij d. 1573Tusser Husb. (1878) 35 A..wheelebarrow, sholue and a spade. 1583Wills & Inv. N.C. (Surtees 1860) 78, j grape, and sholve, iij spades, and iiij irrone forkes 4s. 1858Spurdens Suppl. to Forby, Sholve, a shovel.
b. In fig. context.
c1440Jacob's Well 199 A skeet of contrycyoun, wyth a scauell of confessioun, wyth a schouyl of satysfaccyoun. Ibid. 203 Þe schouyl, I telde ȝou, was satysfaccyoun, þe scho þer-of is almes-dede, þe heuyd is preyere, þe handyll is restitucyoun.
†c. shod-shovel: a shovel of wood edged or tipped with metal. Obs.
1465in Finchale Priory Acc. (Surtees) p. ccxcix, j schoyd schoyll. 1526–7Rec. St. Mary at Hill 339 For a Shod-shovill for the Church iiijd. 1606W. Birnie Kirk Buriall (1833) 31 With shod-shooles to seugh up the sanctuary⁓ground.
d. Occas. used for: A shovelful.
1881C. Whitehead Hops 8 The plant centres being covered with a few shovels of earth.
e. Phr. to be put to bed with a shovel: to be buried (Grose Dict. Vulgar Tongue, 1785).
f. transf. The cue used in the game of shovel-board (sense 2).
g. shovel and broom: rhyming slang for ‘room’. Chiefly U.S.
1928M. C. Sharpe Chicago May 288/2 Shovel and broom, room. 1929[see line n.2 13 f]. 1938Detective Fiction Weekly 23 Apr. 75/1 In Australian slang...a house is a ‘rat and mouse’ and a room a ‘shovel and broom’.
2. ? = shoveller2.
1580Hollyband Treas. Fr. Tong, Pale or cuellier, a bird called shouell.
3. The flat portion of the horn of a moose-deer.
1908Blackw. Mag. Aug. 230/1 The brows were very good indeed, and the shovels cupped and broad.
4. = shovel hat.
1841J. B. Mozley Let. in Purcell Life Manning (1895) I. 194 The straight-cut coat and the gentlest shovel. 1854Thackeray Newcomes xxv, She managed the hat shop... My uncle the Bishop had his shovels there.
5. A person using a shovel.
1834–7J. S. Macaulay Field Fortif. (1851) 54 Four shovels are placed on the berm,..and the remaining 4 shovels and rammers on the parapet. c1890Engineer LXVII. 344 (Cent.) In the early days after the Crimean War, the engineers in the Navy..were technically known as shovels.
6. Mil. A contrivance fitted to a field-gun to act as a brake to lessen the recoil.
1899Daily News 8 Mar. 4/3 They intend that a ‘shovel’ shall be fixed to our field guns... This ‘shovel’, or break, was described to me by several officers.
7. attrib. and Comb.
a. simple attrib., as shovel hilt, † shovel iron; similative, as shovel-beaked, shovel-beard, shovel-bladed, shovel-ended, shovel-footed, shovel-handed, shovel-headed, shovel-mouthed, shovel-shaped adjs.; objective, as † shovel-cheaper, shovel-maker.
1896Roy. Nat. Hist. (ed. Lydekker) V. 516 marg. *Shovel-Beaked Sturgeons.
1864Sala in Daily Tel. 26 Feb., Those bushy locks, that *shovel beard.
1901Ibid. 18 Mar. 7/4 An Eton crew..with *shovel-bladed oars.
c1515Cocke Lorell's B. 11 *Schouyll chepers.
1841Pugin Pres. St. Eccles. Archit. (1843) 7 A *shovel-ended stole.
a1400Morte Arth. 1098 *Schovelle-fotede was þat schalke. 1836E. A. Poe in Southern Lit. Messenger Aug. 595/2 Not a shovel-footed negro waddles across the stage.
1860Emerson Cond. of Life vii. Consid. Wks. (Bohn) II. 414 No *shovel-handed, narrow-brained, gin-drinking million stockingers.
1859R. F. Burton Centr. Afr. in Jrnl. Geog. Soc. XXIX. 161 Their huge *shovel-headed spears.
1888Burt Stand. Timber Meas. 279 *Shovel Hilts.
1395Cartular. Abb. de Whiteby (Surtees) 606 Pro ij *schole iryn, ij d.
1638Canterb. Marriage Licences (MS.), Elias Tonge of Charing, *shouell-maker.
1763Ann. Reg., Chron. 106/2 A *Shovel-mouthed or cow-bellied shark.
1879E. O'Donovan Merv Oasis (1882) I. 314 Queer long *shovel-shaped oars.
b. Special comb.: shovel-bill = shoveller2; shovel-cultivator U.S. = shovel-plough; † shovel dog-fish, ? = shovel-fish; shovel-duck dial. = shoveller2; shovel-fish, a fish of the genus Scaphirhynchus, esp. S. platyrhynchus; † shovel-groat = shove-groat; shovel head, (a) = shovel-fish; (b) the bonnet-headed shark, Reniceps tiburo (also attrib.); shovel-man, a labourer who uses a shovel; shovel-nose, a nose having the shape of and fulfilling the functions of a shovel; also attrib. in the names of certain animals and fishes having this characteristic; hence shovel-nosed adj., also transf.; shovel pass U.S. Sports, an underarm, forward pass made with a shovelling movement of the arms; so as v. trans. and intr.; shovel-penny = shovel-board; shovel-plough, an implement for clearing cornland of weeds; shovel-stirrup, a stirrup with a broad rest for the foot, extending behind the heel; shovel-sturgeon = shovel-fish; shovel-tree (see quot.); † shovel-wood = shovel-tree.
1864Atkinson Prov. Names of Birds, *Shovel-bill..Anas clypeata.
1868Rep. U.S. Commissioner Agric. (1869) 236 They are sometimes very expeditiously covered..with the mold-board or the *shovel cultivator.
1664Hubert Catal. Rarities 13 A *Shovell Dogge fish.
1893in Cozens-Hardy Broad Norfolk 47 *Shovel Duck.
1863Wood Illustr. Nat. Hist. III. 200 The two smaller figures represent the *Shovel-fish, so called from the curious form of its head.
1825Jamieson s.v., Slide-thrift. A species of draughts in which the winner is the one who first gets his men off the board; also called *Shovel-groat.
1881Cassell's Nat. Hist. V. 45 The second genus called the *Shovel-head (Scaphirhynchus), is represented by a single species. 1882Jordan & Gilbert Synopsis Fishes N. Amer. 25 Shovel-head Shark.
1559in Boys Hist. Sandwich (1792) 738 Every spade and *shovell man muste have..iii laborers with wheale barrowes. 1898H. Kirke 25 Yrs. Brit. Guiana iii. 37 The late Mr. W. R. once described him as ‘a good shovel man spoiled’.
1709Lawson Voy. Carolina 153 One being called a Bottle-Nosed Whale, the other a *Shovel-Nose. 1768Solander in Ann. Reg. (1769) Chron. App. 188/2 Shovel nose sharks. 1882Jordan & Gilbert Synopsis Fishes N. Amer. 88 Shovel-nose Sturgeon. 1885C. F. Holder Marvels Anim. Life 180 The shark..running its shovel nose into the sand.
1707W. Funnell Voy. v. 120 The *Shovel-nos'd-Shark. 1837J. F. Cooper England (ed. 2) I. 185 A shovel-nosed hat and a wig.
1948News-Age-Herald (Birmingham, Alabama) 31 Oct. c5/2 Frank Tripucka..then *shovel-passed to Sitko. Ibid., Frank Tripucka..faked a handoff to Bill Gay then shovel-passed it to Sitko.
1976Honolulu Star Bull. 21 Dec. h1/1 Alabama trotted out such gimmicks as..an underhand *shovel pass for a key 19-yard gain and an unbalanced line.
1887Cassell's Encycl. Dict., *Shovel-penny.
1801Farmer's Mag. Apr. 209 An implement for cleaning corn land is also used, called the *shovel plough. 1812Sir J. Sinclair Syst. Husb. Scot. i. 96 Cast-metal rollers, and scrapers, or shovel-ploughs.
1883H. W. V. Stuart Egypt 33 Most of the party were mounted on horses with carpet housings and *shovel stirrups. a1894Layard Autobiog. (1903) II. 34 Heavy shovel stirrups which served for spurs.
1875E. D. Cope N. Amer. Batrachia & Rept. 87 The *shovel-sturgeon (Scaphirhynchops).
1887Darlington Folk Speech S. Chesh., *Shovel-tree, the handle of a spade.
c1615MS. Acc. St. John's Hosp., Canterb., Payd for a *shoufell wood v d and setting of it ane [sic] viij d.
▪ II. shovel, v.1|ˈʃʌv(ə)l|
Forms: see the n. Also 9 (dial.) shulve.
[f. shovel n. Cf. MLG. schuffelen, MHG. schûveln, schûfeln (mod.G. schaufeln), Sw. skofla, Da. skovle, Norw. skufla, skovla.]
1. trans. To take up and remove with a shovel. Chiefly with adv. or advb. phrase. Also fig.
c1440Promp. Parv. 448/2 Schovelyn, wythe a schowelle, tribulo. c1440Jacob's Well 193, I lykened satysfaccyoun to a schouele to schouell out wyth þe crommys of þe wose of dedly synne. 1590in Harwood Lichfield (1806) 527 Payd..for shollynge snowe off the Churche. 1626A. Speed Adam out of Eden xiv. (1659) 107 Shovelling the Corn from the sides of the roomes. 1791Gentl. Mag. 24/2 The men that shovel the dirt out of the road. 1816Scott Antiq. xxv, Tak the shule a bit, and shule out the loose earth. 1891Smiles J. Murray I. vii. 141 The labourers were at work shovelling away the snow.
†b. to shovel down: to destroy by shovelling away. Obs.
1563Winȝet Cert. Tractates Wks. (S.T.S.) II. 5 To schuil doun thir wallis to the ground.
c. transf. (With adv.) To remove as rubbish; to move about roughly and without consideration.
1816Scott Antiq. xxv, I haena lived sae lang in the warld neither, to be shuled out o't that gate. 1837Carlyle Fr. Rev. I. ii. i, In such sort are poor mortals swept and shovelled to and fro. 1863Hawthorne Old Home, Recoll. Gifted Woman I. 184 A great amount of rubbish, which any competent editor would have shovelled out of the way.
2. To excavate, dig up (the ground, etc.), dig (a hole, etc.) with a shovel.
c1470Henryson Mor. Fab. viii. (Preach. Swallow) xxxii, In the snaw he schuillit hes ane plane. a1785Ulysses' Answ. Ajax in Poems Buchan Dial. 37 The gutter's sheeled. 1857Jrnl. R. Agric. Soc. XVIII. i. 105 A man will ‘shool’ about one-eighth of an acre per diem.
3. To throw (quantities of some material) into a receptacle, to cast (earth, dust, etc.) on or upon something or somebody.
1611Shakes. Wint. T. iv. iv. 469 Some Hangman must..lay me Where no Priest shouels-in dust. c1800‘Broom blooms bonnie’ x. in Child Ballads I. 184/2 It was nae wonder his heart was sair, When he shooled the mools on her yellow hair. 1869E. A. Parkes Pract. Hygiene (ed. 3) 98 The powder is shovelled into sacks. 1913Blackw. Mag. Sept. 356/2 One of them..was shovelling tipsy cake into his ample mouth.
fig.1749Fielding Tom Jones x. iii, Partridge likewise shovelled in his share of calumny. 1864Burton Scot Abr. 269 Thousands..unshipped on the desert shore, shovelled as it were, into a strange land.
4. To gather (something) up in quantities as with a shovel.
1685Penn Further Acc. Pennsylv. 9 Herring..swarm in such shoales..in little Creeks, they almost shovel them up in their tubs. 1713Derham Phys.-Theol. iv. xi. Note n (1727) 187, I have seen..Ducks shovel them up as they swim along the Waters. 1879Daily News 22 Mar. 6/2 Storekeepers..are simply shovelling up money.
5. intr. To use a shovel.
1685Travestin Acc. Siege of Newheusel 30 No one offered to put out the fire, till the Duke of Lorrain came and began himself to shovel upon it. 1864Carlyle Fredk. Gt. xv. ii. V. 280 In relays, 3,000 of the Militia-men dig and shovel night and day.
transf.1815Scott Guy M. xlvi, Is that all? thought Sampson, resuming his spoon, and shovelling away manfully. 1882Payne-Gallwey Fowler in Irel. 39 You can discern..the rippling bills as they shovel greedily along the ooze.
6. transf. To turn (something) over with a shovel.
1775W. Williamson Trials at York 29/2, I shoveled it [the earth] over, and threw it into that corner. 1868Rep. U.S. Commissioner Agric. (1869) 425 The salt and lime were..mixed about three months before use and afterward shoveled over several times.
7. to shovel out: to distribute in shovelfuls. fig.
1858Carlyle Fredk. Gt. v. iii. (1865) II. 85 George I shovelling out his English subsidies as usual.
8. trans. and intr. To intrude. Obs. exc. dial.
1540Palsgr. Acolastus ii. iii. L iij b, I wyll sowe me in i. I wyll thrust me in, or schole in [orig. a tergo me hinc inseram]. 1861C. C. Robinson Dial. Leeds 403 He'll shool in onnywhear, whear ther's owt to be gotten. 1876Mid. Yorks. Gloss., Shool, v.a. and slightly as a v.n. to intrude. Shovel is also in occasional active use with this meaning.
▪ III. shovel, v.2 Now rare.|ˈʃʌv(ə)l|
Also 5 schovel, 9 dial. shool, shulve.
[app. a frequentative f. shove v.1 Cf. shuffle v. In mod. use app. associated with shovel v.1]
intr. To make movements with the feet, without raising them from the ground; to walk languidly or lazily. (Cf. shuffle v. 1.)
c1430Wyclif's Bible Job xi. 10 (MS. S.) Shoueling forth [v.rr. stumblynge, hirtynge, Vulg. offendens] with his feet. c1450in Aungier Syon (1840) 381 They schal euer haue warnes..that they schouel not withe ther fete up on the pament, wherby the reder may the wers be herde. 1549Latimer 6th Serm. bef. Edw. VI (Arb.) 169 They hard hym quietly, with out any shouelynge of feete or walkynge vp and downe. 1674N. Fairfax Bulk & Selv. 29 When I walk, that assignable..part of my soul, which was in my leg, comes shoveling after me. 1824Carlyle in Froude Life (1882) I. 222 In walking he does not tread, but shovel and slide. a1825Forby Voc. E. Anglia, Shool, Shulve, to saunter, with such extreme laziness, as if the saunterer did not mean to walk, but to shovel up the dust with his feet. |