| 释义 |
cinchona|sɪŋˈkəʊnə|
Also chinchona.
[Named in 1742 by Linnæus in honour of the Countess of Chinchon (in Spain), who in 1638, when vice-queen of Peru, was cured of a tertian fever by the use of Peruvian bark, and in 1640 brought a supply of it to Spain, whence it became known throughout Europe. On the ground that Linnæus's form Cinchona was due to erroneous information, it has been proposed to alter it to Chinchona; but the accepted form is too deeply rooted in botanical and chemical nomenclature to make this expedient. The word has no etymological connexion with quina, which is Peruvian for ‘bark’: see however china3.]
1. A genus of evergreen trees or shrubs with fragrant white or pink panicled flowers, growing in the tropical valleys of the Andes, and now extensively cultivated in India and Java for the sake of the bark.
1742Linnæus Genera Plant. (ed. 2) 527 (In Pentandria monogynia)..1021 Cinchona, Quinquina. 1786in Pettigrew Life Lettsom (1817) III. 222, I have sent some of the bark of the Cinquona. 1870Yeats Nat. Hist. Comm. 233 There are..twelve species of Cinchona from which the Peruvian bark of commerce is derived. 1880C. Markham Peruv. Bark iii, In memory of the great service to humanity performed by the Countess of Chinchon, Linnæus named the genus which yields Peruvian bark, Chinchona. Unfortunately the great botanist..spelt the word Cinchona..and Cinhona..The correct spelling ought now to be generally adopted.
2. The medicinal bark of species of Cinchona, Peruvian bark; also the drug prepared from it.
1800Med. Jrnl. IV. 161 Active and important remedies; such as, hydrargyrum, cinchona, opium. 1803Sir H. Davy in Phil. Trans. XCIII. 268 Very little tannin is found in cinchona, or in the other barks supposed to be possessed of febrifuge properties. 1866Treas. Bot. s.v. Cinchona, There are..twenty-one species of this genus, but only some of them yield commercial Cinchona.
3. attrib. and Comb.
a. simple attrib.
1830Lindley Nat. Syst. Bot. 205 The Cinchona forests. 1837Penny Cycl. VII. 169/1 Pöppig..has..long lived in the Cinchona countries. 1858R. Hogg Veget. Kingd. 403 The genuine cinchona trees are confined exclusively to South America. 1870Pall Mall G. 26 Aug. 4 The cinchona plantations in the Madras Government gardens are most thriving.
b. Comb., as cinchona-bark, the bark of several species of cinchona, of great medicinal value as a tonic and febrifuge; called also Jesuit's Bark, Peruvian Bark, Quinquina; cinchona-bases, alkaloids contained in cinchona bark; cinchona-red, an amorphous dark reddish-brown substance, obtained from cinchona bark.
1811A. T. Thomson Lond. Disp. (1818) 595 Infusion of yellow cinchona bark. 1881Med. Temp. Jrnl. XLVIII. 176 During convalescence red cinchona bark strengthens and sustains nerve power. 1888Spectator 30 June 916/1 That most priceless of barks, the ‘chinchona bark’, truly called by the Indians ‘quina-quina’, i.e. ‘bark of barks’. 1875Ure Dict. Arts I. 804 Cinchona Red, an amorphous dark reddish-brown substance, obtained from..Peruvian bark.
Hence cinchonaceous |sɪŋkəʊˈneɪʃəs|, a. Bot., belonging to the family Cinchonaceæ of which Cinchona is the typical genus. cinchonal a. Bot., epithet of Lindley's ‘alliance’ of families related to the Cinchonaceæ. cinˈchonamine, Chem., a base C19H24N2O obtained from cinchona. ˈcinchonate, a salt of cinchonic acid. cinˈchonia, Chem. = cinchonine. cinchonic |sɪŋˈkɒnɪk| a., of or pertaining to cinchona, as in cinchonic acid, C11H14O9, obtained from cinchona; formerly applied to quinic acid; cinchonic red = cinchona red. cinchoˈnicia, cinˈchonicine, an alkaloid isomeric with cinchonine. cinchoˈnidia, cinˈchonidine, another of the cinchona bases, isomeric with cinchonine, but distinguished from it by its deflecting the plane of polarization of a ray of light to the left.
1865Livingstone Zambesi xxvii. 563 There are several cinchonaceous trees also in the country. 1866Treas. Bot. I. 285/2 Cinchonaceæ..A natural order..characterizing Lindley's cinchonal alliance. 1881Nature No. 627. 23 Cinchonamine..differs from Cinchonine in having 2 atoms more hydrogen. 1808Thomson Oxalic Acid in Phil. Trans. XCVIII. 66 note, Cinchonate of lime. 1831T. P. Jones Convers. Chem. xxviii. 285 Cinchonia, and quinia..are alkaline principles, both contained in Peruvian bark. 1837Penny Cycl. VII. 174/1 Slightly soluble red colouring matter or red cinchonic acid. 1858R. Hogg Veget. Kingd. 407 Kinic Acid, or, as it is sometimes called, Cinchonic and Quinic Acid, is generally in the form of a thick syrupy liquid. 1853Pasteur in Pharmac. Jrnl. XIII. 374 When cinchonine..is subjected to the action of heat, it becomes transformed into a new base isomeric with it, but possessing totally different characters. This new base I call cinchonicine. 1869Roscoe Elem. Chem. 431 Quinine and cinchonine yields two isomeric modifications, quinidine and quinicine, cinchonidine and cinchonicine. 1853Pasteur in Pharmac. Jrnl. XIII. 374 The other base, to which I give the name of cinchonidine. |