| 释义 |
▪ I. cinder, n.|ˈsɪndə(r)|
Forms: 1 sinder, sindor, synder, 5 syn-, cyndyr, cyndre, 5–6 syndre, 5–7 synder, 6 sindar, cindre, zynder, 6–7 sinder, 8 cynder, 6– cinder.
[An erroneous spelling of sinder, OE. sinder (synder) scoria, slag of metal: corresp. to OHG. sintar, sinter, etc., MHG. and mod.G. sinter, ON. sindr (Sw. sinder, Da. sinner) all pointing to an OTeut. *sindro(m. The word has no etymological connexion with F. cendre, L. cinerem ashes, although the notion that it has, has both given rise to the current spelling cinder, and influenced the later sense; cf.
a1400Black Bk. Admiralty II. 180 Barils de cendres: (15th c. Eng. transl. barell[is] of syndres.) ]
1. a. The refuse or dross thrown off from iron or other metals in the furnace; scoria, slag. (Usually in sing.) Now techn.
forge-cinder, iron slag from a forge or bloomery. mill-cinder, the slag from the puddling furnaces of a rolling-mill.
a800Corpus Gloss. 1808 Scoria, sinder. a1000Voc. in Wr.-Wülcker 200/24 Caries, putredo lignorum, uel ferri, sindor. a1100Ibid. 336/24 Scorium, synder. 1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xvi. xlv. (Tollem. MS.), Synder is calde Scoria, and is þe filþe of yren þat is clensid þer fro in fyre. c1440Promp. Parv. 78 Cyndyr of þe smythys fyre, casuma. 1646Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. ii. iii. 69 In Smiths cinders. 1709Hearne Collect. II. 170 The Cinders in the Forest of Dean..(of which our best Iron is made) is..the Rough and Offal thrown by in the Romans' time. 1802Med. Jrnl. VIII. 305 The experiment with finery cinder and charcoal. 1881Raymond Mining Gloss., Cinder, slag.
fig.1413Lydg. Pilgr. Sowle iv. xxiii. (1483) 69 Tho that ben founden fyne gold..and tho that ben founden asshes and synder. 1860Emerson Cond. Life, Consider. Wks. (Bohn) II. 426 ‘Oh,’ he said..‘if there's cinder in the iron, 'tis because there was cinder in the pay.’
b. (See quot.)
1874Knight Dict. Mech., Cinder, a scale of oxide removed in forging.
2. The residue of a combustible substance, esp. coal, after it has ceased to flame, and so also, after it has ceased to burn.
a. An ember or piece of glowing coal, or similar substance, which has ceased to flame. (Now merged in b.)
1535Coverdale Isa. xlvii. 14 Strawe..yf it be kindled with fyre..yet it geueth no zynders to warme a man by. 1611Speed Hist. Gt. Brit. ix. xviii. (1632) 897 The Synders of dissensions..presently brake forth into a more raging flame. a1745Swift (J.), If..the fat upon a cinder drops To stinking smoke it turns the flame. Mod. A red-hot cinder fell out and burned the carpet.
b. esp. A small piece of coal from which the gaseous or volatile constituents have been burnt, but which retains much of the carbon, so that it is capable of further combustion without flame.
1530Palsgr. 205 Cynders of coles, breze. 1679Plot Staffordsh. (1686) 94 Supplying the furnace..with the Sinder of the Coale (which is the smaller sort of it fallen into the Ashes and gotten from them with a Seive). 1709Steele Tatler No. 69 ⁋8 Employed in sifting Cinders. 1773Johnson in Boswell xxviii, So many bellows have blown the fire, that one wonders he is not by this time become a cinder. 1858Carlyle Fredk. Gt. (1865) II. vii. v. 286 Painful sifting through mountains of dust and ashes for a poor cinder of a fact here and there. 1867W. W. Smyth Coal & Coal-mining 2 Coal cinders have been found amid the ruins of several of the Roman stations.
†c. pl. Coke. Obs.
1703Lond. Gaz. No. 3892/1 An Act for continuing the Duties upon Coles, Culm, and Cynders.
d. pl. Vaguely used for: Residue of combustion; ashes. Still so used dialectally, though in ordinary language ‘cinders’ are quite distinct from ‘ashes’ or the powdery incombustible residue. Also fig.
c1400Mandeville ix. 101 And there besyden growen trees, that beren fulle faire apples..but whoso breketh hem or cutteth hem in two, he schall fynde with in hem coles and cyndres. 1587Greene Euphues Censure to Philaut. Wks. (Grosart) VI. 192 Loue that amidst the coldest Cinders of hate had smothered vp litle sparkes of forepassed affection. 1588Munday in Farr S.P. Eliz. (1845) I. 226 All thy pompe in cinders laide full lowe. 1588Shakes. Tit. A. ii. iv. 37. 1598 Drayton Heroic Ep. xxiii. 179 And from blacke Sinders, and rude heapes of Stones, Shall gather up the Martyrs sacred bones. 1878Morley Byron Crit. Misc., Ser. i. 224 The fire, which yet smoulders with abundant life underneath the grey cinders.
†3. pl. The ‘ashes’ of a dead body after cremation or (transf.) decomposition; (see ash n.2 4).
a1547Surrey æneid iv. (R.), Is there no fayth Preseru'd to the cinders of Sichee? 1577tr. Bullinger's Decades (1592) 236 He would not haue so much as the very cinders to remaine of so wicked men. 1626Bacon Sylva §771 In the Coffin..there was nothing to be seen but a little light Cinders about the sides. 1658Sir T. Browne Hydriot. iii. 16 What virtue yet sleeps in this terra damnata and aged cinders.
4. Volcanic scoria.
1774Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1776) I. 101 The volcano ejected cinders. 1794Sullivan View Nat. I. 66 A stratum of cinders or of pumice stone. 1836Emerson Nature, Language Wks. (Bohn) II. 152 Like travellers using the cinders of a volcano to roast their eggs.
†5. Applied to gritty concretions in some soils.
1562Act 5 Eliz. c. 13 §3 Grounds..wherein Gravel, Sand or Cinders is likely to be found. 1577Harrison England i. xviii, The haie of our low medowes is..full of sandie cinder, which breedeth sundrie diseases in our cattell. 1649W. Blithe Eng. Improv. Impr. (1653) 137 Which..Lands were so gravelly of nature..yea so exceeding herein, that in many places turned to Sinder (like that the Smith casts forth of his fire, as the corruption of his Iron, Fire, & Coales congealed).
6. slang. Brandy, whiskey, etc., taken in tea, soda water, or other drink.
1873Slang Dict., Cinder, any liquor used in connexion with soda-water, as to ‘take a soda with a cinder in it’. The cinder may be sherry, brandy, or any other liquor.
7. attrib. and Comb., as cinder-burner, cinder-fire, cinder-heap, cinder-mount, cinder-shard; cinder-dropping, cinder-like adjs., etc.; cinder-bed, a bed or stratum of cinders; spec. a quarryman's name for a geological stratum of loose structure in the Middle Purbeck series, consisting chiefly of oyster-shells; cinder-cone, a cone formed round the mouth of a volcano by debris cast up during eruption; cinder-fall, ‘the inclined plane on which the melted slag from a blast-furnace descends’; cinder-frame, a wire frame in front of the tubes of a locomotive engine, to prevent the escape of ignited cinders; cinder-gray a., ? ashen-gray; cinder-notch, ‘the hole through which cinder’ or slag ‘is tapped from a furnace’ (Raymond Mining Gloss.); cinder-path, a footpath, or running-track, laid with cinders; cinder-pig, pig-iron made from ores with admixture of ‘cinder’ or slag; cinder-plate, the iron plate forming the front of a bloomery; cinder-sabled ppl. a., blackened with cinders; cinder-sifter, (a) one who sifts cinders (also fig.); (b) a contrivance for sifting dust or ashes from cinders; cinder-tap = cinder-notch; cinder-tea, a folk-medicine, made by pouring boiling water on cinders, administered to young children; cinder track = cinder-path; also attrib.; cinder-wench, -woman, a female whose occupation it is to rake cinders from among ashes.
1881Instr. Census Clerks (1885) 92 Wrought Iron Manufacture:..*Cinder Burner. 1887P. McNeill Blawearie 165 Lyle the cinder-burner has been advised to shift from the Howe Colliery to Warlock Hill. 1921Dict. Occup. Terms (1927) §278 Cinder burner,..slag burner; roasts tap cinder from puddling or blast furnace to make bulldog.
1849Dana Geol. 354 *Cinder cones in the parts of the Pacific under examination are of various heights, to two thousand feet. 1885Geikie Geol. (ed. 2) 227 Tuff-Cones, Cinder-Cones. Successive eruptions of fine dust and stones. 1905Chamberlin & Salisbury Geol. I. 580 The larger portion of the lava blown into the air by the expanding gas-bubbles falls back in the immediate vicinity of the vent and builds up a cinder-cone. 1965A. Holmes Princ. Physical Geol. xi. 314 An ash or cinder cone is built up when a sufficient supply of tephra is erupted.
1868Joynson Metals 111 Cast-iron, which may require to be annealed in too large a quantity to render the expense of charcoal very agreeable, may be heated in a *cinder fire.
1888T. Hardy Wessex Tales, The second stranger, the man in ‘*cinder-gray’.
1855Carlyle Misc. (1857) IV. 361 Riddled from the big, Historical *cinder-heaps.
1575Gascoigne Flowers Wks. 83 Thus all in flames I *sinderlike consume.
1869Echo 9 Oct., For the purpose of conveying the cinder from the furnaces there is a fixed engine which draws it up an incline to the ‘*cinder mount’.
1881Raymond Mining Gloss., Cinder-tap, *Cinder-notch, the hole through which cinder is tapped from a furnace.
1838Dickens Let. 1 Nov. (1965) I. 447 Miles of *cinder-paths and blazing furnaces and roaring steam engines. 1883Harper's Mag. Nov. 907/2 St. Paul's School..has..a quarter-mile cinder path. 1885Punch 3 Jan. 4/1 Life..isn't all Cinder-path, Charlie.
1812H. & J. Smith Rej. Addr. xv. (1873) 142 She..opes the door with *cinder-sabled hands.
a1918W. Owen Poems (1963) 91 And I saw white bones in the *cinder-shard.
1820Keats Let. Aug. (1931) II. 561 Nothing is so bad as want of health—it makes one envy Scavengers and *Cinder-sifters. 1861Mrs. Beeton Bk. Househ. Managem. 31, 1 Cinder sifter..1s. 3d. 1876Spurgeon Commenting 8 Gill was a cinder-sifter among the Targums, the Talmuds, etc. 1884Health Exhib. Catal. 71/2 Acting as a ‘Tidy Betty’ with Cinder-sifter.
1881Cinder-tap [see cinder-notch].
1887Shearman Athletics & Football 182 Nearly all the regular paths are ‘*cinder tracks’. 1893Outing (U.S.) XXI. 135/2 There is a sharp line dividing cinder-track athletes from cross-country runners. 1917C. Mathewson Sec. Base Sloan xi. 143 It had..a cinder track one-eighth mile in circumference. 1953X. Fielding Stronghold iv. ii. 263 There was no-one in sight on this natural cinder-track.
1712Arbuthnot John Bull (1755) 32 She..went abroad like a *cynder-wench. 1786Lond. Mag. Oct. 546 She..envies every cinder-wench she meets.
16..Ess. Satire (J.), To find it out's the *cinder-woman's trade.
▸ cinderblock n. N. Amer. † (a) a brass or cast iron slab forming part of a blast-furnace and containing holes through which slag is discharged during iron smelting (obs.); (b) a large building block made of slag (usually from iron smelting or coal burning) and cement; a breeze-block.
1868Sci. Amer. 9 Dec. 382/2 A blast furnace with a closed breast where the slag is discharged through an opening or openings cooled by water... The slag discharge piece or *cinder block. 1869H. S. Osborn Metall. Iron & Steel ii. xii. 626 Probably the use of the Lurmann cinder-block, which has been adopted at some of the works, will be found especially advantageous in raising the product of the very large furnaces. 1922Oneonta (N.Y.) Daily Star 20 Jan. 7/5 Cinder blocks, the invention of Frank Cordery of New York, are being used in the construction of a $100,000 residence in New Rochelle, New York. 1995Home & School Apr. 42/1 Lunch hour is nearly over at Wellington Junior High School, a blue-and-white cinderblock building on Edmonton's north side.
▪ II. cinder, v.|ˈsɪndə(r)|
Also 5 scin-.
[f. prec.]
trans. To burn to a cinder, reduce to cinders. Also fig. Hence cindered, cindering ppl. adjs.
1430Lydg. Chron. Troy ii. xii, This citie Shulde into scindred asshes tourned be. 1557North tr. Gueuara's Diall Pr. 86 b, His graued ghost and cindred moulde. c1575Gascoigne Fruites Warre xvi, Where sword and cindring flame Consume. 1628Feltham Resolves i. xxxvi. (R.), Untold griefs choak, cynder the heart. 1846C. G. Prowett æschylus' Prometh. Bound 18 His brawny force All thunder-scathed and cindered. 1869E. Garrett Crust & Cake xxxvi. (1871) 447 Burnt up..like a cindered bannock. |