| 释义 |
▪ I. shunt, n.|ʃʌnt|
[f. shunt v.]
1. An act of shunting.
†a. An act of drawing back. Obs. rare—1.
13..Gaw. & Gr. Knt. 2268 Þat oþer schalk wyth a schunt þe schene wyth-haldez.
b. In Railway use and transf. from this: see shunt v. 4, 5.
1862J. Simmons Railway Traveller's Handy Bk. 12 A thin line in the middle of trains..represents a shunt. 1884H. Smart Post to Finish xlvi, Damme if ever they persuade me into doing another ‘shunt’. 1886Pall Mall Gaz. 31 Dec. 1/1 The shunt from the German to the Austrian alliance was due to the desire..to support the Prince of Battenberg in his struggle against Russia. 1898H. G. Wells Certain Pers. Matters 132 All primitive men and most animals swear. It is an emotional shunt.
c. slang. A motor accident, a crash: esp. a nose-to-tail collision. Also shunt-up (on analogy with pile-up 1), a multiple crash.
1959in Chambers's Twentieth Cent. Dict. Add. 1967Economist 11 Feb. 544/3 The characteristic American accident is a multivehicle shunt on a freeway. 1976J. Wainwright Bastard vii. 91 Mist..happens on motor⁓ways, and is the cause of multi-car shunt-ups, where radiators kiss bumper bars. 1978G. Vaughan Belgrade Drop vi. 41 ‘Another bloody shunt,’ Yardley groaned. The Zagreb trunk was notorious for accidents.
2. a. Electr. A derived circuit introduced to diminish the current flowing through the main circuit; esp. a resistance coil connected in parallel with a dynamo, etc.; more fully shunt circuit, shunt coil. in shunt: connected so as to form a multiple current.
1863R. S. Culley Pract. Telegr. 99 The ‘shunt’ system can be applied with advantage. The shunt is a wire connecting the two ends of the galvanometer coil. 1885P. Higgs Magn. Dyn. Electr. Mech. 101 Dynamo-machines..with the main circuit, or ‘series’ electro-magnet coils wound on the same arm or limb of the electro-magnet, as contains the ‘shunt’ coils. Ibid. 225 The total resistance of a circuit from which shunt-circuits are taken is less than its own resistance. 1893Sloane Electr. Dict. s.v. Shunt Winding, A dynamo or motor is shunt-wound when the field magnet winding is in shunt or in parallel with the winding of the armature.
b. Telegr. A device for diverting the current from one line to another; a switch; also attrib.
1878Edison in N. Amer. Rev. CXXVI. 536 To keep wires in proper repair, and give, by switch or shunt arrangement, prompt attention to subscriber No. 923 in New York.
c. Med. A natural or artificial route, esp. from a vein to an artery, whereby blood may bypass a capillary bed; the passage of blood along such a route. Also, the surgical construction of such a route.
1923Medicine II. 20 Deficient oxygenation of the arterial blood..caused..by an unaerated shunt of venous blood into arterial. Ibid. 33 The readiness with which cyanosis develops or increases, during exercise, in a patient with an unaerated shunt. 1937Best & Taylor Physiol. Basis Med. Pract. xxxv. 581 (caption) A portion of the blood passes through unaerated channels (shunt) from the venous to the arterial system. 1961Lancet 30 Sept. 728/2 2 patients..had both undergone splenectomy some time before portocaval shunt was performed. 1980Amer. Speech LV. 47 Clamps used to stop blood flow through a shunt when kidney dialysis is initiated.
d. Biochem. An alternative metabolic pathway; spec. (freq. as hexose monophosphate shunt) the pentose phosphate cycle.
1953Jrnl. Bacteriol. LXVI. 17 It has been possible to infer..the existence of a sequence of reactions, the hexosemonophosphate shunt, which may serve in nature as a major pathway for the aerobic breakdown of carbohydrate by filamentous microorganisms. 1964[see pentose phosphate shunt s.v. pentose 2]. 1967M. E. Hale Biol. Lichens viii. 118 Insoluble metabolic shunt products often serve as reserve food. 1970[see ribose].
3. Railways. A switch.
1842Civil Engin. & Arch. Jrnl. V. 85/2 The sub-contractor..had to..lay down the temporary road, including turn-outs, shunts, crossings, etc.
4. Ordnance. Short for shunt rifled gun, also a curve in the rifling of a shunt rifled gun (see 5 b).
1864Daily Tel. 4 May, The breech-loader had the shortest range,..the Armstrong shunt came next. 1866Chamb. Encycl. VIII. 698/2 [The grooves] run together for a short distance, until a shunt narrows the whole groove.
5. attrib. and Comb.
a. (in sense 2), as shunt terminal, shunt winding, etc.; shunt box (see quot. 1893); shunt dynamo, a shunt-wound (q.v.) dynamo; shunt machine, motor, a direct-current motor in which the field and armature windings are connected in parallel with respect to the supply; shunt running (see quot.); shunt-wound a., having the shunt circuit wound in parallel with the main circuit.
1878Telegr. Jrnl. 15 Sept. 375/1 A new galvanometer *shunt box. 1893Sloane Electr. Dict., Shunt Box, a resistance box designed for use as a galvanometer shunt. The box contains a series of resistance coils which can be plugged in or out as required.
1881Nature XXIV. 533 A generator of electricity of the kind now known as the *shunt dynamo.
1888Rep. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci. 1887 616 In a *shunt machine the current through the coils of the second magnet may be controlled by the addition of a resistance in series with it. 1953E. Molloy Small Motors & Transformers ii. 17 [Differential compounding] is sometimes employed to secure further improvement of the speed characteristic of a shunt machine, in cases where the load is variable.
1883Jrnl. Soc. Telegr. Engineers & Electricians XII. 310 A coiled magneto-machine.., in which we have a magneto-generator acting as a brake, and a *shunt motor. 1977N.Z. Herald 5 Jan. 3/7 And once in Auckland, tied up by traffic lights and other vehicles, he switches over completely to his shunt motor for a quiet, anxiety-free tour of the town.
1911Hobart Dict. Electr. Engin. s.v., In energy meters..furnished with a friction compensation for the low loads there is a tendency of the meter to work with no current in the circuit to which it is connected... This is referred to as ‘*shunt running’.
1895Pract. Electr. Engin. I. 10 *Shunt-winding means that one branch of the circuit only encircles the cores.
1883Pall Mall Gaz. 14 Sept. 4/1 The conductor is connected..to a single *shunt-wound dynamo machine.
b. shunt line, road, a railway siding; also shunt-rifling, a method of rifling cannon so that the projectile undergoes a shunt or lateral change of position in the process of loading; so shunt (rifled) gun, shunt shot, shunt system.
1864Daily Tel. 18 May, It was found necessary to re-vent the *shunt gun.
1904Westm. Gaz. 10 May 9/2 If the Reading line were clear it would be impossible for the No. 18 *shunt line to be clear also.
1866Even. Standard 13 July 7 The 600-pounder Elswick *shunt-rifled gun.
1868Rep. Munitions of War 146 The *shunt rifling was evidently devised for the better centering of the shot.
1864Daily Tel. 18 May, Conditions detrimental to the proper flight of the *Shunt shot.
1866Chamb. Encycl. VIII. 698/2 Sir William Armstrong devised the ‘*shunt’ system.
▪ II. shunt, v.|ʃʌnt|
Forms: 3–4 schunt, 4 shont, 5 s(c)hount, shontt, 5– shunt. pa. tense 4 schunt, 5 shont, schounte; schontid, 6– shunted.
[Of obscure origin.
The ME. senses coincide with certain senses of shun v., to which, indeed, some of the above-cited forms of the pa. tense may in certain instances possibly belong. It seems not impossible that this vb. may be a derivative of shun v.]
†1.
a. intr. To start or go aside (so as to avoid some person or thing); to shy; to shrink or steal away; to hang back. Obs.
a1225Ancr. R. 242 (MS. T) Ne beo nawt þe skerre hors iliche þæt schuntes [v.r. blencheð uor one scheadewe upo þe heie brugge]. 13..E.E. Allit. P. B. 605 In þe hyȝe hete..He was schunt to þe schadow vnder schyre leuez. 13..Gaw. & Gr. Knt. 1902 He [the fox attacked with the sword] schunt for þe scharp. Ibid. 2280 Quod G:, ‘I schunt onez, & so wyl I no more. a1400Morte Arth. 1055 Thane he dressede one his schelde, schuntes no lengere. a1400–50Wars Alex. 180 Sen it is sett to be soo & slipe it ne may, Ne schewid to be na noþire schap, ne we to schount nouthire. c1400Destr. Troy 600, I will shunt for no shame of my shene fader. Ibid. 10998 Ne shamys you not shalkes to shunt of þe fild. c1440York Myst. xlvi. 59 Þei schonte for no schoutis his schappe for to schende it, þei rasid hym on rode. 15..Song of John Nobody viii. in Strype Cranmer (1694) ii. 139 Then I drew me down into a dale, wheras the dumb deer Did shiver for a shower, but I shunted from a freyke.
b. To start, move suddenly. Obs. rare.
a1400–50Wars Alex. 580 In þe same tyme he seuyrd fra þi wambe, þe erd & all þe elementis so egirly schontid. 14..Tretyce in W. of Henley's Husb. (1890) 47 Yeff your land ly in marres..& it be ereyd to depe at þe secund falowe..Your ploughe shall com to no harde grounde but go schoutyng [? read schonting] all in myrre. 1775Ash, Shunt (v. int. a local word), to give a sudden start.
†2. trans. To elude (a blow, etc.); also, to turn aside (shame) from (a person). Obs.
c1400Rowland & O. 1334 Hade he nott schounte his stroke thore, For sothe he hade bene slayne. c1400Destr. Troy 2544 Let hym tegh to þe tempull..And let other men..For to shunt vs of shame, shend of our foos. c1460Towneley Myst. xxix. 361 Mi flesh it quakys as lefe on lynde, to shontt the showres sharper then thorne.
3. To shove or push aside or out of the way. Also intr. of a thing, to move from its proper position, to give way. Chiefly dial.
1706Phillips (ed. Kersey), To Shunt, a Country-Word for to shove. 1775Ash, Shunt (v.t., a local word), to shove, to push. Shunting (p.a., a local word, from shunt), giving a sudden start; shoving, pushing with a sudden motion. 1850S. Bamford Dial. S. Lanc. Gloss., Shunt, to give way; to move from a place. 1852N. & Q. Ser. i. V. 450/1 In the North of England..speaking of a thing, a wall or foundation, which has moved from its position, we should say, ‘it has shunted’; or of a thing which requires moving, ‘Shunt it a little that way’, ‘Shunt it at the other end’. 1863Sir R. Alcock Capital of Tycoon I. xiii. 268 After being punted a mile over the shallows, and another mile shunted or sleighed over the mud!
4. a. To move (a train or some portion of it) from the main line to a side-track or from one line of rails to another; also to move back.
1845Min. Proc. Inst. Civil Engin. IV. 252 At intermediate stations, the waggons are now ‘shunted’ to their proper places, in a siding, by the engine which has propelled them along the main line. 1849Alb. Smith Pottleton Legacy xxxiv. 410 As the men came up to ‘shunt’ it [the horse-box]. 1849–50Weale's Dict. Terms s.v., When an engine, carriage, or train is moved off the main line to a siding, it is then said to be ‘shunted’. 1852F. S. Williams Our Iron Roads App. 384 [A] porter.., while holding the points to shunt a train, had his ankle injured. 1881Times 19 Jan. 10/2 The train was accordingly shunted on to the up line and proceeded back to town. 1907J. H. Patterson Man-Eaters of Tsavo i. 14 The train was shunted back to where the ostrich had fallen.
absol.1852F. S. Williams Our Iron Roads App. 378 Passenger train came into collision with an engine which was shunting.
b. fig. To push aside or out of the way; to side-track; also, to get rid of.
1858Sat. Rev. 13 Mar. 261/2 Practically, General Peel is not shunted, but shelved. 1869‘Wat. Bradwood’ The O.V.H. xix, Which [horse] had we best shunt?..one's as good as the other to win, but the price makes all the difference. 1887Lowell Old Eng. Dramatists (1892) 3 Since then,..my mind has been shunted off upon the track of other duties. 1904M. Sinclair Divine Fire 255 That two hundred ought to be three thousand, and if it isn't paid I shall have to shunt the business.
5. a. intr. To move off the main line; to move from one line of rails to another.
1851N. & Q. Ser. i. III. 204/2 At a certain station the parliamentary ‘shunts’ to let the Express pass. 1883Harper's Mag. Mar. 537/1 There we would wait, and back and shunt and change.
b. transf. and fig. To move out of the way.
The dial. (Lancs., etc.) use = ‘to go away, be off’ may be in part a direct development from sense 1.
1869‘Wat. Bradwood’ The O.V.H. xix, It's no use at all for us two to run against each other, that's flat; our horse shall shunt for your'n, if your'n won't for ours. 1892G. R. Lowndes Camping Sk. 26 Let's shunt from here.
6. a. Electr. To divert (a portion of an electric current) by means of a shunt (see shunt n. 2); also, to divert current from (a galvanometer).
1873F. Jenkin Electr. & Magn. xvi. §3 (1881) 235 If a galvanometer with the resistance G be shunted by a shunt of the resistance S, the resistance of the shunted galvanometer will be [etc.]. 1878Telegr. Jrnl. 15 Sept. 376/1 The necessary portion of the current is shunted off from the galvanometer. 1911Hobart Dict. Electr. Engin. II. 617/1 A winding which shunts or by-passes a portion of the main supply.
b. Med. To pass (blood) through a shunt. Cf. shunt n. 2 c.
1923Medicine II. 18 A condition..in patients with congenital perforate septum of the heart, where a fraction of the blood is shunted directly from the right heart to the left without passing through the lungs. 1950Best & Taylor Physiol. Basis of Med. Pract. (ed. 5) xxxv. 435/1 Most of the blood is shunted to the arterial side through channels which normally close at, or shortly after, birth.
7. To turn (the shot) in a shunt rifled gun by means of a shunt or curve in the rifling (see shunt n. 4, 5 b).
1866Chamb. Encycl. VIII. 698/2 When the groove becomes narrowed..the shot is shunted over to the left.
8. Stock Exchange. (See quot.)
1908Times 22 Jan., Forbidding them to shunt, according to the definition of shunting which seems to be generally received—namely, dealing between markets by London and provincial firms on joint account, and with a division of profits and losses. |