| 释义 |
▪ I. shutter, n.|ˈʃʌtə(r)|
[f. shut v. + -er1.]
1. a. gen. One who or something which shuts.
1611Cotgr., Fermeur, a shutter, closer, fastener. 1683Snape Anat. Horse iv. ii. (1686) 153 The two other Muscles of the Eye-lid are called Shutters. 1788Act 28 Geo. III, c. 51 §18 Watermen, Lock Shutters, Pound Keepers. 1907Outlook 3 Jan. 12/1 Janus in the old mythology was the porter of heaven, the ‘opener’ and the ‘shutter’.
b. Also with advs. as shutter up, shutter-in.
1542Brinklow Lament. (1874) 110 Well ye bysshoppes, and ye chanons of the churche of Beell, ye shutters vp of Godes Worde. 1611Cotgr., Obturateur, a stopper or shutter vp. c1633B. Jonson Eupheme, Elegie on my Muse 219 That houre, The last of houres, and shutter up of all. 1869E. J. Reed Shipbuild. xxi. 468 If the plate were a ‘shutter in’ of a strake both butts would require to be fitted against plates already in place.
2. spec.
a. A movable wooden or iron screen, applied to the outside or the inside of a window, to shut out the light or to ensure privacy or safety.
It may consist of a single board or plate (hinged like a door, sliding in a frame, or altogether detachable), of a number of boards or plates hinged together, or of a combination of laths or flat rods of wood or metal working on rollers. A window may have one shutter or several.
Phr. to put up the shutters: to bring one's business to a close for the day or permanently.
[1683Tryon Way to Health 178 The close drawing of the Window-Shutters, Hangings, and Curtains.] 1720S. Sewall Diary 20 Oct. (1882) III. 270 She..clos'd the Shutters. 1792J. Belknap Hist. New-Hampsh. III. 258 Another hole is made in the side of the house for a window, which is occasionally closed with a wooden shutter. 1814Wordsw. Excurs. vii. 178 Yet were the windows of the low abode By shutters weather-fended. 1819Ann. Reg., Chron. (1820) 42 One of the watchmen heard a noise at one of the shutters [of the shop]. 1837Dickens O. Twist (1838) I. iv. 62 The undertaker had just put up the shutters of his shop, and was making some entries in his day-book. Ibid. v, Take down the shutters, yer idle young ruffian! 1863Appleby's Handbk. Mach. & Iron Work 95 Patent revolving iron shutters. 1877Trollope Amer. Senator I. iii. 27 If..you won't have any client that isn't a gentleman, you might as well put up your shutters at once. 1889Ld. Lytton in Lady B. Balfour Lett. (1906) II. 389 He is only lingering now to put up the Parliamentary shutters. 1890Conan Doyle Capt. Polestar, etc. 172 A few old-established houses..put up their shutters and confessed themselves beaten.
¶ With reference to the use as an improvised litter or stretcher for carrying a person who has been wounded or taken ill.
1843Dickens Christmas Carol ii. 60 As if the other fiddler had been carried home, exhausted, on a shutter. 1859Lever Dav. Dunn lxxi, I made it clear that you were really married, and to the daughter of a man that would send you home on a shutter, if you threw any doubt on it.
b. A folding cover hinged to a picture-frame in order to protect the picture from light, dust, etc.
a1700Evelyn Diary 8 Feb. 1645, That admirable paynting of Raphael..preserv'd in shutters of wainscott. 1762–71H. Walpole Vertue's Anecd. Paint. (1786) I. 224 He..painted..in St. Peter's, the shutters of an altar-piece. 1909Q. Rev. July 169 An admirable altar-piece..which consisted of a magnificent centre-piece of goldsmith's work and shutters adorned with paintings.
c. Photogr. A device for opening and closing the aperture of a lens in order to regulate the duration of the exposure.
1862Catal. Internat. Exhib. II. xiii. 9 A camera and shutter of new design. 1907J. A. Hodges Elem. Photogr. (ed. 6) 17 A reliable shutter..of the roller-blind..type.
d. Founding. A gate or movable partition designed to cut off the passage to a mould from the channel in which the molten metal flows.
1856Illustr. Lond. News 23 Aug. 194/1 The shutter, or gate, was then lifted, and the metal allowed to flow.
e. Organ-building. pl. The louvre-boards forming one or more sides of the swell-box, which are opened and shut by a pedal or lever, so as to regulate the volume of sound from the swell-organ.
1881C. A. Edwards Organs 122 The swell shutters should be left open.
f. (See quot.)
1883Gresley Gloss. Coal-mining 220 Shutter. 1. A movable sliding door having balance weights attached, fitted within the outer casing of the Guibal fan, for regulating the size of the opening... 2. The vibrating arm or door of the Cooke Ventilator.
g. Clockmaking. (See quot.)
1884F. J. Britten Watch & Clockm. 35 Bolt and Shutter. An obsolete contrivance for keeping clocks going while winding. During the going of the clock the shutter—a plate of metal—stood in front of the winding square.
h. A lid or slide for obscuring the light of a lamp or lantern.
1910J. Buchan Prester John i. 11 An evil-smelling old tin lantern with a shutter. 1911Act 1 & 2 Geo. V, c. 45 §4 (4) Every light carried on a locomotive..shall be fitted with such shutters or other contrivances as will enable the light to be temporarily screened in an effective manner.
i. (See quot.)
1898Encycl. Sport II. 168/2 (Punt shooting) Shutter, the movable portion of the wash streak, through which the punter works his punt with paddles or set pole.
j. A device for regulating the supply of cooling air to the radiator of an internal-combustion engine.
1918Aëronaut. Jrnl. XXII. 119 A metal ring is in position on the underside of the radiators within reach of the pilot. This is apparently intended to carry a semi⁓circular disc to act as a radiator shutter. 1935Times 2 Oct. 6/5 The temperature of the water is controlled by thermostatically-operated radiator shutters. 1957Frazee & Eshelman Tractors & Crawlers v. 173 Shutters..are used on some tractors to reduce the air flow through the radiator. 1971M. Tak Truck Talk 142 Shutters, louvers that are located between the tractor's grill and the radiator of the engine and that open and close like venetian blinds.
3. attrib. and Comb.: simple attrib., as shutter-bar, shutter-bolt, shutter-hinge, shutter-panel; objective, as shutter-maker. Also shutter-blind, a blind with louvres to admit air; shutter-case, a box or fitting into which shutters may be put or folded when not in use; shutter-dam, a dam having gates which are opened and closed by hydraulic pressure obtained by water driven through pipes by means of a turbine; shutter eye (see quot. a 1884); shutter-front, -lid, a covering or lid constructed to roll up after the manner of a flexible shutter; shutter-rebate, a groove cut into a window-frame to support a shutter; shutter-stand = shutter-case; shutter-telegraph = semaphore; shutter weir, a type of movable weir consisting of one or more leaves pivoted about a horizontal axis at or towards the bottom and held nearly vertical until released.
1737Salmon's Country Builder's Estimator (ed. 2) 103 Upright Window-Bars, *Shutter-Bars.
1833Loudon Encycl. Archit. §555 In *shutter blinds..the movement is effected by a lever handle fixed on one of the luffer boards.
1737Salmon's Country Builder's Estimator (ed. 2) 112 *Shutter Bolts are sold from 10s. 6d. to 18s. 6d. per Dozen.
1810Hull Improv. Act 55 [To] make any..*shutter-cases or shutter-stands.
1884Knight Dict. Mech. Suppl., *Shutter Dam.
a1884Knight Dict. Mech. Suppl. 807/2 *Shutter eye, an eye for hanging a shutter to, having a projecting flange or support, which is built into the wall. 1930Gen. Catal. Tools & Supplies (Buck & Hickman Ltd.) 1081 (heading) Pointed gate and shutter hooks and eyes.
1887Pall Mall Gaz. 22 Aug. 11/2 A finely wrought gilt frame with a *shutter front to conceal its contents.
1737Salmon's Country Builder's Estimator (ed. 2) 107 *Shutter-Hinges are sold by the Dozen.
1901Lady's Realm X. 652/2 A small secretaire in satin-wood with a *shutter lid.
1881Instr. Census Clerks (1885) 54 *Shutter maker.
1903Conrad & Hueffer Romance iii. 20 Rangsley knocked on a *shutter-panel.
1901P. M. Johnston in Archæol. Jrnl. 64 A shallow *shutter-rebate. 1810*Shutter-stand [see shutter-case].
1859Sala Tw. round Clock (1861) 301 Some [dancers] are inclined..to..imitate the action of the old *shutter-telegraphs with their arms.
1880Engineering 30 Jan. 102/1 The needle and *shutter weirs had been the most extensively adopted, and were the best types of movable weirs... The shutter weir was the most suitable for high weirs across rapid rivers, and where the navigation was conducted by flushing. 1928F. Johnstone-Taylor River Engin. iii. 69 The shutter weir, as a form of barrage, is not a new introduction, having been used..principally in Central Europe, for a number of years.
b. Photogr. (cf. 2 c). In shutter-adjustment, shutter-speed, shutter-work; instrumental, shutter-exposure, shutter-exposed adj.; objective, shutter-setting. Also shutter-bug slang (orig. U.S.), an enthusiastic photographer; also attrib.; shutter priority, used attrib. and absol. to designate automatic working in which the user sets the shutter speed and leaves the appropriate aperture to be set by the camera when the exposure is made; shutter release, the button on a camera that is pressed to cause the shutter to open; shutter speed, the nominal time for which a shutter is open at a given setting.
1892Photogr. Ann. II. 331 The lens and part of the *shutter adjustment are in view.
1940Amer. Speech XV. 357 The amateur..is known as a clicker, a snapper,..a *shutterbug. 1972New Nation (Singapore) 25 Nov. 9/8 It is unspoilt by shutter-bug tourists. 1979Arizona Daily Star 8 Apr. 1. 3/6 (Advt.), 4 canyon tours... Our best for shutterbugs includes round trip transportation & lodgings plus photo stop at Casa Grande Ruins.
1891Anthony's Photogr. Bull. iv. 323 A rapid *shutter exposed plate.
1889Ibid. ii. 317 These plates after development are compared with the negative of *shutter exposure.
1974L. Gaunt Canon Reflex Way 24 The system can be converted to *shutter-priority automatic working. 1978SLR Camera Aug. 31/1 (Advt.), With the new Minolta XD7 a flick of a switch allows you to change the system to suit the subject—shutter priority or aperture priority or fully manual.
1958Newnes Compl. Amat. Photogr. 37 At the B setting, the shutter remains open as long as the *shutter release is kept pressed. 1979Amat. Photographer 30 May 97/3 Initial pressure on the shutter release lights the viewfinder LEDs which indicate the speed to be chosen by the camera.
1892Photogr. Ann. II. Advt. p. cclxxx, Plate-changing and *shutter-setting is effected by simply drawing out and pushing back the rod shown in block.
1889Anthony's Photogr. Bull. ii. 335 The *shutter speed was slower in comparison with the moving train. 1906R. C. Bayley Compl. Photographer xiii. 158 In the Frena camera a method of regulating the shutter speed by regulating the size of the opening in a rotating disc was employed. 1977J. Hedgecoe Photographer's Handbk. 162 Fast shutter speeds—say 1/250 sec or shorter—usually eliminate problems of camera shake.
1891Anthony's Photogr. Bull. iv. 323 For rapid *shutter work..the best plan is to use a medium quantity of alkali.
Senses 2 a–j in Dict. become 2 b–k. Add:Also 7 shuter. [2.] a. Theatr. Either of a pair of movable flats or back-scenes run in from opposite wings to meet in the middle of the stage. Also † side shutter. Now chiefly Hist.
1634in R. Southern Changeable Scenery (1952) i. 36 Not to draw ye upper shuters but ye masqu[er]s form ye under being draw[n]e. c1640Lansdowne MS. 1171 in Portfolio (1889) 92/1 Came down from y⊇ roof before y⊇ upper part of y⊇ syde shutters, whereby y⊇ grooves above were hidden, and also y⊇ house behind them. 1889Portfolio 91/2 Inigo Jones..worked his changes by means of slips or, as he calls them, ‘shutters’, with a large painted scene on a frame at the back. There are several sets of designs for these shutters at Chatsworth. 1921[see run v. 50 d]. 1985Observer 16 June 19/1 ‘Figaro’ is simply ‘The Marriage of Figaro’ itself, reduced for six solo singers and a piano quartet, given in what looks like a budget touring production, wittily designed on shutters.
l. Building. = form n. 18 b. Cf. shuttering vbl. n. 2 b.
1965G. P. Manning Wynn's Design & Construction of Formwork (ed. 5) i. 3 If necessary shutters should be given a further coat of mould oil before re-use. 1973J. S. Foster Structure & Fabric i. ii. 27/2 Steel formwork units combining wall and floor shutters. 1989Construction News 8 June 29/1 Soon after blasting, the roof was stabilised with steel fibre reinforced shotcrete and rockbolting, followed by concreting within an elaborate hydraulically positioned shutter.
▪ II. shutter, v.|ˈʃʌtə(r)|
[f. shutter n.]
1. trans. To close with a shutter. Also with adv.
1826B. Hall in Lockhart Scott (1839) VIII. 360, I found the windows shuttered up. 1856Lever Martins of Cro' M. xxix. 309 The doors were closed, the windows shuttered. 1863Dickens Uncomm. Trav. xxi, Here is Garraway's, bolted and shuttered hard and fast. 1897Spectator 26 June 909/1 An appeal to the people of Kilrush to shutter their shops. 1910J. Buchan Prester John i. 15 Tam who had seized and shuttered his lantern, coming last.
b. transf. and fig.
1882Society 16 Dec. 16/2 The basilisk glance..had to be shuttered down. c1886Kipling Other Verses (1899) 102, I took a country twice the size of France, And shuttered up one doorway in the North. 1887Hardy Woodlanders xviii, The windows of Fitzpiers's soul being at present shuttered. 1892Kipling Barrack-room Ballads 175, I barred my gates with iron, I shuttered my doors with flame.
2. refl. (with advb. complement). To close oneself in, shut oneself off, with shutters.
1878Stevenson Inland Voy. 60 A workman or a pedlar cannot shutter himself off from his less comfortable neighbours. 1880Athenæum 14 Aug. 203 The farmers..would shutter themselves in and drink strong beer and gin for days and days on end. |