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Siemens
(ˈsiːmənz, ‖ ˈziːməns)
The name of four German-born brothers, Ernst Werner (1816–92), Karl Wilhelm or Charles William (1823–83), Friedrich (1826–1904), and Karl (1829–1906) (von) Siemens, used attrib. and in the possessive:
1. To denote processes or devices discovered, invented, or developed by one or more of the brothers.
The brothers were closely associated in invention and manufacturing, and it is frequently not possible to attribute a given invention or process to any one of them. Their name is often combined with that of another inventor.
a. Steel-making. Sometimes in Comb. with the name of Pierre Blaise Emile Martin (1824–1915), French engineer, as Siemens pyrometer, Siemens regenerator; Siemens('s) furnace, an open-hearth furnace; Siemens–Martin furnace = Siemens furnace; Siemens–Martin process, the process, invented by Martin, of melting pig iron and scrap steel together in a Siemens furnace, usu. in alkaline conditions; Siemens process, a process similar to the Siemens–Martin process, but usu. carried out in acidic conditions; Siemens producer, a form of gas producer developed by the Siemens brothers (see producer 3).
1866Chambers's Jrnl. 25 Aug. 543/2 For..any.. process in which an intense heat is required, the Siemens furnace is eminently suitable. 1875Ure's Dict. Arts (ed. 7) III. 909 Another modification of the Siemens process consists in the use of finely-divided iron in the spongy state..instead of bars or other manufactured forms of malleable iron. Ibid. 910 Two processes are employed at the Landore works: the Siemens-Martin process, which consists..in dissolving scrap-metal or steel in a bath of pig-metal, to which spiegeleisen is finally added; and the ore-reducing process. a1877Knight Dict. Mech. III. 2365/2 In the Martin-Siemens reverberatory furnace the decarbonization of the pig-iron is effected by the reactions, upon the molten bath, of wrought-iron or ore and of the furnace-flame. 1877Siemens producer [see regenerator 2 a]. 1879Encycl. Brit. IX. 846/1 The most perfect method of utilizing the waste heat hitherto applied is that of the Siemens regenerator, in which the spent gases are made to travel through chambers, known as regenerators or recuperators of heat. 1881Ibid. XIII. 294/2 The calorific value of a unit of weight of gas from a Siemens producer is about 650. Ibid. 304/1 The other Siemens pyrometer depends on the alteration of the electrical resistance of a platinum wire when heated. Ibid. 305/1 The ball of a Siemens pyrometer can be introduced into the tuyere through the orifice. Ibid. 348/2 The Pernot furnace..is substantially a Siemens-Martin furnace with a rotating bed. 1923Glazebrook Dict. Appl. Physics V. 515/1 The development of the mass production of steel by the Bessemer, Siemens, and subsequent processes rendered modern engineering possible on the present scale. 1973R. D. Pehlke Unit Processes Extractive Metallurgy iv. 88 The Siemens-Martin process, commonly referred to as the open hearth process, was developed at about the same time as the Thomas process. 1974Encycl. Brit. Macropædia XVII. 640/1 The Siemens furnace used a grate for burning solid fuel,..and the duct⁓work necessary to convey the gases from one end of the furnace to the regenerator chamber and the hot air to the grate at the other end was complex and inefficient. Ibid., Pierre and Emile Martin in France in 1864 built a furnace that was fired by gas and placed a set of two Siemens regenerator chambers at each end of the furnace. Ibid., This furnace became known as the Siemens-Martin furnace, or, more commonly, as the open-hearth furnace.
b. In similar technical applications, as Siemens('s) direction finder, Siemens dynamo, Siemens (electro-)-dynamometer, Siemens relay, Siemens wattmeter, and in the names of various forms of lamp.
1867R. S. Culley Handbk. Pract. Telegr. (ed. 2) ix. 184 Siemens' relay consists of an electromagnet of the usual horse-shoe form. 1879Telegr. Jrnl. VII. 318/2 (heading) Siemens' electric lamp. Ibid. 412/2 (heading) Siemens' differential electric lamp. 1882Encycl. Brit. XIV. 633/1 In the Siemens differential lamp,..a potential or shunt coil and a current coil oppose each other; as the arc lengthens the current becomes less, and the potential greater, each acting to cause the carbons to approach. 1884H. R. Kempe Handbk. Electr. Testing (ed. 3) xii. 284 Like galvanometers, the Siemens electro-dynamometer is not susceptible of great accuracy when readings are very low. 1886J. Maier Arc & Blow Lamps v. 40 A large Siemens' dynamo at 450 revolutions after two hours' work became so hot that the electro-magnets began to fire. 1892W. P. Maycock Electr. Lighting & Power Distribution I. v. 122 Siemens' wattmeter is very similar in appearance to the electro-dynamometer. 1912Motor Manual (ed. 14) iii. 125 The Siemens metallic tungsten lamps are practically unaffected by shock. 1922Glazebrook Dict. Appl. Physics II. 4/1 If the current measured passes through both coils the scale division will approximately follow a ‘square law’, as in the case of the Siemens dynamometer. 1927S. H. Long Navigational Wireless v. 86 (heading) Instructions for operating the Siemens direction finder. 1930T. E. Herbert Telegraphy (ed. 5) viii. 258 Siemens-Halske Relay. This relay is developed from the original Siemen's [sic] relay. 1966McGraw-Hill Encyl. Sci. & Technol. IV. 476/2 If the same current flows through all coils in series, as in the early Siemen's [sic] electrodynamometer.., the instrument can be calibrated as an ammeter.
2. Electr.
†a. A unit of resistance, used esp. in Germany, slightly smaller than the ohm. Usu. in the possessive, as Siemens'(s) unit. Obs.
1867R. S. Culley Handbk. Pract. Telegr. (ed. 2) ii. 30 ‘Siemens' Unit’ is one metre of pure mercury, of one square millimetre section, at a temperature of 32°. Thus the Ohm and the Siemens are really alike. 1899J. E. Young Electr. Testing for Telegraph Engineers iv. 48 A third standard, Siemens's unit, equals 0·954 B.A. ohm.
b. (Usu. written siemens.) [Named after Charles William Siemens.] A unit of conductance, equivalent to the mho.
1935Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. XXI. 579 (table) Siemens. 1936Jrnl. Inst. Electr. Engineers LXXVIII. 238/2 The names ‘hertz’ and ‘siemens’ likewise were voted for the names of the practical units of frequency and conductance respectively. 1963Jerrard & McNeill Dict. Sci. Units 128 The siemens is the practical unit of conductance and is equivalent to the mho... The unit, although approved by the I.E.C. in 1933 has not yet replaced the mho. 1972[see Pascal 2]. 1978Nature 27 July 379/1 Unit ion conductances of a few picosiemens or greater have been reported. |