| 释义 |
▪ I. clump, n.|klʌmp|
[Known since end of 16th c. Agrees in form and meaning with LG. klump, MLG. klumpe (whence also mod.G. klumpe(n), Du. klomp, MDu. clompe, lump, mass. Cf. OE. clympre, clumper. There is no evidence to show whether the English goes back with these to OLG. or WGer., or is of later adoption from LG. The stem klump- appears in ON. with another grade of the labial as klumb-, whence klumba, klubba, club.
In sense 4 it is immediately derived from MDu. and MLG. clumpe, klumpe, Du. klomp a wooden shoe, i.e. a shoe entirely shaped out of a lump of wood (as worn by the North German peasantry); which is a special application of the Du. and LG. word as given above. Although, therefore, this use has not been developed in English from the radical sense, it may be treated as belonging to the same word, esp. as there is a general association of meaning: cf. also clump v.
Klumb- was probably a nasalized form of *kluƀ-; comparing this with the stem kulƀ- of OHG. cholbo, OLG. *kolƀa (MLG. and MDu. colve, Du. kolf ‘club’), and ON. kolfr javelin, kylfi, kylfa ‘knot, club’, we are led to a pre-Teut. *glbh, whence app. L. globus rounded mass, ball.]
1. a. A compact mass or piece, a heap, a lump (often implying clumsiness of form).
c1690B. E. Dict. Cant. Crew, Clump, a Heap or Lump. 1721Bradley Philos. Acc. Wks. Nat. 120 Frog Spawn..is brought forth in a clump. 1755Johnson, Clump, a shapeless piece of wood or other matter, nearly equal in its dimensions. 1767Monro in Phil. Trans. LVII. 503 In this crystallisation the salt seemed to form in clumps. 1868E. Garrett Occup. Retired Life vii. (1869) 141 A baker gave me a clump o' bread. 1872Dana Corals ii. 144 The bluff declivity with its clinging clumps.
b. A staff; a heavy stick. dial.
1868N. & Q. 4th Ser. II. 152/2 He knocked and thump'd wi' his oaken clump.
c. A blow, knock. colloq.
1889Jerome Three Men in Boat i. 7 They didn't give me pills; they gave me clumps on the side of the head. 1894Blackmore Perlycross III. vi. 112 He dropped on the flags with a clump in his ear.
d. A heavy, clumping sound, esp. of a boot or shoe.
1891J. J. H. Burgess Rasmie's Büddie 10 Da crackin o shairs, an da clump o a clug. 1982W. Boyd Ice-cream War i. i. 13 He climbed the stairs, acutely aware of the clump of his boots on the wood.
2. a. ‘A cluster of trees; a tuft of trees or shrubs’ (J.); now also, a compact mass or patch of any growing plant, e.g. a clump of lily of the valley.
a1586Answ. Cartwright 44 Are a clump of fruite trees called an orcharde, yf they stand open in the fielde without a fence? 1759B. Martin Nat. Hist. Eng. I. Hants 117 Two large Clumps of Scots Fir Trees. 1766Pennant Zool. (1768) II. 344 It builds its nest..on some dry clump among the reeds. 1841–4Emerson Ess. Friendship Wks. (Bohn) I. 89 That clump of waving grass that divides the brook. 1845Darwin Voy. Nat. i. (1879) 3 A large clump of bananas. 1882Vines Sachs' Bot. 369 New clumps of young plants.
b. By extension, a compact group of other objects. Also applied to a group of people.
1870Hawthorne Eng. Note-Bks. (1879) I. 121 The clump of village houses. a1891Mod., Crochet Directions. Clump of four long stitches; clump of six long stitches. 1896Harper's Mag. XCII. 772/1 Clumps of Frenchmen were smashed to pieces, one on top of the other.
c. Printing. (See quots.)
1875J. Southward Dict. Typogr. (ed. 2) 14 Metal clumps are used in place of white-lines at the bottom of newspaper and other columns to protect the letters from slipping in locking-up, when the foot-stick is short. They are cast in the same manner as leads, only of a thicker body. 1922W. H. Slater What Compositor should Know 54 Clumps is the name given to leads when they are cast thicker than 3 pt.
d. An agglutinated mass of bacteria, blood cells, or platelets.
1896Proc. R. Soc. LIX. 225 The most prominent of the effects..consists of an immediate aggregation of the bacteria into ‘clumps’; this is combined with loss of motility. 1899G. Newman Bacteria App. 343 The clumps of bacilli having fallen owing to gravity. 1939Dible & Davis Pathology iii. 38 The massing of a number of platelets which adhere and form a minute clump upon the inside of the vessel wall. 1964M. Hynes Med. Bacteriol. (ed. 8) vii. 85 When antibody reacts with the antigenic surface of bacteria, the bacteria are agglutinated into clumps which fall down as coarse floccules.
3. clumps: a parlour game of questions and answers, also called clubs.
Played by two sides; two members, one from each side, agree upon the name of something; each side then gathers in a close group or clump round the member of the other side, and tries to find out from him by questions, answered only by ‘yes’ or ‘no’, the thing thought of, the contest being to try which side shall first succeed in doing this.
1883M. E. Braddon Gold. Calf xxvii. 314 Charades, clumps, consequences, dumb crambo.
4. A thick extra sole on a shoe, either added outside the sole proper after the shoe is made, or inserted between the sole and bottom of the shoe in the process of making. [In this use the word has app. passed through the senses of wooden shoe, wooden sole or clog, to that of extra thick sole.] Hence clump-boot, -shoe, a heavy boot or shoe with a clump-sole, or thick double sole for rough wear; whence clump-soled adj.
1879M. E. Braddon Clov. Foot xxxiv. 266 Put on your waterproof and clump soles.
5. Mining. The compressed clay of coal strata; = clunch.
1865in Brande.
6. Comb., as clump-block, Naut. (see quots.); clump-boot, etc., see 4; clump-built a., ? clumsily built; clump-foot = club-foot; (cf. clumped ppl. a. 1.); clump-headed a. (see quot.).
c1860H. Stuart Seaman's Catech. 37 *Clump blocks used..for lower tacks and sheets, clews of topsails, etc.; or where a short and thick block will answer the purpose of the common ones. 1882Nares Seamanship (ed. 6) 34 They are rove through iron-bound clump blocks.
1809W. Irving Knickerb. (1861) 208 Those *clump-built sloops.
1922Chambers's Jrnl. 863/2 He had a *clump-foot.
1827H. Steuart Planter's G. (1828) 126 When the leading shoots of the stem begin to lose their preeminence, and gradually disappear among the other branches, the top of the Tree assumes a rounded form, and becomes what is called *clump-headed.
¶ Erroneously used for clamp.
1825J. Nicholson Operat. Mechanic 317 The frame carrying the dividing-point or tracer..may be there fastened by tightening two clumps. c1860H. Stuart Seaman's Catech. 69 Supported by iron clumps called knees.
▪ II. clump, v.|klʌmp|
[Partly from clump n.; partly with onomatopœic modifications: cf. clamp.]
1. a. intr. To walk or tread heavily and clumsily.[This has associations with clump n. 4, or its Du. sources. People clump with klumpen or wooden shoes.] 1665Bunyan Holy Citie in Brown Bunyan viii. 178 It is not every clown with his clumping dirty shoes that is admitted. c1825Mrs. Cameron Houlston Tracts II. No. 54. 5 If I was to clump about the house in those clodhopping shoes. 1853‘C. Bede’ Verdant Green ix, Clumping with his lame leg up and down the pavement. 1862Sala Seven Sons I. ix. 214 He..clumped about in his sabots.
b. trans. To strike, punch, or beat. colloq. or dial.
1864Derby Day 52, I want to clump them. It will spoil sport to call in the bobbies. 1896A. Morrison Child Jago 162 Dicky ‘clumped’ Bobby Roper whenever he could get hold of him. 1903Daily Chron. 10 Mar. 9/7 When I woke up I found my boy's hand in my pocket, and I clumped him, as a father should. 1924Blackw. Mag. Feb. 145/1 [He] impartially..clumped the ears of each youth in turn.
2. a. To put together into a ‘clump’, heap, or mass; to plant in a clump.
1824Miss Mitford Village Ser. i. (1863) 26 They are paid according to the quantity they plant: and some..used to be accused of clumping them—that is..of dropping more than one bean into a hole. 1826Ibid. Ser. ii. 423 Two or three [words] were crammed into one lot, clumped, as the bean-setters say. 1869Parkman Disc. Gt. West v. (1875) 63 The women..wore their hair clumped in a mass behind each ear.
b. intr. To form a clump or clumps (clump n. 2 d). Hence ˈclumping vbl. n.
1896Lancet 19 Dec. 1746/2 A new method of diagnosis of the fever by means of the clumping or agglutinative effect upon living typhoid bacilli. Ibid. 1747/1 Serums of immunised animals..have little or no clumping action. 1898[see agglutinate v. 2 b]. 1903Med. Rec. 28 Feb. 358/2 The Seal Harbor bacillus refused absolutely to clump in any dilution above 1—10. 1908Practitioner June 838, ·1 per cent. saline solution, in which the organisms lose to a large extent their natural property of clumping. 1951Sun (Baltimore) 31 May 3/4 When people recover from leprosy, their blood no longer causes clumping in the blood test. 1967W. H. R. Lumsden in D. M. Weir Handbk. Exper. Immunol. xxvii. 895 Reactions varied from ‘pre-agglutination’, characterized by immobilization without clumping,..to occasional small aggregations.
3. To put a clump on the sole of a shoe, to add an extra thick sole: to ‘clog’.
Mod. To have the children's shoes clumped for the winter. |