| 释义 |
▪ I. cluster, n.|ˈklʌstə(r)|
Forms: 1 clyster, 4–7 clustre, 5 clustyr, (clowster), closter, clostre, (6 (Spenser) gluster, 8 clusture), 4– cluster.
[OE. clyster, rarely cluster = North Ger. kluster.
Cluster app.:—OTeut. *klū̆stro-, from *klū̆t-tro-, from same root as clot, clout, cleat: see clot.]
1. A collection of things of the same kind, as fruits or flowers, growing closely together; a bunch.
a. Originally of grapes (in which sense bunch is now the usual term).
a800Corpus Gloss. 318 (O.E.T. 45) Botrum, clystri. c1000ælfric Voc. in Wr.-Wülcker 139/7 Bacido, botrus, clyster. c1000ælfric Deut. xxxii. 32 Ðæt biteroste clyster. 1382Wyclif Song Solomon vii. 8 Thi tetes shul ben as the clustris of a vyne. c1450Mirour Saluacioun 2484 Two exploratours..Yt broght the grape clustre. 1595Spenser Col. Clout 600 The glusters of ripe grapes. 1611Bible Micah vii. 1 There is no cluster to eate. 1713Young Last Day i. 216 Spread all thy purple clusters, tempting vine. 1830M. Donovan Dom. Econ. I. 273 The stem which holds the cluster is half cut through.
fig.1607Hieron Wks. I. 146 A cluster of the ciuill or common law is better, in their seeming, than a whole vintage of diuinity.
b. Of other fruits, or of flowers; also of other natural growths, as the eggs of reptiles, the air-cells of the lungs, etc.
1382Wyclif Song Solomon i. 13 The clustre of cipre tree my lemman to me. c1400Mandeville xxvi. (1839) 265 Apples..Mo than an 100 in a cluster. 1483Cath. Angl. 69 A Cluster of nuttis, complustrum. 1555Eden Decades W. Ind. iii. x. (Arb.) 179 Their egges are engendered in..clusters. 1668Culpepper & Cole Barthol. Anat. 349 Five Vertebrae..in a cluster like a round ball. 1851Carpenter Man. Phys. 400 Each of the ultimate ramifications of the bronchial tubes communicates with a cluster of these air-cells. 1880Gray Struct. Bot. No. 400 A Thyrsus is a compact panicle..such as the clusters of flowers of the lilac and horse-chestnut, a bunch of grapes, etc.
†2. A rounded mass or conglomeration; a clot, a ‘clutter’. Obs.
1387Trevisa Higden (Rolls) IV. 151 Under þe arisynge of þe sonne was i-seie a dredful cluster of fuyre. 1548Hall Chron. Hen. VIII an. 6 (1550) L j, Within the flappe of the lyft syde of his jacket, we fynde a great cluster of bloude.
3. a. A number of persons, animals, or things gathered or situated close together; an assemblage, group, swarm, crowd.
a1400–50Alexander 1438 (Ashm.), On ilka staffe of a staire stike wald a cluster [Dubl. clostre]. 1576Fleming Panoplie Ep. 275 The citizens, who..gathered together in a cluster at the gates. 1626Purchas Pilgrims ii. 1045 As bees doe in the sunne, all in a cluster. 1697W. Dampier Voy. (R.), The cluster of islands, lying south of the Andeman Islands. 1835Sir J. Ross N.W. Pass. x. 148 Some clusters of islets.
b. fig. Of immaterial things.
1768–74Tucker Lt. Nat. (1852) II. 448 Sensitive and reflective ideas..will run together in clusters. 1855H. Spencer Princ. Psychol. (1872) I. ii. ii. 175 The component feelings can unite into coherent..clusters.
c. A group of faint stars forming a relatively dense mass, appearing as a nebula to the naked eye; a star-cluster; also applied to larger coherent groups of stars, nebulæ, and galaxies. Also attrib.
1727–38, etc. [see nebula 3 a]. 1854Tomlinson Arago's Astron. 47 Objects, which had been called nebulæ, are evidently nothing but clusters of stars. 1859Herschel Outl. Astron. xvii. 634 In the sword-handle of Perseus, also, is another such spot, crowded with stars, which requires rather a better telescope to resolve into individuals separated from each other. These are called clusters of stars. Ibid. 637 Nebulæ..have been separated by him [sc. Sir W. Herschel] into—1st. Clusters of stars, in which the stars are clearly distinguishable; and these, again into globular and irregular clusters. 1902S. I. Bailey in Ann. Astron. Observ. Harvard Coll. XXXVIII. 233 In other clusters..Subclass a appears to be the prevailing type, so much so that the variable stars of this subclass may perhaps be regarded as the typical cluster variables. The apparently perfect uniformity of the period, of the stars of this subclass, indicates that it is associated with some regular returning phenomenon. 1928Jeans Astron. & Cosmog. 26 It is not altogether clear to what extent the globular clusters and the moving clusters form distinct formations. 1930H. Shapley Star Clusters 7 The term ‘galactic cluster’, suggested by Trumpler.., is a natural name for the non-globular cluster, which is almost without exception near the galactic plane. It replaces the term ‘open cluster’, which has caused some confusion... The so-called moving clusters are merely the brighter and nearer of the galactic types in which radial or transverse motions have been measured.
d. Linguistics. A group of successive consonants.
1933Bloomfield Lang. viii. 131 The simplest way to describe the phonetic structure of a language is to state which non-syllabic phonemes or groups of non-syllabic phonemes (clusters) appear in the three possible positions. 1951S. Ullmann Princ. Semantics 48 The highly systematised rules governing the number and nature of initial clusters permissible in any given language (cf. the treatment of initial ps- in ‘psychology, pseudo-’) are among the direct phonemic criteria evolved to this end. 1952A. Cohen Phonemes of Eng. 69 By medial clusters we understand groups of consonant phonemes that occur between two vowels within the word.
4. Comb.
a. In names of certain plants having clustered fruit, as cluster-cherry, cluster-grape, cluster-nectarine, cluster-pine, cluster-potato, etc.;
b. cluster bomb, an anti-personnel bomb containing numerous metal pellets which spray out over a wide range on impact; hence as v. trans.; cluster-candlestick, a branched candlestick, a candelabrum; cluster-cherry, the bird-cherry or hag-berry (Prunus Padus); cluster-cup, a kind of fungus or morbid growth on the leaves of plants; cluster-pin, a breast-pin set with a cluster of stones; cluster-pore, each of a number of small pores or orifices forming part of the system of mucous canals opening on the surface in Chimæra; cluster ring, a ring with a cluster of stones; cluster-spring, a spiral carriage-spring, composed of several separate springs; † cluster-sugar, ? moist or raw sugar; † cluster-tene, the stalk of a bunch of grapes. See also clusterfist.
1967Guardian 8 May 9/4 ‘*Cluster bombs’ which, on impact, spray bullets around. 1968N.Y. Rev. Books 4 Jan. 4/1 The deadliest weapon of all, at least against personnel, were CBUs—cluster bomb units. Ibid. 5/2 It should prove interesting to hear..the defense of cluster-bombing a row of houses in the hope of finding a suspect.
1859Mrs. Gaskell Round the Sofa 7 A great *cluster-candlestick..bearing seven or eight wax-lights.
1731P. Miller Gard. Dict. s.v. Cerasus, The Flanders *Cluster-Cherry. 1823Wordsw. Scenery Lakes iii. 77 [The] wild cluster-cherry (here called heck-berry).
1883Gd. Words 733 Growing on the under sides of leaves may be found many beautiful little objects known as *clustercups. These clustercups are probably..conditions of rusts and mildews and brands.
1664Evelyn Kal. Hort. (1729) 234 Vines..Morillon, Chassela, *Cluster Grape. 1707–12J. Mortimer Husbandry (J.), The small black grape is by some called the currant, or clustergrape.
1873‘Mark Twain’ & C. D. Warner Gilded Age xxxiii. 301 He wore a diamond *cluster-pin and he parted his hair behind.
c1865Letheby in Circ. Sc. I. 106/1 The *cluster pine of Bordeaux (Pinus pinaster).
1895Proc. Zool. Soc. London 880 There is also an absence of primitive pores, and the *cluster-pores are very few in number.
1791Bentham Wks. (1838–43) X. 257 A good English acre should produce at least 480 bushels of the *cluster potato.
1897‘Mark Twain’ Following Equator xxxviii. 347 Showy *cluster-rings on her toes. a1910‘O. Henry’ Trimmed Lamp (1916) 170 She wore a cluster ring of huge imitation rubies. 1951Catal. Exhibits, Festival of Britain 39/1 Cluster rings, sapphire and diamond.
1694Westmacott Script. Herb. 35 Boiled and evaporated to the consistence of Honey, which when cold, is granulated to our *Clyster or Kitchin Sugar.
c1420Pallad. on Husb. x. 194 The *closter tenes in hoote picke be brent.
▪ II. cluster, v.|ˈklʌstə(r)|
Also 5 clustir, 6 clouster, cloyster; pa. tense and pple. 5 clustret, -id, -it, 5–7 clustred; pres. pple. 7–8 clustring.
[f. prec. n.]
I. trans.
1. To gather or group in a cluster. (Usually in pa. pple.)
1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. v. xlii. (1495) 159 The guttes ben clustred and bound togider. a1400–50Alexander 3668 Grapis of gracious stanes. Sum were of cristall clere clustrid to-gedire. 1712Steele Spect. No. 294 ⁋1 All the Jewels that..can be clustered in her Bosom. 1832H. Martineau Ella of Gar. i. 1 The islands which are clustered around the Western shore of Argyleshire. 1842Tennyson Two Voices xxiv, Not less..would..The fox⁓glove cluster dappled bells.
2. To furnish or cover with clusters. (In pa. pple.)
a1400–50Alexander 978 A clene croune on his hede clustird with gemmes. c1400Destr. Troy 1634 Ylion was..clustrit with towres. 1797Southey Lett. fr. Spain (1799) 158 Mountains clustered with the fruitful pines. 1830― Yng. Dragon iv, The walls and towers are cluster'd And every hill and height..is throng'd. 1856Masson Ess. Prose & V. 462 When the stem of the original poetic thought..is clustered over with rich parasitic fancies.
II. intr.
3. To congregate in a cluster or group; to assemble, collect closely.
1541Paynel Catiline xiv. 18 b, Cloustrynge together in companyes by nyght, they prepared weapons. 1576Fleming Panoplie Ep. 276 The rest clustering about mee. 1618Bolton Florus ii. vi. 96 Swarms of bees which clustred upon the Roman ensignes. 1742Young Nt. Th. iii. 63 Woes cluster; rare are solitary woes. 1837Disraeli Venetia i. x, They were glad to cluster round the large fire. 1884W. C. Smith Kildrostan 58 All their happiest memories cluster round Those of your name.
4. To grow or be situated in a cluster or in clusters, to form a cluster.
1590–1634 [see clustering ppl. a.]. 1798Wordsw. We are Seven i, Many a curl..clustered round her head. 1827Keble Chr. Y., Thursday bef. Easter, That grapes of gall Should cluster round thine healthiest shoot. 1860Maury Phys. Geog. Sea xi. §504 The antarctic icebergs which cluster off the Falkland Islands.
b. Of shot fired from a gun: see club v. 5 b.
c. intr. sense corresponding to 2. (Cf. to swarm with.)
1842S. Lover Handy Andy lii, Stupendous crags, clustering with all variety of verdure.
†5. To form into clots, to clot or stick together. Obs. rare. Cf. clutter.
1561Hollybush Hom. Apoth. 17 a, Put in eche of the bagges an vnce of cumin, and quilt the same bagges croswyse that the cumin do not cluster. |