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单词 collective
释义 collective, a. (n.)|kəˈlɛktɪv|
[ad. F. collectif, -ive, or L. collectīv-us, f. collect-us: see collect ppl. a. and -ive.]
A. adj.
1. a. Formed by collection of individual persons or things; constituting a collection; gathered into one; taken as a whole; aggregate, collected. (Opposed to individual, and to distributive: so also in sense 2.)
a1600Hooker Eccl. Pol. viii. iv. §7 In a collective body that hath not derived..the principality of power into some one or few.1642–3Earl of Newcastle Declar. in Rushw. (1721) V. 135 No Multitude of Men in the World, collective or representative.1781Tucker Cui Bono? iv. Wks. III. 97 Mankind, taken in their aggregate or collective Capacity.1819W. Taylor in Monthly Mag. XLVII. 31 A collective edition of his works.1868Milman St. Paul's vii. 150 The collective revenues of all these chantries.
b. Bot. Applied to a fruit formed by the aggregation of several flowers, as the mulberry and pine-apple. (Opposed to simple.)
1880Gray Struct. Bot. vii. §2. 291 Multiple or Collective fruits, formed by the union or compact aggregation of the pistils of several flowers.1883Worsley-Benison in Evang. Mag. Oct. 460 Fruits may be ‘Simple’, i.e. the produce of one flower, or ‘Collective’, the produce of many flowers.
2. a. Of, pertaining to, or derived from, a number of individuals taken or acting together; common.
1650Exerc. conc. Vsurped Powers 3 Their consent..may be collective, or representative.1658Browne Pseud. Ep. iii. xxv. 213 The collective judgement of the world.1796Morse Amer. Geog. II. 222 The prelates..have no personal but two collective votes.1806–31A. Knox Rem. (1844) I. 81 Where a collective and combined effect is to be produced.1843Carlyle Past & Pr. (1858) 94 We have already a Collective Wisdom.1875Hamerton Intell. Life ix. vi. 324 Our share and place in the collective life of humanity.
b. collective note: in diplomacy, an official communication signed by the representatives of several governments.
1863Kinglake Crimea I. 358 The Conference of the four Powers represented at Vienna had just agreed to the terms of a collective Note.
c. collective agreement, collective bargain, collective bargaining (see quot. 1923), collective piece-work (see quot. 1928); collective ownership, the ownership (of land, means of production, etc.) by a group of people or collective, or by the State, esp. in socialist theory.
1891B. Webb Cooperative Movement 217 Individualist exchange must follow individualist production, and give place to collective bargaining.Ibid., To gain a clear conception of the collective bargain.1891in N.E.D. s.v. Collectivism 1. 1900 Daily News 24 Dec. 5/6 The contracts should take the form of collective-bargains in which every man of the same class would share equally.1916‘Ian Hay’ First Hundred Thou. iii. 15 If you endeavour to drive a collective bargain with him [sc. the sergeant], you are mutinous.1923J. D. Hackett in Management Engineering May, Collective bargaining, a mode of fixing the terms of employment by means of bargaining power between an organized body of employees and an employer, or association of employers.1928Britain's Industr. Future (Liberal Ind. Inquiry) iii. xvi. 195 ‘Collective piece-work’, whereby a group of workers..are guaranteed their regular time-rates but are promised, over and above these, an agreed share of the costs they may save.1937W. Lippmann Good Society ii. v. 80 The socialist contention that the collective ownership of the means of production will produce a ‘classless’ state inhabited by a race of men who are purged of acquisitiveness and aggression is wishful thinking.1939J. W. Jones Nazi Conception of Law 24 Collective agreements in industry, so far as they are allowed, are naturally interpreted as enacted rules of law rather than as agreements.1955Times 14 June 3/3 Once workpeople became convinced that threats yielded better results than reasoned negotiations round the table the whole system of collective bargaining would collapse.1962E. Snow Other Side of River (1963) v. lix. 454 The brigades also have collective ownership. They{ddd}collectively own the mechanized tools, horses, cattle, small reservoirs, [etc.].1982Economist 25 Sept. 88/3 The Social Democrats [in Sweden]..are committed to bringing about a system of collective ownership in business by setting up investment funds, financed by excess profits and payroll taxes.
d. collective psychology, group or social psychology.
1898Psychol. Rev. July 348 Pseudo-scientists who have talked..of ‘collective’ psychology àpropos of the crowd, referring the word ‘psychology’ to the ‘social’ mind.1911S. Leacock Lit. Lapses 185 Studies in what may be termed collective psychology are essentially in keeping with the spirit of the present century.1917C. E. Long tr. Jung's Coll. Papers Analyt. Psychol. (ed. 2) xv. 453 The repression of the collective psyche..was a necessity for the development of the personality, because collective psychology and personal psychology are in a certain sense irreconcilable.
e. collective unconscious, in the theory of C. G. Jung, that part of the unconscious mind which derives from ancestral experience and is additional to the personal unconscious (see quots.).
1917D. Hecht tr. Jung's Psychol. Unconscious Processes in Coll. Papers (ed. 2) 432 The collective unconscious is the sediment of all the experience of the universe of all time, and is also an image of the universe that has been in process of formation for untold ages.1926[see anima].1943H. Read Educ. through Art vi. 181 The contents of the collective unconscious..consist of images impressed on the mind from earliest times..and when transformed into conscious formulas, they take the form of tribal lore, myth, fable or fairy tale.1949Koestler Insight & Outlook xiii. 192 The ‘collective unconscious’ as a kind of common pool or substratum with which all individuals remain somehow connected.1962J. L. Henderson in A. Guggenbull-Craig Archetyp (1964) 9 We may for the sake of argument say there are three layers of the collective unconscious.
f. collective farm, a farm, esp. in the U.S.S.R., consisting of the holdings of several farmers, run by a group of people in co-operation, usually under state control; so collective farmer, collective farming.
1919tr. Lenin's Land Revol. in Russia 21 The local and central Soviet authority aims.. to foster collective farming.1925Current Hist. (U.S.) Oct. 87/1 Only the poorest peasants..go into these collective farm organizations.1929Times 25 May 11/7 As a result of their expulsion from a local collective farm, some kulaks (well-to-do-peasants)..raided its premises.Ibid. 14 June 16/6 Abandonment of the policy of collective farming, which the peasants regard as a revival of serfdom.1955Ann. Reg. 1954 189 The free markets on which collective farmers customarily dispose of their surplus.1958New Statesman 22 Feb. 242/3 From a visit to two collective farms..he concludes that Israeli Left-wingers are doctrinaire and spartan.
g. collective security, a system by which international peace and security are maintained by an association of nations.
1934W. S. Churchill in Hansard CCXCII. 2368 The great principle of collective security..is the only principle that will induce hon. Gentlemen opposite to make any preparation for the defence of this island.1937A. Huxley Ends & Means ix. 109 In the actual circumstances of the present day, ‘collective security’ means a system of military alliances opposed to another system of military alliances.1957Elliott & Summerskill Dict. Politics 69 A system of collective security requires the acceptance by individual countries of collective decisions, and their willingness to carry out these decisions, if necessary by military action.
h. collective improvisation, improvisation by a group of jazz instrumentalists in combination.
1946Jazz Mag. Sept. 4/2 There is improvisation in Duke's records, not only solo improvisation but collective improvisation at times.1962Oxford Mail 19 Feb. 6/5 Jazz, which had previously leaned heavily on collective improvisation became more and more a soloist's music.
3. a. collective noun: a substantive which (in the singular) denotes a collection or number of individuals.
1520Whitinton Vulg. (1527) 6 The nominatyue case of the nowne collectiue.1631Gouge God's Arrows iii. §55. 286 The enemies subdued are comprised under this collective word Amalek.1846Mill Logic i. ii. §3 A collective name cannot be predicated of each separately, but only of all taken together.1876Jevons Logic Prim. 17 Library is the collective name for many books put together.
b. So collective idea, collective notion, etc.
1690Locke Hum. Und. ii. xxiv, The great collective idea of all bodies whatsoever, signified by the name world.1725Watts Logic i. iii. §2 When many ideas of the same kind are joined together, and united in one name, or under one view, it is called a collective idea, so an army, or a parliament, is a collection of men..A compound idea unites things of a different kind; but a collective idea things of the same kind.1727R. Greene Princ. Philos. 669 Collective Ideas of Substances, as a Troop, Army.1870Bowen Logic i. 11 A Concept is a collective representation of a whole class of things.
c. Arith. Of a numeral: Formed of a collection of units; = cardinal a. 3. Obs.
1677Hale Prim. Orig. Man. i. iv. 109 This or that number, whether Collective, as three, six, nine; or Ordinal, as the second, third, or fourth.
4.
a. That deduces or infers; inferential. Obs. rare. Cf. collect v. 5.
1645Milton Tetrach. (1851) 164 This they affirm only from collective reason.1646Sir T. Browne Pseud. Ep. i. vi. 21 Controulable..by criticall and collective reason.
b. Grammar. Expressing an inference. (Cf. B. 2.) Obs.
1750Harris Hermes Wks. (1841) 188 The positives above mentioned are either causal..or collective, such as therefore, wherefore, then, etc.
5. Having the attribute of collecting; adapted to collect. Obs. rare.
[1715Kersey, Collective, apt to gather, comprehensive.]1742Young Nt. Th. iv. 407 A central point, collective of his sons.
B. ellipt. as n.
1. Grammar. A collective noun: see A. 3 a.
1641Milton Animadv. (1851) 224 Wee shall also put a manifest violence..upon a knowne word..in binding a Collective to a singular person.1874Sayce Compar. Philol. vii. 280.
2. Grammar. A particle introducing an inferential clause. (Cf. A. 4 b.) Obs. rare.
1750Harris Hermes Wks. (1841) 188 Collectives subjoin effects to causes.
3. a. A collective body or whole. b. A collection of extracts, precepts, etc., compiled and arranged (obs.). c. colloq. Short for collective wisdom, a phrase applied to Parliament.
1655Fuller Ch. Hist. ix. iii. §2 A Jewell (sometimes taken for a single precious stone) is properly a collective of many.1830Cobbett Rur. Rides (1885) II. 337 Congratulate..your brethren of the Collective..on..the happy effects of their measures.a1834Coleridge Lit. Rem. IV. 438 Life is here the sum or collective of all moral and spiritual acts.1843Carlyle Past & Pr. (1858) 95 Wisdom enough..to make an adequate Collective.1844For. Q. Rev. XXXIII. 18 If there exists a multitude, a collective of men.
d. A collective organization or unit; spec. a collective farm (see A. 2 f, above).
1925Nation 25 Nov. 598/1 The breaking up of the old concentrated village into smaller artels or collectives which move out of the village group permanently and form smaller groups living right on the land, which is operated collectively.1928Observer 11 Mar. 11/2 The Soviets..form small collectives (cartels) in the making and mending of small machines, [etc.].1937New Statesman 13 Nov. 791/2, I have seen these in ‘aptekas’ in small out-of-the-way villages and in ‘Collectives’ as well as in the large towns.1940H. Read Philos. Anarchism iv. 28 Each industry forms itself into a federation of self-governing collectives.
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