| 释义 |
▪ I. column, n.|ˈkɒləm|
Forms: 5 colompne, 6 columpne, collumne, 6–8 colume, (6 coolume), 7 colomb, -umb, (cullumne), 7–8 colum, 5–7 -umne, 7– column.
[orig. a. OF. colompne, colombe:—L. columna (columpna), to which the current Eng. spelling is assimilated. Mod.F. colonne is assimilated to It. colonna: cf. colonne. L. columna was a collateral form of columen, culmen elevated object, pillar, column, f. root cel- (-cellĕre), whence celsus high, lofty.]
1. a. Arch. A cylindrical or slightly tapering body of considerably greater length than diameter, erected vertically as a support for some part of a building; spec. in the classic orders, a round pillar with base, shaft, and capital supporting the entablature; in Gothic and Norman architecture applied to the pillar or pier supporting the arch. Sometimes standing alone as a monument: e.g. Trajan's Column at Rome, Nelson's Column in London, the Column of the Place Vendôme, Paris.
1481Caxton Myrr. iii. xi. 158 In thyse grete colompnes or pylers..were grauen the vii scyences. 1563Shute Archit. B ij a, Wel practised in their measures of.. their Columes. 1592R. D. Hypnerotomachia 40 b, In euery corner stoode a Chorinthian Collumne. 1606Holland Sueton. 35 They erected in the Forum a solide Columne [marg. note or Piller] almost 20. foote high, of Numidian Marble. 1624Wotton Archit. in Reliq. Wotton (1651) 225 Pillars, which we may likewise call Columnes (for the word among Artificers is almost naturalised). 1662Gerbier Princ. (1665) 4 The Orders of Colombs. 1712Hearne Collect. (Oxf. Hist. Soc.) III. 351 The Colum erected in Memory of the Dreadfull Fire of London. 1732Pope Ep. Bathurst 339 Where London's Column, pointing at the skies, Like a tall bully, lifts the head, and lies. 1813Scott Trierm. iii. xxi, Where the shatter'd columns lie, Showing Carthage once had been. 1879Sir G. Scott Lect. Archit. I. 148 In no feature is the difference between Classic and Gothic architecture so strongly marked as in the column.
b. A natural columnar formation, esp. of igneous rock.
1775Phil. Trans. LXV. i. 5 Two groups of prismatic basaltine columns. 1871Lyell Student's Geol. (1885) 470 The columns [of basalt] are sometimes straight, at others curiously curved and twisted. 1882Geikie Text-bk. Geol. (1885) 493 In the more perfectly columnar basalts, the columns are sometimes articulated.
c. fig. Support or prop. (cf. pillar.)
a1619Fortherby Atheom. ii. vii. §6 (1622) 273 Monarchies which were the highest Columnes of Maiestie vpon the Earth. 1725Pope Odyss. iv. 963 Now from my fond embrace, by tempests torn, Our other column of the state is born. 1862Maurice Mor. & Met. Philos. IV. ix. §25. 548 He did not require a religion to be the column of society.
d. Anything of columnar shape or appearance.
1673Grew Anat. Roots iii. §29. 68 In others, they [vessels] stand not so much in Pricks, as Portions or Colums, as in Cumfry. Ibid. 69 Sometimes Columns and Chords are compounded, as in Burnet. 1859Tennyson Geraint & Enid 74 Who, moving, cast the coverlet aside, And bared the knotted column of his throat.
2. a. Calico-printing. A hollow copper cylinder used for fixing the colours of printed fabrics by means of steam. b. Distilling. A vessel containing a vertical series of chambers, used in continuous distillation.
1875Ure Dict. Arts I. 652 s.v. Calico-printing, The lower end of the column terminates in a pipe, mounted with a stopcock for regulating the admission of steam..The pieces [of calico] are lapped round this column, but not in immediate contact with it. Ibid. II. 55 s.v. Distillation, The vapours from B rise through the distillatory column C, and D the rectificatory column.
3. transf. An upright mass of water, air, mercury, etc., resembling a column in shape; a narrow mass rising high in the air, as a column of smoke.
1671Milton Samson 27 As in a fiery column charioting His godlike presence. c1700Bentley (J.), The whole weight of any column of the atmosphere. 1715Desaguliers Fires Impr. 50 There are..two Columns in the Chimney, one of rising Smoak, and the other of descending Air. 1732Pope Ep. Bathurst 255 The waters..Not to the skies in useless columns tost. 1833Brewster Nat. Magic viii. 183 Production of musical sounds by the vibrations of a column of air in a pipe. 1878Huxley Physiogr. 90 The downward pressure of the column of mercury in the tube.
4. One of the narrow divisions of a sheet of paper, page of a book, etc., formed by vertical lines or separating spaces; used for denominations of figures (as in money accounts), lists of names in a schedule, etc., or for the sake of convenience in arranging the printed matter on a wide page; also, a narrow block of letterpress so arranged, or a series of letters or figures arranged vertically. In pl. said esp. of the vertical divisions in a newspaper or journal, as receptacles for the news, etc., which ‘fill the columns’ of these publications. Hence in extended use: a special feature, esp. one of a regular series of articles or reports. Cf. gossip column. In the U.S. sometimes with the jocular spelling colyum |ˈkɒljəm|.
c1440Promp. Parv. 88 Columne of a lefe [Pynson of a boke], columna. 1594Blundevil Exerc. i. ii. (ed. 7) 6, I adde the 2l to the columne of pounds. 1599Thynne Animadv. (1875) 6 His editione..beinge fyrst printed but in one coolume in a page. 1612Brinsley Lud. Lit. xx. (1627) 229 A little paper-booke, made for the purpose, with sundry columnes in each page. 1644Nye Gunnery (1670) 88 Look in the second Table, and in the Cullumne of 3 pound. 1706Hearne Collect. 14 Mar. (Oxf. Hist. Soc.) I. 204 He..is resolv'd to print..in columns. 1727Swift Gulliver iii. ii. 186, I wrote down a great number of words in columns. 1785Daily Universal Register 1 Jan. 4/1 Have they [sc. newspapers] not frequently, in half a column, given us the state of all nations? 1824J. Johnson Typogr. I. 370 The volume is printed in black-letter, in double columns. 1832Act 2 & 3 Will. IV, c. 64 §26 The respective counties..mentioned in the fourth column of the said schedule. 1870M. Bridgman R. Lynne II. iv. 83 ‘C. S. was earnestly entreated to return to his wife,’..in the second column of the Times. 1881Burnside & Panton Theory Equat. xi. (1886) 232 Any series [of constituents] such as a1 a2 a3..an arranged vertically, form a column [of the determinant]. 1914Dialect Notes IV. 104 Colyum, column. 1926H. W. Davis Column i. 3 The most important development on America's editorial pages during the past quarter of a century has been the evolution of the ‘colyum’. Ibid. 4 The column may be a good light essay broken up by two-em dashes. 1931R. Campbell Georgiad ii. 36 Then through my weekly columns I may pour The sentiments that dowagers adore. 1932E. V. Lucas Reading, Writing v. 108 Michael Temple, who had charge of the ‘Men and Matters’ column. 1937W. S. Maugham Theatre xxiii. 221 The Press representative came up and told Michael he thought he'd given the reporters enough for a column. 1959N. Mailer Advts. for Myself (1961) 247 The column this week is difficult.
†5. A vertical line or square bracket in printing.
1647Jer. Tayor Dissuas. Popery ii. ii. §3 These words..make a distinct quotation, and ought by the printer to have been divided by a colume. 1658Collection of Offices C. Omitting so much of either as is included in the columnes.
†6. One of the lights in a mullioned window.
a1697Aubrey MS. Life R. Kettel in H. G. Woods Religio Loci (1888) 12 The windows of the Chapel..were good Gothique painting, in every column a figure.
7. Bot.
a. The upright cylindrical structure formed by the coalescence of the filaments, as in the mallow, or by the union of the stamens with the style, as in orchids.
[1676Grew Anat. Flowers iii. §15 The Attire..not consisting of several little Thecæ, upon so many Pedicils, as is described; but is all one entire Part, like a thick Columna in the midst of the Flower.] 1807J. E. Smith Phys. Bot. 460 The style of the Orchideæ has been called a column. 1830Lindley Outl. Princ. Bot. 59. 1872 Oliver Elem. Bot. ii. 264 The adherent anther, together with the rostellum and stigma, constitute the column of the Orchis flower.
b. = columella 3 a.
1776Withering Brit. Plants II. 824 A capsule cut open horizontally to shew..the column in the Center, to which the partitions are connected. 1800Hull Elem. Bot. I. 73 Column. A centre body extending from the bottom of the case to the top of the lid. 1870Hooker Stud. Flora 234 Seeds 1–2 in each cell, attached to the central column.
8. Anat. and Phys. A name given to various parts of the body (usually translating L. columna); e.g. ‘fleshy columns of the heart’ (columnæ carneæ), ‘column of the nose’ (columna nasi, the anterior part of the septum); esp. spinal column or vertebral column, the spine; and with qualifying phrases.
1831R. Knox Cloquet's Anat. 750 Before the vertebral column. 1866Huxley Phys. xi. (1872) 261 Along the spinal column..the spinal nerves give off branches. 1885Encycl. Brit. XIX. 34/2 This is termed the ‘posterior vesicular column’, or ‘Clarke's column’, after the late Mr. Lockhart Clarke, who did much to unravel the intricate anatomy of the nerve-centres. 1906Practitioner Dec. 844 The columns of Morgagni are permanent vertical folds of the mucous membrane of the anal canal. 1907Ibid. June 859 The postero-lateral column of Burdach. Ibid., The postero-mesial column of Goll.
9. Zool.
a. The body or stem of a sea-anemone.
b. The jointed peduncle of a stalked crinoid.
1888Rolleston & Jackson Anim. Life 239 (Sea anemone). At the limbus the base passes into the wall or column, which is naturally more or less straight.
10. a. Mil. A formation of troops narrow laterally and deep from front to rear; the usual order in marching.
1677Earl of Orrery Art of War 69, I would march my Army in two or three several Bodies divers wayes, which the French call Columes, but we, and I think more properly, Lines. 1704J. Harris Lex. Techn. s.v., To march in a Column, is to march a great depth, or in a long File, instead of making a large Front. 1830E. S. N. Campbell Dict. Mil. Sc. 40 In the close column the companies of a Battalion are formed in rear of each other at a distance of Two paces. Ibid., The Open Column occupies the same extent of ground as when in Line, minus the front of the leading division. 1881Henty Cornet of Horse xvi. (1888) 165 He [Marlborough] formed in a conspicuous position, a heavy column of attack, opposite the French left.
b. column of route: see route n. 3 c.
c. transf. A body or party; = camp n.2 8 a. orig. and chiefly U.S.
1906Forum Apr. 448 The resulting dissatisfaction would be sufficient to throw Michigan..and possibly one or two other States into the Democratic column. 1931G. T. Clark L. Stanford iv. 95 California, by a narrow margin, swung into the Republican column. 1958Spectator 22 Aug. 241/1 The public..is unsophisticated to a high degree, and a strong indication is supplied in its slow but undeniable shift back into the Conservative column.
d. Colloq. phr. to dodge the column, to shirk one's duty; to avoid work.
1919in Athenæum 1 Aug. 695/2. 1942 Penguin New Writing XV. 29 The corporal said: ‘Dodging the column again, eh?’ 1955H. Spring These Lovers fled Away 5 My father, so great an expert in dodging any column he didn't see the point of joining.
11. Naut. A body or division of ships.
1805in Nicolas Disp. Nelson (1846) VII. 166 note, Fleet formed in order of sailing in two columns, the van led by the Victory Vice-Admiral Lord Nelson. 1875Bedford Sailor's Pocket-bk. i. (ed. 2) 21 A Column means any number of ships in a distinct group, whether in line ahead, abreast, or otherwise. 1882Nares Seamanship (ed. 6) 113 Columns of Division or Sub-division..denote that the ships composing a fleet are formed in divisions or sub-divisions.
12. Comb., as column-encircled, column-like, column-scattering adjs., column-wise adv.; column-inch, one inch of a newspaper column; column-lathe, a lathe fixed on a vertical extensible post, used by dentists and watchmakers; column-rule (Printing), a thin piece of brass (‘rule’) used to separate columns of type (Simmonds Dict. Trade 1858).
1799Southey Eng. Eclog. vi, Yon holly-hock..lifting, column-like, a stem Bright with its roseate blossoms. 1812Byron Ch. Har. i. liv, The column-scattering bay'net. 1822Bentham Wks. X. 535 English and Greek shall be printed column-wise. 1835Willis Pencillings I. xii. 90 The whole area of the column-encircled front. 1940S. Lewis Bethel Merriday iv. 43 Advertising-column-inches in trade journals. 1960F. Raphael Limits of Love i. vii. 94 That's not the picture you get from the Press... The number of column inches ―.
▪ II. column, v. nonce-wd.|ˈkɒləm|
[f. the n.]
intr. To form or move in column.
1839–48Bailey Festus viii. 93 When one by one, Pride, love, and jealousy, and fifty more Great feelings column up to force a heart, And all are beaten back. |