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combination|kɒmbɪˈneɪʃən|
Also 5 combynacion.
[a. OF. combination (14th c. in Littré, mod.F. combinaison), ad. late L. combīnātiōn-em a joining two by two, f. combīnāre to combine.]
1. gen. The action of combining or joining two or more separate things into a whole.
1613R. C. Table Alph. (ed. 3), Combination, a ioyning, or coupling together. 1663P. Fletcher Purple Isl. iii. (R.), These two fair isles..Are oft made one by love's firm combination. 1678Cudworth Intell. Syst. Wks. 1837 I. 57 Words in great variety result from the different combinations and conjunctions of a few letters. 1712Blackmore Creation iv, Atoms..From which by various combination springs This unconfined diversity of things. 1847E. Guest in Philol. Soc. Trans. III. 27 Every combination in language is an act of the will and reason.
2. Combined state or condition of two or more things; condition of union, conjunction.
1597Hooker Eccl. Pol. v. lxxviii. §5 Neither ought it to seem less reasonable, that..a combination be admitted in this case, as well as division in the former. 1637R. Humfrey tr. S. Ambrose i. 121 Conjugal combination. a1716South (J.), Ingratitude..is always in combination with pride and hardheartedness. 1750Johnson Rambler No. 36 ⁋5 The same images in the same combination. 1875H. Wood Therap. (1879) 482 Digitalis..is best given in combination. 1878Jevons Prim. Pol. Econ. 40 When several men work at the same capstan, the combination is simple.
3. concr.
a. Such a condition embodied in a group or set of things combined into a whole.
c1532G. Du Wes Introd. Fr. in Palsgr. 1053 The body..is but a conglutination and combination of the foure elementes. 1641Hinde J. Bruen xxx. 94 Such assemblies..are for the most part..a combination of the Popish and prophane. 1779Johnson L.P., Cowley Wks. II. 25 They..produced combinations of confused magnificence. 1821Craig Lect. Drawing iii. 142 Blue, red, yellow, and their combinations. 1853A. Soyer Pantroph. 136 The cooks..could form unheard-of combinations with the succulent pieces.
†b. An ecclesiastical plurality. Obs.
1618Hales in Gold. Rem., Lett. fr. Dort 4 The impediments were..combinations, that is, double benefices, when men having two cures could not sufficiently attend both.
4. a. The banding together or union of persons for the prosecution of a common object: formerly used almost always in a bad sense = conspiracy, self-interested or illegal confederacy; hence (later), the term applied to the unions (formerly illegal) of employers or workmen to further their interests, affect the rate of wages, etc.
1593R. Bancroft Dangerous Positions i. i. 7 By reason of their said combination and secretenesse vsed, many thinges lie hidde from those in authority. 1624Capt. Smith Virginia iv. 146 [They] by a generall combination in one day plotted to subuert the whole Colony. 1667Pepys Diary (1877) V. 80 Some few..that do keep out of all plots and combinations. 1712W. Rogers Voy. 235, I us'd what Arguments I could offer, shew'd them the Danger and Folly of Combinations. 1776Adam Smith W.N. I. ii. v. 371 Either by combination or by any other sort of violence. 1795J. B. Bird (title), The Laws respecting Masters and Servants..comprising..the law respecting combinations amongst workmen. 1824Act 5 Geo. IV, c. 95 Workmen..who shall enter into any Combination to obtain an Advance..shall not therefore be subject or liable to any Indictment or Prosecution..under the Common or the Statute law. 1826Disraeli Viv. Grey iii. iv, ‘Entered into a combination!’ ‘Yes, Mr. Grey! a conspiracy.’ 1845Penny Cycl. Suppl. I. 398/2 Till then (1824) any combination of any two or more masters, or of any two or more workmen, to lower or raise wages, or to increase or diminish the number of hours of work, or quantity of work, to be done, was punishable at common law as a misdemeanour: and there were also thirty-five statutes in existence..prohibiting combinations of workmen against masters. 1856Froude Hist. Eng. (1858) I. i. 17 A combination of three or four of the leading nobles was sufficient..to effect a revolution.
b. concr. An association or society thus formed.
1571Hanmer Chron. Irel. (1633) 25 The second company of this combination. 1597Bacon Ess. Hon. & Reput. (Arb.) 68 As..hee doe content euerie faction or combination of people. 1725De Foe Voy. round World (1840) 46 To form other societies or combinations. 1818Jas. Mill Brit. India iii. ii. 79 Pardon is commonly granted to any one of a combination who gives evidence against the rest. 1833New Monthly Mag. XXXVIII. 51 Some combinations have framed rules to prevent men from having above a certain number of apprentices.
†c. Agreement, treaty, alliance, compact. Obs.
1601Shakes. Twel. N. v. i. 392 A solemne Combination shall be made Of our deere soules. 1613― Hen. VIII, i. i. 169 This cunning Cardinall The Articles o' th' Combination drew As himselfe pleas'd.
d. A small instrumental band. Cf. combo 3.
1928Melody Maker Feb. 165/2 The combination is a five piece one, comprising piano, saxophone, trumpet, banjo and drums.
5. Math.
†a. = alligation 2. Obs.
1542Recorde Gr. Artes (1575) 426 More varieties in combination may followe anone.
b. pl. The different collections which can be made of any number of given individuals, when they are taken in groups of a definite number, but without regard to the order of arrangement. Thus ab and ba are the same combination, though different permutations.
1673J. Wallis (title), Treatise of Algebra..of the Cono-Cuneus, Angular Sections, Angles of Contact, Combinations, Alternations, etc. 1764Reid Inquiry iii. Wks. I. 116/2 They who are acquainted with the theory of combinations. 1838De Morgan Ess. Probab. 35 If I ask how many combinations of 21 can be taken out of 25, I do in effect ask how many combinations of 4 may be taken. 1870Bowen Logic xii. 417 The laws of the permutation and combination of numbers.
c. An ingenious sequence of moves in chess.
1875Field 15 May 469/1 Mr Blackburne is not apt to lag when the opportunity for a fine combination presents itself. 1951‘Assiac’ Adv. Chess i. iii. 21 The main work in White's pretty little combination was done by the Bishop.
6. Chem. Chemical union, in which substances combine to form new compounds; concr. the product or compound resulting from such a union.
1766T. Amory J. Buncle (1825) III. 224 The gold and the reguline part of antimony being heaviest, the combination of them sinks to the bottom. 1800tr. Lagrange's Chem. I. 379 The substance formed by the combination of tungsten with oxygen. 1868W. Cortis tr. Naquet's Chem. 3 In compounds which result from combination, the proportion is definite and constant. 1878Huxley Physiogr. 78 The red powder is a combination of this oxygen with mercury.
7. Connexion of ideas in the mind.
1690Locke Hum. Und. ii. xxxiii. §6 This strong combination of ideas, not allied by nature, the mind makes in itself either voluntarily or by chance. Ibid. (J.), They never suffer any ideas to be joined in their understandings, in any other or stronger combination than what their own nature and correspondence give them. 1727R. Greene Princ. Philos. 662 Particular Combinations of Simple Ideas. 1823Scott Quentin D. viii. note, Whist..a game..which requires..memory, judgment, and combination. 1844Stanley Arnold I. iv. 185 Quickness and power of combination.
8. Short for combination-room.
1749in Chr. Wordsworth Soc. Life Univ. 18th C. (1874) 161 A fire to be made in the Combination at noon, to continue till two o'clock in the afternoon.
9. = combination-garment.
1884Pall Mall G. 24 Oct. 2/2 These two combinations and a well-made dress..form the most healthy and comfortable dress for women. 1890Daily News 8 Jan. 7/6 Ladies' natural wool combinations.
10. a. = combination lock (see below). Also, the series of movements required to open such a lock.
1845C. Cist Cincinnati Misc. 194 The locks which are on the combination principle, not only defy picking, [etc.]. 1880‘Mark Twain’ in Atlantic Monthly XLVI. 228/2 They commanded him to reveal the ‘combination’, so that they could get into the safe. 1909‘O. Henry’ Roads of Destiny x. 170 She had then shot the bolts and turned the knob of the combination as she had seen Mr. Adams do. 1924Mulford Rustlers' Valley iii. 25 Counting money and manipulating his combinations were two things the banker could do automatically... Glenn slowly closed the safe, automatically spun the combination knob. 1932Wodehouse Hot Water xvii. 287 Some guy once told me that if you listened for the tumblers you could get the combination. 1958L. Cottrell Anvil of Civilisation x. 144 It was their effect that mattered—like the combination which opens a safe.
fig.1889Barrère & Leland Dict. Slang II. 30/2 To lose the combination (American), to miss the meaning or point of anything. 1906L. Bell C. Lee 271 Why, Carolina, I've lost the combination! 1918‘Ian Hay’ Last Million xv. 242 ‘How did the British Tommy and the Doughboy get along?’.. ‘Each took a while..to get the combination of the other.’
b. (In full motor-cycle combination.) A motor-cycle with a side-car attached for the conveyance of a passenger or goods.
1907G. B. Shaw Lett. G. Barker 19 Sept. (1956) 105, I should have come up for the last few rehearsals: the combination works better than the single cylinder. 1914Motor Cycling 12 May p. v, Both Chater Lea combinations ran perfectly throughout. 1919Bazaar, Exch. & Mart 28 June Suppl. 11/1 Wanted, motor cycle combination. 1928Evening News 24 July 1/1 Here two foot police were standing on the bridge and two others were on a motor-cycle combination. 1968J. Fleming Kill or Cure xiv. 189, I stopped the combination in a lay-by and I screamed at him not to go.
11. attrib. and Comb., as combination garment, a close-fitting under-garment worn mostly by women and children, consisting of combined chemise or undershirt and drawers; combination grate (see quot. 1940); combination laws, laws directed against combinations or associations of workmen or masters, repealed in 1824; combination lock, one which can be opened only after a certain combination of movements has been performed; combination-paper (Camb. Univ.), see quot.; combination-pedal, in Organs, a pedal which acts upon a number of stops at once; also one which, instead of operating upon the drawstops, acts upon the wind-supply (Grove Dict. Mus. 1880); combination tap (see quot.); combination tone = combinational tone (cf. tone n. 2 and resultant a. 2 c); combination-union, a union formed by the combination of several trades-unions. Also in various mechanical tools or contrivances which combine several functions, as combination-attachment, combination-fuse, combination-lock, combination-plane, etc.
1884Health Exhib. Catal. 40/1 Flannel *Combination Garment for a child. 1884Pall Mall G. 24 Oct. 2/2 The combination garment is made in soft merino, suitable for wearing next to the skin..It closely follows the shape of the body that it clothes, and is to the petticoat what a glove with fingers is to a baby's mitten.
1874Knight Dict. Mech., *Combination-fuse, a fuse combining the principles of time and percussion.
1940Chambers's Techn. Dict. 180/2 *Combination grate, a grate specially designed to supply heat for hot water and cooking, and for heating the room. 1959B.S.I. News Oct. 18 (heading) Fireguards for solid fuel combination grates.
1833H. Martineau Manch. Strike iii. 25 Imprisonment..under the old *combination laws. 1845Penny Cycl. Suppl. I. 398/2 Combination Laws, the laws known by this name were repealed in 1824. The act passed in 1824 (5 Geo. IV, c. 95) repealed all the statute and common law against combinations of masters and of workmen.
1851C. Cist Cincinnati 215 *Combination and detector bank lock. 1878Technol. Dict. (ed. 3) 154/2 Combination-lock, das Vexirschloss. a1884Knight Dict. Mech. Suppl. 210/2 Combination Lock. i. A bank or safe lock,..operated by two graduated dials, whereby one bolt, common to both, is controlled by either of the two independent dials... 2. A permutation lock. 1947Science Illustr. July 93/1, I want a door-knob with a combination lock fitted into it.
1874Chr. Wordsworth Soc. Life Univ. 18th C. 162 ‘Combination-room,’ is said by a good authority to be derived..from their sterner use for business: inasmuch as there were drawn up the ‘first *combination paper,’ a list of the Preachers of the Sunday morning University sermons, a certain number of which were appointed—by each college in turn—according to the Prior Combinatio: and of the Preachers on Saints' days and Sunday afternoons..the Posterior Combinatio.
1951Good Housek. Home Encycl. 281/2 *Combination Taps. In these, hot and cold water are delivered through one outlet.
1889Cent. Dict., *Combination tone. 1910G. B. Shaw How to become Mus. Critic (1960) 270 Helmholtz's discovery of overtones, partial tones, combination tones, and the like. 1955Oxf. Compan. Mus. (ed. 9) 10/2 When two loud notes are heard together, they give rise to a third and fourth sound... The generic term Resultant Tone (or Combination Tone) is given to these.
1890Railway Herald 31 May 11 The majority would be in favour of *combination-unions.
Add:[3.] c. Taxon. A group of two or more Latin or modern Latin words conjoined to form the name of a species or lower taxon.
1901Jrnl. Botany XXXIX. 69 Mr. Jackson cites Wedelia incarnata (in italics) as from ‘Linn. Syst. ed. X. 890’; this combination, however, is not given by Linnaeus. 1905Internat. Rules Zool. Nomencl. 35 If it is desired to cite the author of the new combination, his name follows the parenthesis. 1910Opinions rendered by Internat. Commission Zool. Nomencl. xii. 19 Montgomery, 1903, in adopting the combination Stephanoceros fimbriatus (Goldfuss, 1820) was, under the premises, justified, and this combination should be accepted. 1965Watsonia 20 Oct. 128 Nevski..decided that the two subgenera were better treated as distinct genera and adopted the generic name Dactylorhiza, making a new combination, D. umbrosa (Kar. & Kir.) Nevski. 1987Zool. Jrnl. Linn. Soc. XC. 189 The morphology of the male terminalia and the forewings..places these two species in Mitrapsylla and the following new combinations are proposed: Mitrapsylla ceplaciensis (White & Hodkinson) comb. nov., Mitrapsylla surinamensis (Šulc) comb. nov.
Add:[11.] combination therapy, a form of treatment in which a patient is given two or more drugs (or other therapeutic agents) for a single disease, esp. cancer.
[1952Cancer Res. XII. 713 (heading) Combination chemotherapy..on a mouse mammary carcinoma.] 1957Ibid. XVII. 646/1 The principal criterion employed for judging the merits of *combination therapy was that the drugs in combination elicit greater antitumor effect. 1990Sci. Amer. May 38/3 We began her combination therapy with LAK cells and interleukin-2. 1993Guardian 19 June ii. 11/2 The new buzz word in [AIDS] treatment is combination therapy. The hope is that by giving three or four drugs together, the virus will not be able to mutate fast enough to become resistant to all of them. |