| 释义 |
communal, a.|kəˈmjuːnəl, ˈkɒmjuːnəl|
[a. F. communal ad. late L. commūnāl-is, f. commūna commune.]
1. a. Of or belonging to a commune (senses 1 and 2).
1811W. Taylor in Monthly Mag. XXXII. 62 Communal nurseries were every where established. 1837Penny Cycl. VIII. 412/2 France..is divided into communes..under a municipal officer..who bears the same title, that of Maire, which was borne by the head of the antient communes. He..is assisted by a communal council, the members of which are chosen by the communal electors. 1861M. Arnold Pop. Educ. France 98 To be full communal teacher in France one must be 24 years old. 1864Kirk Chas. Bold I. ii. 73 Self-government..was the vital principle of the communal charters. 1873Dixon Two Queens i. i, In every part of Aragon, the cities had their..communal laws.
b. Of or pertaining to the Paris Commune and its adherents.
1871Graphic III. 310/1 When the history of the Communal insurrection in Paris comes to be written. 1881Daily News 20 Jan. 3/4 The elections, resulting in a crushing Communal defeat.
2. a. Of or pertaining to a (or the) community.
1843Barmby in New Age 1 Sept. 86 So also do I declare that Baptism should become, as a religious rite, permanent, communal, and diurnal. 1851G. S. Faber Many Mansions (1862) 223 In the next world they..will have no national or communal existence. 1870Lubbock Orig. Civiliz. iii. (1875) 82 There is strong evidence that the lowest races of men live, or did live, in a state of what may perhaps be called ‘Communal Marriage’. 1888A. Levy Reuben Sachs x. 131 It consolidates one's position..to stand well with the [Jewish] Community..But..you will find a good many meetings of all sorts, which are not communal.
b. spec. communal kitchen, a public kitchen under official management; communal land(s), land held by a community; also attrib., as communal-land system, communal-land tenure.
1917Times 29 Mar. 9/3 The possibility of setting up communal kitchens in the East-end of London. Ibid. 5 Apr. 8/6 Three communal kitchens were opened in East London yesterday.
1884J. E. T. Rogers Six Cent. Work & Wages iii. 89 The rental of the communal land is sixpence an acre. 1886Encycl. Brit. XXI. 108 Prof. Michael Kovalevski, of the University of Moscow, is now publishing an excellent work on Communal Land Tenure. 1899Daily News 15 Apr. 8/2 Our Government is, as fast as it can, abolishing the dole and the communal lands systems.
3. Of or pertaining to the commonalty or body of citizens (L. commūne) of a burgh.
1875Stubbs Const. Hist. III. xxi. §809 The communal or popular faction was not however crushed. —Thus ended one phase of the communal quarrel. |