| 释义 |
commutation|kɒmjuːˈteɪʃən|
Also 6 co(m)mutacion.
[a. F. commutacion (14th c. in Littré) -ation, ad. L. commūtātiōn-em, n. of action f. commūtāre to commute: see -ation.]
1. a. The action or process of changing or altering; change, alteration, mutation. ? Obs.
1509Hawes Past. Pleas. x. v, Thys commutacion shoulde be refused. 1528Roy Sat., O wofull chaunce: most infortunate, So sodenly makynge comutacion. a1716South Serm. (J.), So great is the commutation, that the soul then hated only that which now only it loves. 1837Syd. Smith Let. Archd. Singleton Wks. 1859 II. 286/2 Such a scene of revolution and commutation.
b. with of and object.
1528in Strype Eccl. Mem. I. App. xxiii. 58 The commutation and alteration of those religious places. 1637R. Humfrey tr. St. Ambrose ii. 17 Commutation of them [words] where there seemeth any harshnesse.
†2. The exchanging of one thing for another; exchange, barter. Obs.
1496Act 12 Hen. VII, c. 6 To buy, sell, and make the Commutations with the Wares..at their Pleasure. 1553S. Cabot Ordinances in Hakluyt Voy. (1589) 261 No commutation or trucke to be made by any of the pettie marchants. 1663Bp. Patrick Parab. Pilgr. xxxix. (1668) 521 Friendship they say is a commutation of hearts. 1727Arbuthnot Coins (J.), The use of money..is that of saving the commutation of more bulky commodities. 1744Harris Three Treat. iii. 1. (1765) 154 A state of Commutation and Traffic.
3. The putting of one thing instead of another; substitution, interchange.
1597Hooker Eccl. Pol. v. (1632) 295 A kind of mutuall commutation..wherby those concrete names God, and Man, when we speake of Christ doe take interchangeably one anothers roome. 1836J. Gilbert Chr. Atonem. vii. (1852) 185 Regarding awards of punishment thus..there could plainly be no commutation of persons. 1870Bowen Logic viii. 255 The commutation is only from equal to equal.
4. spec.
a. The substitution of one kind of payment for another; of a money payment instead of the performance of some obligation; of a single payment instead of a number of successive payments; fig. the performance of some act or observance instead of the discharge of a moral obligation, or by way of making up or compounding for an offence.
b. Law. The substitution of a lesser punishment for a greater. (See commute v.)
1597Hooker Eccl. Pol. v. lxxix. §10 By way of commutation..where instead of natural commodities the price of them might be taken. 1640–4Lond. Petit. in Rushw. Hist. Coll. iii. (1692) I. 95 They have..decreed, That the commutation of Penance shall not be without the Bishop's privity. 1761Hume Hist. Eng. I. viii. 166 Henry..levied upon his vassals..a sum of money in lieu of their service; and this commutation, etc. 1824W. Irving T. Trav. II. 147 A commutation of his own sentence from death to the galleys. 1833H. Martineau Fr. Wines & Pol. i. 7 Fines which they had to pay in commutation of the service of keeping the frogs quiet by night. 1837Syd. Smith Let. Archd. Singleton Wks. 1859 II. 255/2 The Commutation of Tithes. 1876Green Short Hist. iv. 171 The commutation of those uncertain dues for a fixed sum paid annually to the Crown.
c. concr. The money or other price paid by way of commutation.
a1707Beveridge Serm. XI. lxix. (R.), This is his substitute, his commutation, or in his place. 1727A. Hamilton New Acc. E. Ind. I. v. 52 There must be a Commutation of Money paid by the separating Party to the other.
d. Linguistics. Substitution, as a test of differentiation of phonemes, etc.
1952A. Cohen Phonemes of Eng. ii. 25 The remedy suggested by Martinet against this phoneticism is the commutation test. Thus two successive sounds can only with certainty be said to represent two phonemes if they are both commutable, i.e. if by substituting them for another sound one gets a different word. 1953C. E. Bazell Linguistic Form 6 The criterion of commutation, which elsewhere is the distributional criterion par excellence, is here simply one criterion among others. 1953F. J. Whitfield tr. Hjelmslev's Proleg. Theory Lang. 46 A correlation in one plane, which in this way has relation to a correlation in another plane of a language, we shall call a commutation. 1964E. Palmer tr. Martinet's Elem. General Linguistics iii. 73 Everything is based on the operation called commutation, the one which permitted us to oppose the first segment of lampe to that of rampe.
5. Astron. (See quot.)
1751Chambers Cycl., Commutation, in astronomy. Angle of commutation, is the distance between the sun's true place seen from the earth, and the place of a planet reduced to the ecliptic. 1834Nat. Philos., Astron. x. 203/2 (U.K.S.) The angle OSE is technically called the commutation.
6. Electr. The reversing or altering of the course of an electric current. (See commutator.)
1876Ferrier Funct. Brain 129 The closing, opening, or commutation of the current of a galvanic pile. 1881Nature XXIII. 368 Each clock makes its commutation, i.e. cuts off the line from the telegraph and connects it with the electro-magnet of the clock.
7. Rhet. (See quot.)
1823Crabb Techn. Dict., Commutation (Rhet.), a figure of speech whereby a complete transposition of the words takes place; as ‘I do not live that I may eat, but I eat that I may live’.
8. Algebra. The reversal of the order of two quantities. Also attrib., as commutation rule, a rule expressing the effect of such an interchange.
1852J. J. Sylvester Math. Papers (1904) i. 318 The method of partial commutation. 1886G. Chrystal Textbk. Algebra i. i. 16 The laws of association and commutation. 1935Condon & Shortley Theory of Atomic Spectra iii. 45 From the basic commutation rules..we find that the vector L does not commute with itself. 1957M. E. Rose Elem. Theory of Angular Momentum ii. 22 We find the usual commutation rule..JxJy—JyJx = iJz. The other commutation relations follow from considering infinitesimal rotations about the other two pairs of co-ordinate axes.
9. attrib. and Comb., as commutation money, commutation system; Commutation Act, an act for the commutation of tithes in England, passed in 1836; also, formerly, that of 1784, imposing an additional window-tax in lieu of a partial remission of the duty on tea; commutation passenger U.S., a season-ticket holder on a railway; commutation road (Ogilvie), a parish or county road, so called because a sum of money is now paid in commutation of the compulsory service of man and horse formerly exacted for the repair of the road from owners of horses; commutation ticket (U.S.), a ticket issued by a railway company, etc., at a reduced rate, entitling the holder to travel over a given route a certain number of times or during a certain period; a season-ticket.
1784Hist. of Europe in Ann. Reg. (1784–5) 153/1 The act since known by the name of the Commutation-act. 1845McCulloch Taxation ii. iv. (1852) 191 The Commutation Act will have to undergo..important modifications.
1650Fuller Pisgah 436 This commutation-money..made a dearth of dutifull children.
1856W. H. Swift in Mass. Railroads 1842–55 14 Commutation or Season Passengers, so called. 1887C. B. George 40 Yrs. on Rail v. 89 You have had a great deal of experience in carrying commutation passengers in Boston.
1881C. A. Edwards Organs 91 There is another action for commanding the stops..called the ‘commutation pedal’ movement.
1855Milman Lat. Chr. (1864) II. 55 The commutation system of the Church.
1848Amer. Railroad Jrnl. 29 July 481/3 Commutation tickets.., costing $5, are issued at Trenton, signed by ‘B. Fish’, which entitles the receiver to eight passages between Trenton and New Brunswick, by any line on the route. 1885Good Words July 450/1 A single ‘Commutation’ ticket is given, numbered and dated on the day on which it was issued. 1888Bryce Amer. Commw. II. App. 671 Excursion and commutation tickets issued at special rates. |