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▪ I. companion, n.1|kəmˈpænjən|
Forms: 3–4 compainoun, 4 -aynoun, -aignyon, cumpayngnoun, 5 companyoun, 6 com-, coompanyon, compaignion, Sc. -paniȝeon, 6– companion.
[a. OF. compaignon, -pagnon = Pr. compagnó, It. compagnone:—late L. compāniōn-em, acc. of compānio, whence It. compagno, Pr. nom. companh, OF. nom. compain, -paing, -painz. The late L. word is a deriv. of com- together + pān-is bread (the formation as in L. centūrio, libellio, etc.); perh., as Diez thinks, after the pattern of Goth. gahlaiba, OHG. galeipo mess-mate, similarly f. hlaib, leip, bread. The pl. conpāniōnes, and n. of state conpānium ‘company’ (cf. L. contubernium, convīvium, etc.), occur in the Salic Law lxiii. §1. in a MS. of c 800; in Romanic conpagn (voc.) occurs in a gloss. of c 825: see Diez.
(Besides these OF. had compaigne (f.) company, compaigne, compaignesse (f.) female companion, compaignet, -ette, dim., compaignier (m.) companion, and many derivatives.)]
1. a. One who associates with or accompanies another; a mate; a fellow.
1297R. Glouc. (1724) 552 To be is compainoun, Wiþ him to wende aboute. 13..in Rel. Ant. II. 245 To Symon cumpayngnoun ic habbe y-ȝyve power of disciplyne. 1474Caxton Chesse 107 His loyal felowe and companyoun. 1534Ld. Berners Gold. Bk. M. Aurel. (1546) E e viij, My specyall freende and auncient compaignion. a1535More On the Passion Wks. 1311/2 One companion of the companye was a very false trayterous wretche. 1568Grafton Chron. II. 311 Throughout all Fraunce, sundrie companies went together robbyng and spoylyng the Countrie, and they were called the Companions. 1599Shakes. Much Ado i. i. 72 Who is his companion now? He hath euery month a new sworne brother. 1611― Cymb. v. v. 21 Arise my Knights o' th' Battell, I create you Companions to our person. 1653Walton Angler 46 A companion that feasts the company with wit and mirth. 1730Pope Let. to Gay Wks. 1737 VI. 186 Companions I have enough, friends few. 1863Ruskin Munera P. (1880) 164, I passed not alone, but with a Companion.
b. An associate in, a sharer or partaker of. companion-in-arms: fellow-soldier.
1526–34Tindale Rev. i. 9, I Ihon youre brother and companyon in tribulacion [so 1611]. 1552Huloet, Companion in warres, sinstratiotes. Companion to an act, complices. 1611Cotgr., Compagnon d'armes, a companion or fellow in armes. 1635Quarles Embl. ii. ii. (1718) 71 They that were once companions in sin. 1667Milton P.L. i. 76 There the companions of his fall..He soon discerns. 1752Johnson Rambler No. 205 ⁋4 The companions of his retreat. 1864Kingsley Rom. & Teut. iii. (1875) 48 The ‘thegns’, who lived and died as their companions-in-arms.
†c. An associate at table or at the bottle; esp. in boon companion (F. bon compagnon, see boon a.), formerly also † good companion, good fellow.
1566–1884 Bone, boone, boon c. [see boon a. 4]. 1568Grafton Chron. II. 730 At every table were..five or sixe gentlemen, of the best companyons of the whole countrey. Ibid. 733 The Cardinall was a good companion, and a Chaplayne meete for suche a daliyng pastyme. 1653[see 1].
d. Astr. The less brilliant member of a double star system; also, the member of a triple system that is distant from the other two closely spaced stars. Also, companion star.
[1782W. Herschel in Phil. Trans. LXXII. 161, I have used the expression double-star in a few instances of the sixth class in rather an extended signification... I preferred that expression to any other, such as Comes, Companion, or Satellite; because, in my opinion, it is much too soon to form any theories of small stars revolving round large ones.] 1827J. F. W. Herschel in Mem. Astron. Soc. Lond. III. 182 The star..was particularly pointed out to my notice..as one of the utmost difficulty, from the smallness of its companion. I saw it, however, double, without the least difficulty. 1867W. A. Norton Treat. Astron. (ed. 4) xix. 256 Sirius is the largest of the double stars. It is attended by a minute companion star, at a distance of 10{pp}. 1902Encycl. Brit. XXV. 752/1 Partial eclipses caused by the interposition of a dark companion moving around them [sc. stars of the Algol type]. 1928W. M. Smart Sun, Stars & Universe xiv. 215 The faint companion of Sirius. 1964R. H. Baker Astron. (ed. 8) xiv. 414 A common type of triple system is represented by Alpha Centauri, where the binary is attended by a remote companion, Proxima.
†2. One of two or more associated in some specific or legal relation: a colleague, partner, etc. Often, like ‘partner’, ‘consort’, applied to a wife. Obs.
1535Coverdale Malachi ii. 14 Yet is she thyne owne companyon and maried wife. 1552Huloet, Companion or felowe in office, collega. 1574tr. Littleton's Tenures 129 a, Adjudged before..sir Robert Danbye late chief justice of the common place, and his compaignions. 1592West Symbol. i. §26 The same societie is in the goods and thinges of all the companions. 1618Wither Motto Wks. (1633) 524, I have no meaning, whensoere I wed, That my companion shall become my head. 1642Perkins Prof. Bk. iii. §220 If two joynt tenants are in fee and one of them doth enfeoff a stranger of the whole against the will of his companion. 1769Blackstone Comm. IV. 81 [Here] by the king's companion is meant his wife.
3. fig.
a. of things. Often as a title of books of reference; a vade-mecum.
1577B. Googe Heresbach's Husb. i. (1586) 2 b, In Trees, Plantes, and Beastes..these dumbe companions. 1716E. Hatton (title), Comes Commercii, or the Trader's Companion. 1859Halliwell & Wright Nares' Gloss. Pref. 4 It is a necessary companion to the dramatic writers. 1882C. Pebody Eng. Journalism xviii. 140 With no companion but a pocket compass.
b. An appliance uniting several objects in a single set, as smokers' companion, travellers' companion.
1895Montgomery Ward Catal. 118/1 Whitewood Box Scholars' Companion: furnished with lead pencil, pen, pen⁓holder, slate pencil and six inch wood ruler. 1907Yesterday's Shopping (1969) 86 Smokers' companions... No. 4825/2. A great convenience, can be stood beside the chair. Ibid. 108/3 Shaving Companion..Nickel plated shaving set, tray, mug, and bowl..mirror, with brush complete—18/9. Ibid. 188/3 The ‘Sirram’ Travellers' Companion.. For making tea when touring, boating, &c... Comprises kettle,..stand, spirit stove,..spirit tin, and muslin tea infuser. 1939–40Army & Navy Stores Catal. 357/3 Travelling Companion, containing face towel, toothbrush, soap and toothpaste. Ibid. 769/2 Hunting Companion in best pigskin folding case containing two boot pulls, two boot lifts, combined shoe horn and button hook—49/6. 1969E. H. Pinto Treen 339 Smokers' Companions, small fitted table to stand alongside ‘father's armchair’, enjoyed their heyday between 1830 and 1914.
†4. As a term of familiarity or contempt. Cf. ‘fellow’. (Cf. Ger. geselle, F. petit compagnon.)
1581Rich Farewell (Shaks. Soc.) 172 This companion accused Gonsales upon his owne words unto the freendes of Agatha. 1597Shakes. 2 Hen. IV, ii. iv. 132, I scorne you, scuruie Companion. a1618Raleigh Ess. (J.), It gives boldness to every petty companion, to spread rumours to my defamation. 1671H. M. tr. Erasm. Colloq. 130 Thou jeering companion, how thou art still the same man, like thy self! 1764Foote Mayor of G. i. 7 Insolent companion! had I been here, I would have mittimus'd the rascal at once.
5. A member of an order of knighthood: originally a general term, now indicating the lowest grade; as Companion of the Bath (C.B.), Companion of the Star of India (C.S.I.), Companion of Honour (C.H.), Companion of the Order of St. Michael and St. George (C.M.G.). (See commander 4.)
1568Grafton Chron. II. 695 Eche beyng companion of others order: for the king wore the golden Fleece, & the Duke [of Burgundy] wore the Garter. 1725Stat. of the Bath 4 This order shall consist of the Sovereign..and of Thirty five other Companions. 1835Penny Cycl. IV. 24/1 [Bulletin of Jan. 2, 1815] The third class to be composed of officers holding commissions in his Majesty's service by sea or land, who shall be styled companions of the said order. 1896London Gaz. 21 Apr. 2388/1 The list of appointments to be Ordinary Members of the Third Class, or Companions of the Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George. 1917Times 22 June 7/4 The second order..will be entitled the ‘Order of the Companions of Honour’, and will consist of one class only, to which women will be eligible equally with men. 1984Debrett's Handbk. p. xxviii, General table of precedence... Companions of the Star of India; Companions of St. Michael and St. George. 1985Daily Tel. 15 June 32/6 The poet Philip Larkin..is made a Companion of Honour.
b. Companion of Literature (C.Lit.), an honour awarded by the Royal Society of Literature; a holder of this.
1961Times 19 Apr. 13/3 The first batch of five living British writers are to be ‘inducted’..into the ‘honour’ and become ‘Companions of Literature’ and free to put ‘C. Litt.’ after their names from May 10. 1976Debrett's Correct Form (rev. ed.) 102 The Royal Society of Literature bestows an award limited to ten recipients, the Companion of Literature. The letters C.Lit. are placed before the Fellowship.
6. Used to translate F. compagnon or Ger. geselle, journeyman. (Cf. companionship.)
1776[see companionship 2]. 1864Kirk Chas. Bold I. ii. i. 446 Whether as apprentices, ‘companions,’ or masters, they were all members of a guild.
7. A person who lives with another in need of society, and who, though receiving remuneration, is treated rather as a friend and equal than as an inferior or servant. (Now usually of women.)
1766Goldsm. Vic. W. xxxii, He now resides in quality of companion at a relation's house. 1883F. M. Crawford Dr. Claudius viii. 111 The proper aspect of the lady-companion. 1885Law Times Rep. LIII. 5/2 Miss F. P...his late step-daughter's friend and companion.
8. A thing which matches or resembles another, e.g. one of a pair or set of pictures. (Cf. 9 b.)
1762–71H. Walpole Vertue's Anecd. Paint. (1786) IV. 52 At Hamburgh he began a companion to it. 1875Fortnum Maiolica xi. 106 A companion of a plate preserved in the Louvre.
9. attrib. and quasi-adj.
a. of persons. companion cavalry, the horse-guards in the Macedonian army (οἱ ἑταῖροι).
c1590Marlowe Faust. vi. 92, I am Lucifer, And this is my companion-prince in hell. 1593Shakes. Rich. II, i. iii. 93 Most mighty Liege, and my companion Peeres. 1608― Per. v. i. 78 Provided That none but I and my companion maid Be suffer'd to come near him. 1856Grote Greece ii. xciii. XII. 221 The fierce onset of Alexander with the companion-cavalry.
b. of things. (Cf. sense 8.)
1844Disraeli Coningsby vi. vii, The first unhappiness—what a companion piece for the first love. 1850A. Jameson Leg. Monast. Ord. (1863) 342 The companion picture was the ‘St. Elizabeth’. 1875Jowett Plato (ed. 2) I. 7 The companion Dialogues of the Lysis and Laches. 1885Law Times 23 May 63/2 A companion volume.
10. Comb., as companion-like; companion-cell Bot., a specialized elongated parenchymatous cell one or more of which is connected to most sieve-tubes in the phloem of some flowering plants; companion-set, a set of fireside implements on a stand.
1887W. Hillhouse tr. Strasburger's Bot. 146 Sieve-tubes, whose companion-cells are the cells with narrower cavities, which follow towards the exterior. 1938E. C. Miller Plant Physiol. (ed. 2) xii. 849 A companion cell has numerous simple pits connecting with the sieve tube with which it is associated.
1621Lady M. Wroth Urania 327 My Lord tooke him, to bee his companion-like seruant. Ibid. 341.
1926–7Army & Navy Stores Catal. 275/1 Hearth Furniture..Companion Set. Polished Brass—53/-. 1948J. Cannan Little I Understood iv. 58 The shining brass fender, the companion set, the tasteless tiles. 1959K. Waterhouse Billy Liar 50 The terrace house with the linoleum squares..and the novel horseshoe companion-set in satin-brass.
▪ II. companion, n.2 Naut.|kəmˈpænjən|
[cf. Du. kompanje, now usually kampanje, ‘quarterdeck’ (i.e. above the cabin in the old ships of the line), in Kilian (1598) kompanghe, Witsen (1671) kompagne, Dict. de Marine (1702) kompanie, corresp. to OF. compagne ‘chambre du majordome d'une galère’ (Littré), It. compagna, more fully chambre de la compagne, camera della compagna, expl. by Jal as ‘chambre aux vivres journaliers, cambuse’ (see caboose), from It. and med.L. compagna, OCat. companya = companage, compānāticum, ‘vivres, provisions de bouche’ (Jal).
The (camera della) Compagna was thus originally the pantry or store-room of provisions in the mediæval galley, found already in 14th c. Pantero-Pantera, Armata Navale (Rome 1613) iv. 45, describes it as ‘la camera della Campagna, che serve come una dispensa, nella quale sta il vino, il companatico, cioè carne salata, il formaggio, l'oglio, l'aceto, i salumi, e l'altre robbe simili’ (Jal). The name has passed in Du. and Eng. to other structures erected on the deck. In Eng. corrupted by sailors into conformity with companion1 (to which it is indeed related in origin).]
‘The framing and sash-lights upon the quarter-deck or round-house, through which light passes to the cabins and decks below; a sort of wooden hood placed over the entrance or staircase of the master's cabin in small ships’ (Smyth Sailor's Word-bk.). Sometimes short for companion-ladder, -way (see b).
1762Falconer Shipwr. ii. 243 Companion, binnacle, in floating wreck With compasses and glasses strew'd the deck. 1769― Dict. Marine (1789) Companion, a sort of wooden porch placed over the entrance or stair-case of the master's cabin in a merchant-ship. 1849Illust. Lond. News 13 Oct. 244 A very pretty companion, or round house [of steam yacht]. 1869M. A. Barker Station Life N. Zealand i. (1874) 3, I have been in the cuddy when a sea found its way down the companion. 1880Daily Tel. 7 Sept., The time⁓keeper, who sits at the head of the companion.
b. Comb., as companion-door, companion-hasp, companion-stairs; companion-hatch, -head, a wooden covering over the staircase to a cabin; companion-hatchway, an opening in the deck leading to a cabin; companion-ladder, a ladder leading from the deck to a cabin; also, ‘the ladder by which the officers ascend to, and descend from, the quarter-deck’; companion-way, ‘the staircase, porch, or berthing of the ladder-way to the cabin’ (Adm. Smyth).
1823Scoresby Jrnl. N. Whale Fishery 43 We..kept the *companion-door constantly closed.
1854H. Miller Sch. & Schm. (1858) 16 He had just laid his hand on the *companion-hasp to undo the door.
Ibid. 17 The fearful wave..swept her *companion-head..cleanly off by the deck.
1836Marryat Midsh. Easy xxiv, Jack..put the porter on the *companion hatch.
c1860H. Stuart Seaman's Catech. 72 The *companion hatchway, for the convenience of the officers.
1830Scott Demonol. x. 363 The instant he got up the *companion-ladder he heard a splash in the water.
1816‘Quiz’ Grand Master i. 8 Mounting the *companion stairs.
1840R. Dana Bef. Mast xxxii, ‘Sail ho!’ shouted the captain down the *companion-way to the passengers.
▪ III. companion, v.|kəmˈpænjən|
[f. companion n.1 Cf. F. compagnonner ‘to accompanie, associate, consort, be familiar..with’ (Cotgr.).]
†1. trans. To make companion or fellow. Obs.
1606Shakes. Ant. & Cl. i. ii. 30 Finde me to marrie me with Octauius Cæsar, and companion me with my Mistris. 1803J. Porter Thaddeus xlviii. (1831) 434 footnote, It seems to belong to the brave heart of every country..to companion itself with his war steed.
2. To go or be with as a companion; to accompany. lit. and fig.
1622F. Markham Bk. War i. iv. 14 The actions and words of Souldiers must thus bee compannioned with honor. 1748Richardson Clarissa (1811) II. i. 5 He bowed to the ground, and would have taken my hand..I did not like to be so companioned; I withdrew my hand. 1818Keats Endym. iv. 137 Methinks 'twould be a guilt, a very guilt, Not to companion thee. 1853Ruskin Stones Ven. II. iv. 57 His statue..still companions the winged lion on the opposing pillar of the piazzetta.
3. intr. To associate, consort, or keep company.
1845A. M. Hall Whiteboy viii. 68 Many wondered that Mr. G. permitted his daughter to companion so much with such a girl. 1888G. Gissing Life's Morn. III. 102 It needs a long time before the heart can companion only with memories. |