| 释义 |
▪ I. compartment, n.|kəmˈpɑːtmənt|
Also 6–8 compartiment, 6 -pertiment, 6–7 -partement; see also copartiment.
[a. F. compartiment, in It. -mento, late L. -mentum, f. compartīrī to divide. The Fr. form was long retained in artistic senses.]
I. A division separated by partitions, a part partitioned off.
1. a. Arch. and Art. A division or separate part of a design; ‘an ornamental subdivisional part, for ornament, of a larger division’ (Gwilt); e.g. a sunk panel in a ceiling or soffit.
1564–78W. Bullein Dial. agst. Pest. (1888) 15 The piller was eight foote square..with compartementes of cunnyng masonrie curiously couered with fine golde. 1598Florio, Compartimento, a compartment, a partition. 1601F. Godwin Bps. of Eng. 223 [A] toombe..pittifully defaced..the compartiment and other buildings torne downe. 1715T. Bennet Ess. 39 Art. 5 The title of this copy is inclos'd with the same compartiment which that copy has. 1726R. Neve Builders Dict., Compartment..in Architecture, is a particular Square (for an Inscription or some other Device) marked out in some ornamental Part of a Building. 1730–6Bailey (folio), Compartiment of tiles, an arrangement of white and red tiles varnished for the decoration of a roof. 1852H. Cotton Editions of Bible (ed. 2) 274 The title, within a wood-cut compartment. Ibid. 278 Title, within an architectural compartment. 1873Horner Walks Florence (1884) I. xvi. 249 The ceiling was divided into thirty-nine compartments.
†b. ‘Fine bindings of books are said to be in compartiment’ (Bailey s.v.). Obs.[Cf. Littré: Dorures à petits fers qui se mettent sur le plat ou sur le dos des livres.] 1648Herrick Hesper., To Closet-Gods, About the cover of this book there went A curious-comely clean compartlement [? mispr. for compartiement].
†2. Gardening. (See quots.) Obs.
1610W. Folkingham Art of Survey ii. vi. 56 The Tricking of Plots consists in Complements and Compartiments. 1664Evelyn Kal. Hort. 211 Clip Box, etc. in Parterres, Knots, and Compartiments. 1712J. James tr. Le Blond's Gardening 28 A Wood-work, planted in a very handsome Compartiment. 1731–7Miller Gard. Dict., Compartiments are Beds, Plats, Borders, and Walks, laid out according to the Form of the Ground. 1814[see copartiment].
3. Her. A division of a shield, etc.
1590[see copartiment].
1610J. Guillim Heraldry vi. vi. (1611) 271 The Motto, or Word..set in some Scrole or Compartment, placed vsually at the foot of the Escocheon. 1649G. Daniel Trinarch., Hen. V, cclxi, Noe Fret of Names Worne as a Border, or Compartiment, To glimer ore the Tablet. 1730–6Bailey (folio), Compartments (in Heraldry) are partitions, as also quarterings of the escutcheon, according to the number of coats that are to be in it, or the several divisions made in it.
†4. A division of troops. Obs.
1590Sir J. Smyth Disc. Weapons 7 The bands being in great compertiments and divisions, may be with a great deale more celeritie incorporated with the other great compertiments of the like weapons of other great bands. Ibid. 9 Everie sort of weapon being reduced into bands by themselves, without compertiments of divers sorts of weapons in anie one band.
5. A space or chamber partitioned off.
a. in the body of an animal or plant.
1760–72tr. Juan & Ulloa's Voy. (ed. 3) I. iv. viii. 175 Each seed..inclosed in one of the compartments, formed by the transverse membranes of the pod. 1836Todd Cycl. Anat. I. 573/1 The stomach..is divided into distinct compartments. Ibid. I. 644/1 The left compartment of the ventricle.
b. One of the divisions of a railway-carriage.
Now one of the most common of the applications.
1862Shirley Nugæ Crit. xi. 481 In the engaged compartment of a first-class carriage. 1885M. E. Braddon Wyllard's Weird I. 9 She was evidently travelling alone..and she must have been in a compartment by herself.
c. In other applications: e.g. one of the watertight divisions of a large ship.
1866G. Macdonald Ann. Q. Neighb. ix. (1878) 144 He pushed a compartment of books. 1881Daily Tel. 17 Oct., Suddenly liberated here, it..gives rise to an intense cold, which it carries with it into the freezing compartments. 1882Nares Seamanship (ed. 6) 2 Water-tight bulkheads.—The name applied to the sides of the numerous compartments into which it is customary to divide iron vessels. 1884Pall Mall G. 25 Aug. 8/2 She had watertight compartments.
d. Forestry. (See quots.)
1895Schlich Man. Forestry iii. iv. 293 Each working circle..must be further divided. The unit of that division is the compartment. 1905Terms Forestry & Logging 7 Compartment, the unit of area treated in the working plan. The size and the shape of compartments are determined mainly by topographic features. Ibid. 23 Stand method, that method of conservative lumbering in which reproduction is secured from self-sown seed by means of successive cuttings... Syn.: compartment system. 1950Q. Jrnl. Forestry XLIV. 59 It is..highly desirable to divide the woods into conveniently sized and permanently demarcated compartments... Each compartment may usefully range from about 10 acres up to not more than 25 acres in extent.
6. a. A separate division or section of anything, whether plane or solid.
1793Smeaton Edystone L. §328 The rails were made in eight compartments, and screwed together. 1854Darwin Monogr. on Cirripedia, Balanidæ 33 A barnacle or acorn-shell is an irregular cone, formed generally of six compartments. 1867Herschel Fam. Lect. Sc., The Sun 71 They divide the spectrum into compartments. 1872Nicholson Palæont. 150 The sides of the shell are seen to be composed of from 4 to 8 separate pieces, valves, or, as they are technically called, compartments.
b. Used (esp. attrib.) of methods of dealing with business in sections, as of the parliamentary rule to facilitate the passing of a bill by dealing with it in separate portions and allotting a limit of time for the discussion and closure of each.
1893Westm. Gaz. 5 July 2/2 At the close of each compartment he [sc. the Chairman] simply becomes the instrument of the House in recording its decision... Closure by compartment must be supplemented with closure by clause. 1896Daily News 25 Feb. 5/6 The necessity of having the compartment principle engrafted on the rule. 1946Erskine May's Law of Parl. (ed. 14) 449 Special orders of the House, known officially as ‘Allocation of Time’ orders, and colloquially as ‘Guillotine’ or ‘Closure by compartment’ orders.
II.
†7.
a. The proper disposition and distribution of the parts of any design: = compartition 2. Obs.
1704J. Harris Lex. Techn., Compartiment [with Painters], is a regular orderly disposition of agreeable Figures all round any Picture, Map, Draught, etc. for its better Ornament. 1715Leoni Palladio's Archit. (1742) I. 57 The Compartment of the Building, or the distribution of its parts. Ibid. I. 92 Of all the Bridges..the most worthy of consideration (as well for the strength as the compartment of it). 1730–6Bailey (folio), Compartiment [in Joinery, etc.], A symmetrical disposition of figures to adorn panels, etc.
b. fig.
1647Ward Simp. Cobler 5 Tolerations in things tolerable..are..the faire Compartiments of Christian fraternity.
8. Comb., as (sense 5) compartment car, compartment train, compartment vehicle; (sense 5 c) compartment-built adj.; compartment boat, a boat built with watertight compartments; compartment-bulkhead, one of the partitions which divide the hold of a ship into watertight compartments; compartment ceiling, one divided into panels (Gwilt); compartment tiles, an arrangement of varnished red and white tiles on a roof (Gwilt): see 1730 in 4 b.
1894Daily News 1 Sept. 6/7 The compartment boats sinking in Goole Docks.
1892Ibid. 4 July 7/3 She is compartment built,..and this has saved her from an immediate catastrophe.
1928Manch. Guardian Weekly 26 Oct. 335/1 They live in compartment cars, which are more or less like the European wagonlit.
1907Daily Chron. 6 Sept. 7/6 The inconvenience on the car trains is certainly not so great as on the compartment trains.
1908Westm. Gaz. 17 Dec. 10/1 Single-decked compartment vehicles.
▸ compartment syndrome n. Med. any of various conditions resulting from increased pressure within a confined body space (usually caused by oedema, haemorrhage, or increased muscle mass), leading to pain, impairment of blood and nerve supply, and ultimately necrosis of tissue.
The anterior leg, anterior thigh, and forearm are typical sites for the condition.
1958M. G. Kunkel & R. B. Lynn in Canad. Jrnl. Surg. 1 212 (title) The anterior tibial *compartment syndrome. 1998Globe & Mail (Toronto) 20 Feb. o1/2 Last fall she faced the prospect of missing these Games as doctors told her they'd have to slit both her legs open along the tibia to relieve pressure in her calf because of compartment syndrome pain. 2005J. Fredston Snowstruck i. 32 What killed Jerry was probably hypothermia along with ‘compartment syndrome’, which used to be called ‘tourniquet shock’.
▪ II. compartment, v.
[f. the n.]
trans. To divide or put into compartments (lit. and fig.). Chiefly in pa. pple. Cf. compartmented ppl. a.
1930G. Manning-Sanders Burnt Man i. 11 All along the length of one wall, neatly stacked and compartmented, thousands of rolls of wallpaper. 1950Partridge Here, There & Everywhere 54 Language..should not..be compartmented, for such compartments fail to correspond with the facts. 1964Punch 16 Dec. 911/2 Affairs can no longer be compartmented. |