释义 |
compensation|kɒmpənˈseɪʃən| [ad. L. compensātiōn-em (or F. compensation, 16th c. in Littré), n. of action f. compensāre: see compensate.] 1. a. The action of compensating, or condition of being compensated; counterbalance, rendering of an equivalent, requital, recompense.
1387Trevisa Higden (Rolls) VIII. 211 His sustres þat were his heyres hadde oþer londes þerfore in compensacioun. 1597Bacon Coulers viii. Ess. (Arb.) 149 If euill be in the one and comfort in the other, it is a kind of compensation. 1651W. G. tr. Cowel's Inst. 218 Obliged to the compensation of what is lost by Roberies. 1813Sir H. Davy Agric. Chem. (1814) 359 Some articles capable of becoming manure are introduced in compensation. 1876Mozley Univ. Serm. ix. 188 The Spartan idea of human life was one of strict compensation..you must fight for the State if the State is to keep you. b. Mech. The balance or neutralization of opposing forces.
1789W. Nicholson Electr. in Phil. Trans. LXXIX. 283 Whenever a jar is charged, the greatest part of the electricity becomes latent on account of the compensation. 1831Brewster Optics xxiii. 204 The..axes along which there is no double refraction or polarisation..have been called..axes of compensation. 1837― Magnetism 354 A more perfect compensation in the action of two needles. 1874Knight Dict. Mech. 600/2 Adjustment of the screws..rendering this compensation a tedious..operation. c. Med. (See quot. 1882.)
1866A. Flint Princ. Med. (1880) 334 The stage of compensation..may last for years. 1882Syd. Soc. Lex., Compensation.. those conditions by which the effects of congenital or acquired disease are warded off. It may be observed in cases of cardiac or hepatic disease. d. Electr. The neutralization of one magnetomotive or electromotive force by another; the modification of an electrical device or circuit in order to remove some undesired characteristic or effect.
1855W. H. Preece Brit. Pat. 2608, By adjusting the distance of the coils from the needles, a complete compensation is effected. 1876Preece & Sivewright Telegraphy v. 142 The other half, which is called the compensation current, passes around the electromagnet..and back to the battery. 1963B. Fozard Instrumentation Nucl. Reactors x. 120 Response of circuit before compensation. e. Psychol. The act or result of compensating (compensate v. 5). Also attrib.
1914Jung in Brit. Med. Jrnl. 3 Dec. 965/1 In the case of normal people the principal function of the unconscious is to effect a compensation and thus produce a balance. All extreme conscious tendencies are softened..through an effective opposite impulse in the unconscious. This compensating agency..maintains itself through certain unconscious, inconsequent activities. 1917S. E. Jeliffe (title) tr. Adler's Study of organ inferiority and its psychical compensation. 1921E. J. Kempf Psychopathol. v. 197 The symptoms of the compensation neuroses are characterized by striving, egotism, intolerance, [etc.]. Ibid. xi. 551 It is the second type that makes the asocial compensation. 1924P. Radin tr. Adler's Individ. Psychol. xviii. 224 Napoleon, Jesus, Jeanne d'Arc, the Virgin,..etc. are frequent compensation-ideals of the intensified lust for superiority. 1929Adler Probl. Neurosis v. 66 If the situation is unfavourable and courage fails, there will be a negative compensation—e.g., the child will not want to see anything. 1930J. C. Flügel Psychol. of Clothes vi. 102 Such little evidence as I possess points to the excessive satisfaction with clothes being a compensation for an extreme intolerance of the naked body. 1959Encycl. Brit. VII. 136/2 Compensation..reduces tensions by substituting some other need-satisfaction for the one that is frustrated or induces anxiety. 1961John o'London's 18 May 567/3 A really catatonic compensation-fantasy. 2. a. That which is given in recompense, an equivalent rendered, remuneration, amends.
1610Shakes. Temp. iv. i. 2 If I haue too austerely punish'd you, Your compensation makes amends. 1776Adam Smith W.N. I. i. vi. 55 The compensation which the borrower pays to the lender. 1845S. Austin Ranke's Hist. Ref. II. 505 They accepted compensation in money or in kind. 1878Browning La Saisiaz 59 Pains with sorry compensations. b. Amends or recompense for loss or damage.
1804Earl of Lauderdale Publ. Wealth (1819) 152 A proprietor..entitled to a compensation for what his capital would have produced him. 1850Robertson Serm. Ser. iii. ii. (1872) 27 Men think that heaven is to be a compensation for earthly loss. 1860Tyndall Glac. i. xviii. 130 Determined to make us some compensation for the loss. Mod. He has sued the Railway Company for compensation. They will receive compensation for disturbance. c. Civil Law. (See quot.)
1848Wharton Law Lex., Compensation..a sort of right by set-off, whereby a person who has been sued for a debt, demands that the debt may be compensated with what is owing to him by the creditor, which, in that case, is equivalent to payment. d. Salary or wages, esp. of a public servant; payment for services rendered. U.S.
1787Constitution (U.S.) i. §6 The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensation for their services to be..paid out of the Treasury of the U.S. 1793Deb. Congress 1431 The compensation of the President of the United States shall be at the rate of twenty-five thousand dollars per annum. 1842Dickens Amer. Notes 48 The Presidential housemaids have..an ample amount of ‘compensation’, which is the American word for salary, in the case of all public servants. 1931W. G. McAdoo Crowded Years xiii. 205 The compensation of an assistant secretary of the Treasury was the small salary of five thousand dollars. 3. attrib. and Comb., as compensation act, compensation water, etc.; compensation-balance, -pendulum, in a chronometer, a balance-wheel or a pendulum having arrangements which neutralize the effect of the expansion or contraction of the metal under variations of temperature; also compensation-curb, -stud, etc., parts of such mechanism; compensation-bar, -strip, a bar of two or more metals of different expansibilities, the expansions of which neutralize each other's effect; compensation point (see quots.); compensation water, water supplied from a reservoir to a stream in time of drought.
1882(title), Commonable Rights *Compensation Act.
1805Hardy in Trans. Soc. Arts XXIII. 378 We have at present two *compensation balances. 1848Brande Dict. Sc. (N. York) 117 That which is most generally adopted is the expansion or compensation-balance. 1874Knight Dict. Mech. 600/1 Compensation Balance..invented by Harrison, of Foulby, England, who devoted himself for a long series of years—1728–1761—to the discovery.
1884F. J. Britten Watch & Clockm. 66 The *compensation curb was invented by Harrison, but..it is never used now.
1888Daily News 30 Nov. 2/1 The water passing through the masonry in a twenty-inch pipe, and into a *compensation house, where..the millions of gallons that have to escape can be measured to a nicety.
1866Dickens Mugby Junction 279 (Hoppe) The value of the house had been referred to what was popularly called a *compensation-jury.
1807Ward in Trans. Soc. Arts. XXV. 116, I send you a new *compensation pendulum. c1861Tripplin & Rigg tr. Saunier's Mod. Horology 687 Compensation pendulums..to neutralize the effects of contraction and dilatation due to changes of temperature.
1925W. Stiles Photosynthesis vii. 97 There will be a light intensity for every plant and every temperature in which the assimilation is exactly equal to the respiration, and in which, consequently, there will be neither evolution nor absorption of either carbon dioxide or oxygen. This light intensity is called the *compensation point. 1964V. J. Chapman Coastal Veget. iii. 65 Changes of temperature can affect both photosynthesis and respiration. The point at which these two processes exactly balance, and where oxygen content remains stable, is called the compensation point.
1884F. J. Britten Watch & Clockm. 66 With the changes of temperature the *compensation stud moves to and fro.
1889Pall Mall G. 13 July 3/1 The bill does not provide for any storage or any *compensation water to be sent down the stream. 1935British Birds XXVIII. 329 This may have been due to the drought, and to the minimum amount of compensation water flowing from the reservoirs. 1956J. N. Wood in D. L. Linton Sheffield 74 The remaining six impounding reservoirs provide 16·4 m.g.d. compensation water which, by statute, is required to be delivered into the streams on which the supply reservoirs have been constructed. |