| 释义 |
▪ I. slump, n.1 Sc.|slʌmp|
[a. LG. slump heap, mass, quantity (im slump köpen to buy in the lump), = Du. slomp, Fris. slompe. The LG. word is also the source of Da., Sw., and Norw. slump.]
1. A large quantity or number; chiefly in phrases by or in (the) slump, rarely in a slump, as a whole, not separately or individually, collectively; in the lump.
(a)1795Statist. Acc. Scotl. XV. 344 The brae farms, and the pasture land, are let by slump; it is impossible to say what they rent per acre. 1808Jamieson s.v., Coft by slump. 1851H. Stephens Bk. Farm (ed. 2) II. 742 The grain is..paid in slump or advance at the middle of the year's engagement.
(b)1814Scott Diary 10 Aug., Marriages and baptisms are performed, as one of the Isles-men told me, by the slump. 1827Blackw. Mag. XXI. 893 We would not give General Holt..for all the Greek chiefs in a slump. 1866Blackie Homer & Iliad I. 29 There is a tendency to fling away honest old traditions in the slump.
2. attrib. and Comb., as † slump number, a large or round number; † slump reckoning, a reckoning in round numbers; slump sum, a lump sum; slump work, = lump work (lump n.1 9).
1718Wodrow Corr. (1843) II. 397 At a slump reckoning of 900 ministers at 1000 merks per piece. 1721― Hist. Suff. Ch. Scot. (1830) III. 341 The slump number he has taken..from the Scots Mist. 1808Jamieson s.v., Slump wark, work taken in the lump. 1844H. Stephens Bk. Farm III. 1052 In hiring,..it is not unusual to give a slump sum for the harvest. 1862Beveridge Hist. India v. iv. II. 334 From this transaction alone a slump sum of fifty lacs..had been obtained. 1877Dawson Orig. of World viii. 189 Creation was not a sort of slump-work to be perfected by the operation of a law of developement.
▪ II. slump, n.2|slʌmp|
[f. slump v.2]
1. Stock Exchange. A heavy fall or sudden decline in the price or value of commodities or securities.
1888Boston (Mass.) Jrnl. 22 Dec. 4/2 There was another slump in oil on the Consolidated Exchange to-day... Opening at 893/4,..the price dropped to 877/8. 1895Tablet 19 Oct. 623 In a single week there has been a slump to the extent of twenty-two million sterling. 1895Daily News 20 Nov. 8/3 The Glasgow Commercial Exchanges to-day took a gloomy view, and prices fell with a slump.
2. transf.
a. A sudden or heavy decline or falling off; a collapse. spec. in Econ., a sharp or sudden decline in trade or business, usu. accompanied by widespread unemployment; freq. with reference to a particular instance, esp. the Great Depression of 1929 and subsequent years.
1888Howells A. Kilburn xxv, What a slump!—what a slump! That blessed short-legged little seraph has spoilt the best sport that ever was. 1896Westm. Budget 3 Jan. 3/1 There is clearly no ‘slump’ in the matrimonial market. 1897Leeds Mercury 10 July 11/4 It..became apparent that a slump in the demand for cycles had set in. 1922H. A. Silverman Substance of Economics xv. 231 Industries grew to depend increasingly on one another... It became inevitable..that a ‘boom’ or a ‘slump’ in one branch should synchronize with similar conditions elsewhere. 1930Engineering 10 Jan. 42/2 To discover opportunities for employment on such jobs during industrial slumps. 1936J. M. Keynes Gen. Theory Employment, Interest & Money iv. xvi. 218 In the succeeding ‘slump’ the stock of capital may fall for a time below the level which will yield a marginal efficiency of zero. 1936N. Streatfeild Ballet Shoes vi. 89 ‘Well, I can't go back to Kuala Lumpur.’ ‘Why?’ ‘A thing called a slump.’ 1952Granta 15 Nov. 12/1 We wanted to fight Fascism, War and the Slump. 1953M. Scott Breakfast at Six iii. 24 Bought all this land—got it cheap in slump time. 1957I. Cross God Boy (1958) iii. 27 Then there was the slump..and then I never did get a chance with that hotel in Wellington. 1976Economist 16 Oct. 13/2 A record rise in mortgage charges during a building slump.
b. Geomorphol. A landslide in which soil, sediment, or the like slides a short distance with some degree of cohesion and usu. a slight backward rotation owing to the concavity of the surface of separation from the parent mass; movement of this kind; also, a mass of material that has so fallen.
1905Chamberlin & Salisbury Geology I. iv. 218 (heading) Creep, slumps, and landslides. 1949F. J. Pettijohn Sedimentary Rocks iv. 145 A structure of similar appearance..is reported from some limestones and dolomites. The cause of the folding may be due to subaqueous slump. 1954W. D. Thornbury Princ. Geomorphol. v. 104 Mantle rock..is moved downslope by creep, slump, other types of mass-wasting, and by sheet⁓wash. 1963D. W. & E. E. Humphries tr. Termier's Erosion & Sedimentation vii. 166 Water-laid phenomena (slumps, low-angle cross bedding) are observed, and suggest that eolian sands have been blown into a shallow sea. 1964V. J. Chapman Coastal Veget. i. 2 A large scale change induced by a major cliff-fall or slump. 1970W. H. Matthews Geol. made Simple (rev. ed.) viii. 117 Slump is a common occurrence along the banks of streams. 1978A. L. Bloom Geomorphology viii. 178 An elaborate engineering technology has been developed to predict the surface of rupture beneath a slump in order to drill into it and drain the water from the vicinity.
c. Engin. The height through which the top of a mass of fresh concrete sinks when the mould containing it is removed, as in the slump test (see sense 4 below).
1920D. A. Abrams Design of Concrete Mixes (Bull. No. 1, Structural Materials Res. Lab., Lewis Inst., Chicago) 13 Normal consistency..requires the use of such a quantity of mixing water as will cause a slump of ½ to 1 in. in a freshly molded 6 × 12-in. cylinder of about 1:4 mix. 1934S. C. Hollister in L. C. Urquhart Civil Engin. Handbk. vii. 562 Concrete for buildings ranges from 4 to 6 in. slump. 1977D. E. Branson Deformation of Concrete Structures i. 48 Creep correction factors... May be marginal but normally can be neglected for slumps up to 4 in.
3. gen. A slumping movement or fall.
1850S. Judd Richard Edney i. 12 Move carefully! It is a slip, or a slump, all the way through. 1867‘T. Lackland’ Homespun i. 90 A..black snake..slid down with a slump..into the water. 1900S. Hale Let. 29 Apr. (1919) 361, I let my huge bulk down with a slump.
4. attrib., as (sense 2 b) slump bed, slump bedding, slump block, slump series, slump sheet, slump structure; slump test Engin., a test of the consistency of fresh concrete in which the slump is measured following the removal of a mould of specified size and shape (usu. the frustum of a cone).
1974Sedimentology XXI. 2 Exposures of banks and slump beds extend along the whole of the coast.
1949F. J. Pettijohn Sedimentary Rocks iv. 145 The disturbance is restricted to layers a mere inch or two thick. Such deformation is usually due to subaqueous slump or gliding and has been termed ‘slump’ or ‘glide bedding’. 1964Gloss. Mining Terms (B.S.I.) v. 13 Slump bedding, disturbed strata interbedded between undisturbed strata, caused by flow of newly deposited sediment.
1969D. J. Easterbrook Princ. Geomorphol. xi. 228 During movement of a slump block, secondary slumps may develop and produce a stair-step-like series of parallel slump blocks. 1978A. L. Bloom Geomorphology viii. 178 Vegetation or even houses may be carried intact on the surface of a large slump block.
1937O. T. Jones in Q. Jrnl. Geol. Soc. XCIII. 272 In view of the fact that a thick mass..may have been formed by successive sliding or slumping of sediments, it is proposed to speak of it as a slump series, and where it is reasonably certain that a mass is the result of a single episode, that mass is referred to as a slump sheet. A slump series is or may be..made up of several slump sheets separated by a greater or lesser thickness of normal mudstones. 1976Jrnl. Geol. Soc. CXXXII. 125 Sequence 4, in the upper part of the slump sheet, is most complexly deformed, showing closed and contorted folds.
1963Geol. Mag. C. 205 The slump structures which characterize the Torridonian red sandstones of North-West Scotland. 1975J. L. Wilson Carbonate Facies Geol. Hist. viii. 238 The limestone..has graded beds, lamination, microbreccias and slump structure.
1920F. L. Roman in Engin. & Contracting 3 Mar. 241/1 Cone No. 1..was far better than a cylinder for determining the consistency of concrete by means of a ‘slump’ test. 1975Concrete Inspection Procedures (Portland Cement Assoc.) iv. 41 A slump test is made at the start of the operation each day and whenever the appearance of concrete indicates a change in consistency.
Sense 4 in Dict. becomes 5. Add: 4. A dessert consisting of stewed fruit with a biscuit or dough topping; a fruit cobbler. U.S. (chiefly New England).
1831, etc. [see apple slump s.v. apple n. 3 c]. 1905Dialect Notes III. 19 Slump,..a dish of dough and fruit, as ‘apple slump’. 1939I. Wolcott Yankee Cook Bk. 365 Slump. What State-of-Mainers call cooked fruit topped with dumplings or biscuit dough. 1947Bowles & Towle Secrets New England Cooking xi. 178 Both the grunts and the slumps were transition desserts, halfway between the boiled and baked puddings but simpler to make. 1965National Observer (U.S.) 29 Nov. 20/4 But even the failures tasted good, so I told her to put on a brave face and call it a prized old New England recipe for blueberry ‘slump’. 1986B. Fussell I hear Amer. Cooking IV. xvii. 313 In America, the English pudding pies made of custard and fruit..were named ‘slumps’, ‘crunches’, and ‘grunts’.
▪ III. slump, v.1 Chiefly Sc.|slʌmp|
[f. slump n.1]
1. trans. To lump; to put, place, regard, deal with, etc., as one quantity, mass, or group. Freq. to slump together.
(a)1822W. J. Napier Pract. Store-farming 147 No farmer ever gives in an offer, first, for the value of the pasture, and then, for the landlord's improvements. He may say that he slumps them all together. 1856Ferrier Inst. Metaph. 61 The inconceivable as here laid down, is thus slumped together..with the absolutely inconceivable. 1873J. Geikie Gt. Ice Age i. 4 The deposits, which were at one time slumped together,..are really the records of a long series of changes.
(b)1827Scott Jrnl. 14 Jan., I have let my cash run ahead since I came from the Continent.—I must slump the matter as I can. 1828H. Steuart Planter's G. (1848) I. 314 He slumps the whole under one head. 1890R. W. Cochran-Patrick Evid. Mining Royalties Commiss. No. 7613, Copper, lead, tin,..are mentioned by name, and the others are slumped.
2. intr. To club together in paying.
1849G. Cupples Green Hand ii. (1856) 25 Slump together for the other guinea, will ye?
Hence ˈslumping vbl. n.
1822W. J. Napier Pract. Store-farming 147 This ‘slumping’..will never serve to pay to the landlord that identical interest [etc.]. 1850Chambers's Jrnl. 23 Mar. 191/2 The slumping of the whole loss into the arbitrary..sum of five pounds. 1873J. C. Maxwell in L. Campbell Life (1882) 439 The slumping together of multitudes of cases.
▪ IV. slump, v.2 Chiefly dial. and U.S., esp. in earlier use.|slʌmp|
[Probably imitative: cf. plump v.1 Norw. has slumpa in sense 1, as well as in that of Sw. slumpa, Da. slumpe, from LG. slumpen, G. schlumpen to come about, happen by accident.]
1. a. intr. To fall or sink in or into a bog, swamp, muddy place, etc.; to fall in water with a dull splashing sound. Also in fig. context.
a1677Barrow Serm. (1686) III. 191 [The young men] walk upon a bottomless quag into which unawares they may slump. 1684I. Mather Remark. Provid. (1846) 28 Being in this swamp that was miry, I slumpt in and fell down. 1776T. Twining in Country Clergyman of the 18th C. (1882) 31, I remember slumping on a sudden into the slough of despond, and closing my letter in the dumps. a1828T. Bewick Mem. (1862) 116 Thinking the bog she had to pass through, might be frozen hard enough to bear her, she ‘slumped’ deep into it. 1835New Monthly Mag. XLIII. 159 We dreaded to meet even a single sleigh, lest in turning out, the horses should ‘slump’ beyond their depth, in the untrodden drifts. 1872Coues N. Amer. Birds 52 This enables the birds to run lightly over the floating leaves of aquatic plants, by so much increase of breadth of support that they do not slump in.
fig.1835Gilchrist Bards Tyne 416 (E.D.D.), Newcassel hes fairly slump't into disgrace.
b. Const. through, beneath, etc. Also fig.
1856Lowell Lett. I. 296 No danger of her slumping through the clouds. 1871― Study Wind. (1886) 44 The man may slump through,..where the boy would have skimmed the surface. 1884Harper's Mag. Aug. 337/1 But one awful night Kampen..simply ‘slumped’, as they say in the far west, beneath the waters and mud that ingulphed it.
2. a. Of the wind: To fall, drop.
1855Trans. Philol. Soc. 36 (Norfolk words), The wind slumped. 1894Outing XXIV. 376/2 The breeze had been gradually dying for an hour, and now it bid fair..to slump entirely at midnight.
b. To slide off heavily; to plump down; to fall or collapse clumsily or heavily. spec. in Geomorphol. of soil, sediment, etc.: to fall in a slump (sense 2 b).
1884Burroughs Pepacton 217 Its body slumps off, and rolls and spills down the hill. 1889‘Mark Twain’ Yankee at Crt. K. Arthur v, Clarence had slumped to his knees before I had half finished. 1905Chamberlin & Salisbury Geology I. iv. 220 Where a stream's banks are high..considerable masses sometimes slump from the bank. 1920Engin. & Contracting 3 Mar. 241/1 Large voids or stone pockets tend to cause the concrete specimen to slump on one side rather than vertically. 1937Q. Jrnl. Geol. Soc. XCIII. 276 Sediments accumulating on a sub-aqueous slope would slide or slump if the weight increased beyond a certain amount. 1978Friedman & Sanders Princ. Sedimentol. xii. 400/1 Strata that slumped and were deformed may be..overlain by turbidites.
c. Of stocks, values, etc.: To fall heavily or suddenly. Also with † off. (Cf. slump n.2 1.)
1888in Farmer Americanisms (1889) 495/2 ‘How's North-western this morning, Uncle Zeke?’ asked Dick... ‘Slumped off six points, hang it!’ scowling viciously over his paper. 1896Daily News 9 Dec. 10/7 The market again slumped down on further indications of a heavy crop movement. 1898Ibid. 8 Mar. 3/6 Prices slumped from 2 to 5 points generally.
d. transf. and fig.
1925Sunday Times 20 Sept. 12/6 Where one's sympathy slumps and all one's optimism fails is in face of two depressing facts. 1970Daily Tel. 16 May 12 Better pay and conditions are essential if police morale is not to go on slumping. 1977Cork Examiner 6 June 7/1 The over⁓night leader..slumped to an 80 in his second round for 150.
3. To move or walk in a clumsy, heavy, or laborious manner. Also fig.
1854Lowell Jrnl. Italy Prose Wks. 1890 I. 115 He..paces the deck..much as one of those yellow hummocks goes slumping up and down his cage. 1887― Old Eng. Dramatists (1892) 18 In such collections as Dodsley's ‘Old Plays’, where we slump along through the loose sand.
4. trans.
a. To throw down heavily; to slam.
1836Haliburton Clockm. (1862) 126 She slumped down her nittin, and clawed off her spectacles. 1853G. J. Cayley Las Alforjas I. 233 Some shivering adorer, who stands in the night air till John has slumped the tight door into the panel.
b. local. (See quots.)
1874C. J. Palmer Perlust. Gt. Yarmouth II. 260 note, The suitor who lost his cause was said to be ‘slumped’. Ibid., ‘Slumped agin’, was shouted derisively to one who had been a second time unsuccessful.
c. To cause to depreciate suddenly.
1899Church Times 13 Oct. 421/1 Suppose some ‘bear’ determines to ‘slump’ the market.
Hence slumped, ˈslumping ppl. adjs.
1899Church Times 13 Oct. 421/1 The vicious operations of the slumping bear and the tossing bull. 1937Q. Jrnl. Geol. Soc. XCIII. 277 Local after-slides..added low ridges on the surface of the major slumped mass. 1965G. J. Williams Econ. Geol. N.Z. iii. 31/2 There is a good deal of glacial debris and slumped ground under the thick forest. 1976J. E. Sanders et al. Physical Geol. vii. 244 A slumped mass usually does not travel very far nor spectacularly fast. |