| 释义 |
▪ I. conjugate, v.|ˈkɒndʒʊgeɪt|
[f. L. conjugāt- ppl. stem of conjugāre to yoke together, f. con- together + jugāre to join, yoke, marry, f. jug-um yoke. Cf. F. conjuguer.]
1. trans. To yoke together, to couple; to join together, unite. rare.
1570Levins Manip. 40/24 To coniugate, coniungare. a1639Wotton in Gutch Coll. Cur. I. 216 Power and occasion to conjugate at pleasure the Norman and the Saxon Houses. 1641J. Jackson True Evang. T. iii. 173 Lyons, and Oxen, Asps, and young Children, (for thus the Text conjugates them) dwell together. 1674Grew Anat. Plants iii. i. ii. §8 [The vessels of the bark] Conjugated or Braced together in the form of Net-Work.
2. Gram. To inflect (a verb) in its various forms of voice, mood, tense, number, and person.
1530Palsgr. Introd. 33 In the seconde boke, where I conjugate je parle and je conuertis at the length. c1620Hume Brit. Tongue 32 These [verbs] our idiom conjugates onelie in two tymes, the tyme present and tym past. 1783Gentl. Mag. LIII. i. 432 Can any of you all impart A rule to conjugate the heart; To shew its present, perfect, future, Its active, passive and its neuter. 1824L. Murray Eng. Gram. I. 159 These languages, like our own..sometimes conjugate with an auxiliary, and sometimes without it. 1871Earle Philol. §276 Whatever verb is invented or borrowed is naturally conjugated after the prevalent pattern.
3. intr.
a. = conjoin 4 c.
b. Biol. To unite in conjugation (sense 5).
1790J. Williams Shrove Tuesday (1794) 12 When first I woo'd and won Your will to conjugate in Ceres' cot. 1859Darwin Orig. Spec. iv. (1878) 81 Organic beings extremely low in the scale, which do not propagate sexually, nor conjugate. 1875Contemp. Rev. XXVII. 83 Any two cells may conjugate and combine their contents within a single cell.
Add:4. trans. Chem. and Biochem. To combine (one compound) with another, usu. of a different kind, to form a molecule in which the constituents retain their identity and from which they can be readily recovered.
1863[implied in *conjugated ppl. a. b]. 1900J. A. Mandel tr. Hammarsten's Text-bk. Physiol. Chem. (ed. 3) xv. 481 In birds..the acid is conjugated to another substance, ornithin. 1913J. Walker Org. Chem. 302 Hæmoglobin..consists of the protein globin conjugated with the pyrrole derivative hæmatin. 1924T. B. Robertson Princ. Biochem. (ed. 2) xxiii. 663 Lack of detoxication, of which the failure to conjugate phenols is an example. 1954A. White et al. Princ. Biochem. viii. 143 Lipoproteins..are water-soluble proteins conjugated with lecithin, cholesterol, cephalin, etc. 1984Tighe & Davies Pathology (ed. 4) xvii. 167 The bilirubin becomes detached from the albumin and conjugated with glucuronic acid in the liver cell. 1987Nursing Jan. 480/1 In newborn babies jaundice occurs..because the enzyme, glucuronyl transferase, which is required to conjugate bilirubin so that it can be excreted through the gut, is lacking.
▪ II. conjugate, a. and n.|ˈkɒndʒʊgət|
[ad. L. conjugāt-us, pa. pple. of conjugāre: see prec.]
A. adj.
I. Joined together, conjoined.
1. a. Joined together, esp. in a pair, coupled; connected, related. (In quot. 1552 = united in marriage.)
1471Ripley Comp. Alch. iv. in Ashm. (1652) 144 Soe be they together surely conjugate. 1552Huloet, Bastard begotten betwene base and gentle, or betwene coniugate and single, spurius. 1605Bacon Adv. Learn. ii. ix. §1 Human philosophy..hath two parts; the one considereth man segregate or distributively; the other congregate, or in society. So as human philosophy is either simple and particular, or conjugate and civil. 1879C. M. Ingleby Shaks. Cent. Praise 177 The conjugate use of ‘whilst’ and ‘then’ in these verses is, to say the least, very unusual.
b. Bibliogr. (See quot. 1927.)
1881Westcott & Hort Grk. Test. Introd. §287 Three pairs of conjugate leaves. 1927R. B. McKerrow Introd. Bibliogr. i. iii. 27 Two leaves which ‘belong to one another’, i.e. if traced into and out of the back of the book are found to form a single piece of paper, are said to be ‘conjugate’. 1957N. R. Ker Catal. MSS. containing Anglo-Saxon p. xxii, The eight leaves forming the quire are four conjugate pairs (i.e. four sheets), 1–8, 2–7, 3–6, and 4–5. 1968Bodl. Libr. Rec. VIII. 81 Quire iv consists only of two conjugate leaves.
2. Gram. Applied to words which are directly derived from the same root or stem, and therefore usually of kindred meaning; as wise, wisely, wisdom. [L. conjugata verba.]
1862Marsh Eng. Lang. i. 18 Our word language has no conjugate adjective. Ibid. xxvi. 421 Cost and costly..are strictly conjugate. 1864Bowen Logic ix. 277 Another source of ambiguity is the supposition that paronymous or conjugate words—as the substantive, verb, adjective, and adverb formed from the same root—necessarily agree in meaning.
3. Chem.
a. In conjugate compound, conjugate acid, conjugate radical: see quots.
1882Watts Dict. Chem. II. 8 [quoting Laurent and Gerhardt] We designate as conjugate compounds all such as are formed by the direct union of two bodies, with elimination of water, and are capable of reproducing the original bodies by again taking up the elements of water. Ibid. 10 Another class of acids to which the term conjugate is still sometimes applied, includes those which result from a peculiar action of sulphuric acid..on certain organic bodies.
b. conjugate solution: one of two solutions which are in equilibrium at a given temperature.
1909in Webster. 1932E. Gregory Metall. iii. 69 Such solutions as x1 and x2 which can exist in equilibrium with each other at a constant temperature are known as conjugate solutions. 1959Chambers's Encycl. XII. 699/2 Mixtures of the alcohol and water in proportions corresponding to compositions between A and B will, after shaking, separate into these two ‘conjugate’ solutions A and B, which are in equilibrium with one another.
4. a. Bot. Said of leaves or (formerly) flowers which grow in pairs; spec. applied to a pinnate leaf having only one pair of leaflets.
1794Martyn Rousseau's Bot. xvi. 199 The leaves are double or conjugate, that is, come out in pairs. 1835Lindley Introd. Bot. (1848) I. 261 The conjugate leaf of Zygophyllum. 1866Treas. Bot., Conjugate, paired; when the petiole of a leaf bears one pair only of leaflets.
b. Anat. conjugate foramen: a foramen or aperture at the junction of two bones, esp. vertebræ, formed by the apposition of opposite notches.
1870Rolleston Anim. Life 8 For the blood to pass out..by a conjugate foramen. Ibid. 141 Two alternately placed series of conjugate foramina.
c. Biol. Said of the cells or filaments that have united in conjugation (sense 5).
1843tr. Müller's Phys. II. 1505 In each of the conjugate filaments, some cells are the recipients, while others yield their contents to the opposite cell of the contiguous filament.
5. Path. conjugate deviation: the forced and persistent turning of both eyes to one side while their relation to each other remains unaltered.
1882Med. Temp. Journal 78 There is no conjugate deviation of the eyes as often occurs in apoplexy. 1886W. Stirling Text-bk. Phys. (ed. 2) 849 In hemiplegia the muscles on one side are paralysed, so that the head and often the eyes are turned away from the paralysed side. This is called ‘conjugate deviation’ of the eyes, with rotation of the head and neck.
II. Joined in a reciprocal relation.
6. Physics. Applied to two points, lines, quantities, or things, which are so reciprocally related that any or every property of the first with respect to the second is also true of the second with respect to the first.
The corresponding Greek συζυγεῖς was first applied by Apollonius (Conica 1. 56) to conjugate hyperbolas.
a. Math. (Here also applied in a secondary sense to that which is conjugate to the main element, e.g. in conjugate axis, diameter, point.) Of a complex number or quantity: differing from some given complex quantity in having the sign of the imaginary part reversed.
conjugate axes or conjugate diameters (of a conic): two axes, etc., such that each is parallel to the tangent at the extremity of the other; in a conicoid, there are three conjugate diameters. conjugate axis (or conjugate diameter) of an ellipse or hyperbola: that which is conjugate to the transverse axis, the minor axis. conjugate function: see quots. conjugate hyperbolas: hyperbolas which have the same axes and asymptotes, but the principal axis of each is the second axis of the other. conjugate lines: two lines the pole of each of which, with respect to a conic, lies on the other. conjugate planes: see quot. 1862. conjugate point (of a curve): an isolated point whose coordinates satisfy the equation of the curve, an acnode (so also conjugate oval). conjugate points: points the polar of each of which, with respect to a conic, passes through the other.
1680Sir J. Moore Doctrine of Sphere 67 This shall be the Conjugate Semidiameter of the Ellipsis. 1726tr. Gregory's Astron. I. 438 To find the conjugate Diameters of an Ellipse which passes thro' five given Points. 1806Hutton Course Math. II. 112 All the Parallelograms inscribed between the four Conjugate Hyperbolas are equal to one another. 1835Rep. Brit. Assoc. Advancem. Sci. 1834 519 Mr. Hamilton proposes to consider a few properties of such Conjugate Functions, or Algebraic Couples, defining two functions to be conjugate when they satisfy the two equations of conjugation, and calling, under the same circumstances, the pair or couple (u, v) a function of the pair (x, y). 1862Salmon Geom. 3 Dim. (1874) §71 Three diametral planes are said to be conjugate when each is conjugate to the intersection of the other two, and three diameters are said to be conjugate when each is conjugate to the plane of the other two. 1873J. C. Maxwell Electr. & Magn. I. xii. 227 Definition of Conjugate Functions. Two quantities α and β are said to be conjugate functions of x and y, if α + √-1 β is a function of x + √ - 1 y. 1876Leishman Midwifery ii. (ed. 2) 34 The conjugate diameter [of the pelvis] is..increased from above downwards. 1880Taylor Geom. Conics 76 The conjugate axis of any central conic is occasionally called its minor axis. 1885C. Leudesdorf Cremona's Proj. Geom. 47 Let A, B, C be the given points (lying on a straight line) and let A and B be conjugate to each other. 1891G. L. Cathcart tr. Harnack's Introd. Differential & Integral Calculus ii. iii. 153 If the equation have one complex root z = α + iβ, it has also the conjugate complex root z = α - iβ. 1908G. H. Hardy Course Pure Math. iii. 82 The sum (2x) of two conjugate numbers and their product (x2 + y2) are both real. 1955W. Pauli Niels Bohr 30 The replacement of a function by its conjugate complex is not a ‘linear operator’. 1961C. C. T. Baker Dict. Math. 73 Conjugate functions, if u + iv = f(x+ iy), then u and v are said to be conjugate functions. 1962Corson & Lorrain Introd. Electromagn. Fields App. D. 517 These are the Cauchy-Riemann equations. The functions U and V are related to each other through these equations and are called conjugate functions.
b. Optics.
conjugate foci (of a mirror or lens): two points so situated that if a luminous point be placed at either, its rays are reflected or refracted to the other; so conjugate focal distance. conjugate mirrors: two parabolic mirrors so placed face to face that rays of heat or light emanating from the focus of either are reflected in parallel lines to the second and thence to its focus.
1831Brewster Optics i. 11 The points A and F have been called conjugate foci, because if either of them be the radiant point the other will be the focal point. 1831― Nat. Magic iv. (1833) 85 The two conjugate focal distances of the lens. 1881Tyndall in Nature XXIII. 375 The silvered mirrors..acting sometimes singly, and sometimes as conjugate mirrors.
c. Electr. as in conjugate branch (of a divided circuit), current, etc.: see quots. (Formerly used in a more general sense.)
1782Phil. Trans. LXXII. App. p. xxi. (transl. Volta), When an insulated conductor is opposed or presented to another conductor whatever, I call it a conjugate conductor. 1881J. C. Maxwell Electr. & Magn. I. 367 If there be more possible electrodes than two, the conductor may have more than one independent current through it, and these may not be conjugate to each other. 1882Everett Deschanel's Nat. Philos. §758 When this condition is fulfilled, the remaining pair of opposite branches are conjugate, that is to say, a battery in one produces no current in the other. Ibid. §759 When there is equality between the two products of opposite resistances..the current in either of the two remaining branches will be independent of the electro-motive force of the battery in the other; and these two branches are still said to be conjugate.
B. n.
1. One of a group of words directly derived from the same root or stem, and usually of kindred meaning.
a1586Answ. to Cartwright 45 These be coniugates, an vnlawfull minister, and his vnlawfull ministerie. 1588Fraunce Lawiers Log. i. xii. 50 b, Conjugates..as justice, just, justly. 1655Bramhall in Hobbes Liberty, Necess. & Chance (1841) 83 We have learned in the rudiments of logic, that conjugates are sometimes in name only, and not in deed. 1836Whewell Pref. Mackintosh's Eth. Philos. 18 The word utility, and its conjugates, do not express our judgments in cases of moral conduct. 1862Marsh Eng. Lang. xxvi. 421 Few languages are richer than English in approximate synonyms and conjugates.
†2. Anything connected or related in idea with another. Obs.
1605Bacon Adv. Learn. ii. xiv. §9 The cogitations of man do feign unto them relatives, parallels, and conjugates, whereas no such thing is. 1663J. Spencer Prodigies (1665) 46 A mighty imagination, which delights in easie conjugates, parallels, and symbolizing instances.
3. Chem. Short for conjugate compound, acid, or radical: see A. 3.
4. Math. Short for conjugate axis, diameter, point, etc.: see A. 6 a.
1726tr. Gregory's Astron. I. 79 Draw a tangent PZ, and a Diameter PM, and a Conjugate to it ICK parallel to PZ. 1807Hutton Course Math. II, The Conjugate to any diameter, is the line drawn through the centre, and parallel to the tangent of the curve at the vertex of the diameter. 1823P. Nicholson Pract. Build. 302 A semi⁓ellipse, described on a conjugate equal to the width of the pier. 1885C. Leudesdorf Cremona's Proj. Geom. 101 In an involution..the elements are conjugate to one another in pairs; i.e. each element has its conjugate.
Add:[A.] [II.] [6.] [a.] (b) Of a pair of arcs or angles: totalling 360°. Of two elements of a matrix: differing in position by having row and column numbers interchanged.
1902J. W. Mellor Higher Math. x. 411 When the two constituents of a determinant hold the same relative position with respect to the rows and columns, they are said to be conjugate. 1942G. & R. C. James Math. Dict. 11/1 Conjugate angles, two angles whose sum is a perigon; two angles whose sum is 360°. Ibid. 46/1 Conjugate arcs, arcs whose sum is a complete circle.
[B.] [3.] Substitute for def.: Chem. and Biochem. A conjugated compound. (Examples.)
1916A. P. Mathews Physiol. Chem. xvii. 759 Hippuric acid is a glycine conjugate, but there are many others. 1924T. B. Robertson Princ. Biochem. (ed. 2) xxiii. 662 These substances are in themselves very toxic, but their conjugates with glucuronic acid are harmless. 1973Nature 7 Dec. 350/2 The immunoglobin was..conjugated with fluorescein... Twenty microlitres of cells..was incubated with neat conjugate for 30 min at 20°C. 1988Sci. Amer. Mar. 46/1 We synthesized such an analogue, coupled it to a carrier protein and immunized mice with the conjugate. |