| 释义 |
conservation|kɒnsəˈveɪʃən|
In 4–6 -cion.
[ad. L. conservātiōn-em, n. of action f. conservāre to conserve. So OF. conservacion, -tion (14th c.).]
1. a. The action of conserving; preservation from destructive influences, natural decay, or waste; preservation in being, life, health, perfection, etc.
c1374Chaucer Boeth. iii. xi. 98 In conseruacioun of hyr beynge and endurynge. 1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. xix. xlvii. (1495) 890 Bytter thynges..haue those thre that nedyth to conseruacion and sauynge. 1526Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 196 b, Of whome all creatures hath theyr beynge & conseruacion. 1542Boorde Dyetary xxxviii. (1870) 299 For the conseruacion of helth. 1659Pearson Creed (1839) 37 Unto this act of creation is annexed that of conservation. 1710Berkeley Princ. Hum. Knowl. §46 Matter..cannot subsist without the divine conservation. 1832Lyell Princ. Geol. II. iii. xlvii. 256 There are circumstances accompanying a wreck which favour the conservation of skeletons. 1862Lytton Str. Story II. 253 Capacities..designed by Providence for the distinct use and conservation of the species to which they are given.
b. Preservation of existing conditions, institutions, rights, peace, order, etc.
1460Paston Lett. No. 353. I. 519 For the tendre love that we have to the concervacion of the Kyngs peas. c1485Digby Myst. (1882) i. 109 In conseruacion of my tytell of right. 1533More Debell. Salem iv. Wks. 938/2 Zeale..to the conseruacion of the catholik faythe. 1538Starkey England i. iv. 107 For the conseruatyon of polytyke ordur and just pollycy. 1581Lambarde Eiren. i. iii. (1588) 15 The Conestable Marshall of the Queenes house, may see to the Conseruation of the Peace within the same house. 1751Johnson Rambler No. 99 ⁋1 Ordained by providence for the conservation of order. 1864Kirk Chas. Bold II. iv. iv. 449 For the conservation of existing territorial limits.
†c. Keeping of commandments, observance. Obs.
1544Exhort. in Priv. Prayers (1851) 566 The true conservation of our heavenly Father's..commandments.
†d. ‘Keeping’ of domestic animals, bees, etc.
1658Rowland Moufet's Theat. Ins. 898 To the conservation or keeping of Bees. 1663Cowley Ess. Agric. (1687) 101 Rural Oeconomy..would contain the Government of Bees, Swine, Poultry..and the Domestical Conservation and Uses of all that is brought in by Industry abroad.
e. spec. The preservation of the environment, esp. of natural resources. Also attrib.
1922Encycl. Brit. XXX. 102/2 A very important by-product of the conservation-movement was the development at Washington of a mania for the establishment of reservations in Alaska. 1958New Biol. XXVI. 63 (heading) Conservation as a world problem. Ibid. 69 It matters little what we call these areas—nature reserves or conservation areas—as long as we recognize their function. Ibid. 70 (heading) Nature conservation in Britain. 1961E. A. Powdrill Vocab. Land Planning iii. 55 ‘Conservation’ is also defined as a phase of renewal that attempts to conserve those areas not yet blighted; and conservation is achieved by eliminating those elements that create blight. 1969Guardian 30 Aug. 8/2 The Tanzanian Government has been active in promoting conservation policies in the parks.
2. Official charge and care of rivers, sewers, forests, etc.; conservancy.
1490Act 4 Hen. VII, c. 15 The Maior of the Citie of London..hauing the conseruation of the water and river of Thames. 1691T. H[ale] Acc. New Invent. 66 The conservation of all the Royal Rivers of England. 1768Blackstone Comm. III. 74 The safe-guard and conservation of the sewers within their commission. 1800Colquhoun Comm. Thames x. 289 Successive Sovereigns..granted the Conservation of the River Thames..to the Mayor and Commonalty of London. 1888Pall Mall G. 4 Apr. 5/1 (French forests) There are thirty-five conservations. Over each there is a conservateur, who has generally an assistant.
3. Psychol. faculty of conservation: memory proper, or the power of retaining knowledge, as distinguished from reproduction or reminiscence, the power of recalling it.
1836–7Sir W. Hamilton Metaph. (1877) II. xx. 13 Some have a strong faculty of conservation, and a feeble faculty of reproduction. Ibid. II. xxx. 206 Aristotle distinguishes Memory (µνήµη), as the faculty of Conservation, from Reminiscence (ἀνάµνησις), the faculty of Reproduction.
4. a. Nat. Philos. conservation of energy or force: the doctrine that ‘the total energy of any body or system of bodies is a quantity which can neither be increased nor diminished by any mutual action of those bodies, though it may be transformed into any one of the forms of which energy is susceptible’; and that the universe is such a system, of which the total energy remains the same in amount, amid all the changing forms in which it may exhibit itself. So conservation of mass, etc.
App. the phrase originated with Leibnitz: see quot. Conservatio virium vivarum, in Fr. conservation des forces vives, was in common use in the 18th c.: cf. vis viva. In 1807 Young introduced the term energy. In 1847, Helmholtz published a treatise Über die Erhaltung der Kraft; in 1853, Rankine defined ‘conservation of energy’ as a technical phrase. See correlation of forces.
[c1692Leibnitz Werke (ed. Pertz) Mathemat. VI. 217 Ce que je dis de la conservation de la Force absolue.] 1796Hutton Math. Dict. I. 495/2 Mr. Dan. Bernoulli..has assumed the preservation of the Vis Ascendens of Huygens, or, as others express it, the Conservatio Virium Vivarum. 1842–3Penny Cycl. XXVI. 381 The preceding equation is sometimes used to express the principle of the conservation of vis viva, which is to be understood thus: the system never acquires nor loses any quantity of vis viva from the action of its parts upon each other, but only from the action of external forces. 1853W. Rankine Transform. Energy in Sci. Papers (1881) Conservation of Energy [defined]. a1862Buckle Civiliz. III. v. 363 The modern doctrine of conservation of force. 1864P. G. Tait Philos. Mag. Oct., On Hist. Thermo-Dynamics, The old term ‘conservation of vis viva’ of which the conservation of Energy is only an extension. 1873B. Stewart Conserv. Force Introd. 5 The modern doctrine of the Conservation of Energy or Correlation of Forces. 1884tr. Lotze's Metaph. 363 One of the simplest of these truths appears to be the invariability and the conservation of mass. 1885P. G. Tait Rec. Advances Phys. Sc. (ed. 3) 56 The true modern originators and experimental demonstrators of the conservation of energy in its generality were undoubtedly Colding of Copenhagen and Joule of Manchester. Ibid. 361 The only man who ever tried to discover experimentally what might be correctly called Conservation of Force was Faraday.
b. conservation law, in Physics, any law of nature according to which some property is conserved, either in certain types of change or interaction only or in all circumstances.
1930Physical Rev. XXXV. 563/1 The conservation laws require that at least two quanta be emitted in this process. 1947Dirac Quantum Mech. (ed. 3) Index 310 Conservation laws. 1949T. B. Brown Found. Mod. Physics (ed. 2) 356 In fundamental physical theory, first place is still occupied by the conservation laws for electric charge and for momentum. 1968M. S. Livingston Particle Physics v. 90 The first four of these conservation laws were recognized during the era of classical science to explain the large-scale phenomena observable with the crude instruments of a hundred years ago.
5. Astron. conservation of areas: the describing of equal areas in equal times by the radius vector of a planet moving in its orbit.
1865A. S. Herschel in Intell. Observ. No. 47. 338 The law of ‘conservation of areas’. 1867Denison Astron. without Math. 203 This is called the law of conservation of areas; and it is only the same thing in other words as saying that the angular velocity in any given orbit varies inversely as the square of the distance.
6. The ‘preserving’ of fruit or the like; the making of conserves.
1873Hale In His Name iii. 12 Watching the conservation of some peaches.
7. Special Comb. conservation area, an area deemed to be of special architectural, natural, or other interest, whose character and appearance are protected (usu. by law) from undesirable changes.
1958*Conservation area [see sense 1 e above]. 1967Civic Amenities Act c. 69 § 1(1) Every local planning authority shall from time to time determine which parts of their area..are areas of special architectural or historic interest the character or appearance of which it is desirable to preserve or enhance, and shall designate such areas (hereafter referred to as ‘Conservation Areas’). 1977S. Wales Guardian 27 Oct. 9/6 Caio Community Council are angry that the first they knew of Dinefwr borough council's discussions on a proposal to declare Pumpsaint a conservation area was when they read about it in the local press.
▸ conservation biologist n. a scientist who works in the field of conservation biology.
1937Science 26 Mar. 309/1 Some of the principal objectives of the Wildlife Society are..the establishment of professional solidarity among *conservation biologists and the maintenance of the highest possible professional standards. 2000Nature Conservancy Sept.–Oct. 4/2, I could not understand why farmers and conservation biologists were at loggerheads when they had the common goal of preserving the land.
▸ conservation biology n. the branch of biological science concerned with the conservation, management, and protection of vulnerable species, populations, and ecosystems.
1937Jrnl. Wildlife Managem. 1 3/1 The new and growing field of *conservation biology. 1975A. Alland When Spider Danced i. 11, I was faced with a choice between conservation biology..and a return to anthropology. 1999High Country News 26 Apr. 9/2 Conservation biology grew largely out of a school of thought called island biogeography. |