| 释义 |
▪ I. soda1|ˈsəʊdə|
[a. med.L. soda (It. and Pg. soda, Sp. soda, sosa, F. soude, † soulde, soulte), of unknown origin.]
1. a. An alkaline substance obtained originally from the ashes of certain marine or other salt-impregnated plants, esp. species of Salsola, and now manufactured artificially from common salt, or occurring in a mineral state as a deposit, esp. in certain lakes, or in solution in the water of such lakes (natron); used largely in commerce, esp. in the manufacture of glass and soap; soda-ash; sodium carbonate (Na2CO3).
Freq. used as a synonym of sodium in the names of various compounds of the element, as muriate, nitrate, sulphate, etc., of soda.
1558Warde Alexis' Secr. i. iv. 78 Take an vnce of Soda (whiche is asshes made of grasse, whereof glassemakers doo vse to make their Cristall). 1678R. R[ussell] tr. Geber iv. iv. 245 True Salt-Alkali is made of Zoza (or Soda) dissolved. 1693tr. Blancard's Phys. Dict. (ed. 2), Soda, the Ashes of the Herb Kali Burnt, whereof Glass is made. 1767Phil. Trans. LVII. 480 The fossil [alkali] or mineral, called likewise soda and natrum. 1796Kirwan Elem. Min. (ed. 2) II. 19 Soda affects it but slightly. 1839Ure Dict. Arts 1150 Carbonate of Soda..is the soda of commerce in various states, either crystallized, in lumps, or in a crude powder called soda-ash. 1870Yeats Nat. Hist. Comm. 249 A large proportion of the plants growing on sea-coasts contain soda, whilst inland plants contain potash.
fig.1823Byron Juan x. lxxiii, Half-solved into these sodas or magnesias, Which form that bitter draught, the human species.
b. Sodium bicarbonate, used largely for domestic purposes; baking or cooking soda.
1851–4Tomlinson's Cycl. Usef. Arts I. 183/1 Mix the soda perfectly with the flour. 1893Westm. Gaz. 21 Apr. 5/2 A half cwt. of soda could be bought for 3s.
c. caustic soda, sodium hydroxide or hydrate (NaOH). Cf. caustic a. 1 c.
1839Ure Dict. Arts 132 A ley of caustic soda. Ibid., Caustic soda ley. Ibid. 1150 Caustic soda is a white brittle mass,..having a most corrosive taste and action upon animal matters. 1871Garrod Mat. Med. (ed. 3) 132 Liquor Sodæ, above described, contains caustic soda.
†2. The prickly saltwort, Salsola kali. = kali1 1.
1658tr. Porta's Nat. Magick vi. i. 178 The herb Kali or Saltwort is commonly called Soda.
3. Chem. Sodium oxide (Na2O).
1826Henry Elem. Chem. I. 557 The next oxide of sodium is soda. 1856Miller Elem. Chem., Inorg. 743 Oxide of Sodium, or Soda (NaO), forms the basis of the important series of salts of soda. 1868Watts Dict. Chem., Soda: This term, in scientific language, is applied to the anhydrous protoxide of sodium (Na2O).
4. a. Soda-water.
1834J. R. Planché Olympic Revels in Extravaganzas (1879) I. 47 Make him sit down—give him some hock and soda. 1842S. Lover Handy Andy i, Bang went the bottle of soda. 1864Sala Quite Alone I. xiv. 220 Keep him on his soda-and-B. That won't do him any harm. 1897M. L. Hughes Medit. Fever v. 210 An occasional whiskey with water or soda..is useful.
b. A glass or drink of soda-water; also, an ice-cream soda.
1933E. O'Neill Ah Wilderness! ii. 58 Ever drink anything besides sodas? 1962A. Lurie Love & Friendship viii. 145 Vanilla sodas with strawberry ice-cream. 1973‘E. McBain’ Hail to Chief vi. 94 Toy..put the straws between her lips, and busied herself with the soda.
5. Faro. In full soda card. (See quot. 1975.) Phr. from soda (card) to hock: see hock n.6 b.
1845J. H. Greene Exposure of Arts & Miseries Gambling (ed. 2) 135 The top card, when the deal is first commenced, is called the deal card; this card neither wins nor loses, and on that account is sometimes called the soda card. 1975Way to Play 206/2 The exposed top card is called the ‘soda’. It is ignored for betting.
6. Austral. slang. Something easy to accomplish, a simple task; a ‘pushover’.
1930V. Palmer Passage i. i. 22 ‘Just one more guess.’.. ‘Umph, that's a soda! Must be the old doctor.’ Ibid. x. 83 They're getting ready for the long dive now, and it ought to be a soda for you. If I hadn't rheumatics down the back of my leg, I'd give it a fly myself. 1943G. H. Johnston New Guinea Diary iv. 136 ‘The Middle East was a soda beside this,’ one of them told me. 1955A. Marshall I can jump Puddles 108 Swipe him on the knuckles if you can. If he's like his old man he's a soda. 1966H. Porter Paper Chase 74 The job, for which I have no really specialized training, is nevertheless a soda.
7. attrib. and Comb.
a. Misc., chiefly in sense 1, as soda-bath, soda-compound, soda-crystals, soda-lime, soda pan [pan n.1 5 a], soda plain, soda-salt, soda soap, etc.; soda-carbonate, soda muriate, soda tartrate; in Photogr. for hyposulphite of soda, as soda developer, soda development, soda-pyro, soda-solution, etc.; soda-chapped adj.; soda-acid, used attrib. to designate a fire extinguisher containing sulphuric acid and sodium bicarbonate (or sometimes the carbonate), which are mixed just before use to provide the gas for expelling the water; soda-ash, the sodium carbonate of commerce, = soda1 1; soda cellulose, a form of cellulose heavily impregnated with soda, produced by the action of caustic soda on wood-pulp esp. in the manufacture of paper or rayon; soda glass, glass containing a high proportion of soda; sometimes = soda-lime glass; soda lake, a natron lake; soda-lime glass, the standard form of glass in everyday use, manufactured essentially from silica, soda, and lime; soda-lye (see quot. 1867); soda-paper, -prairie, (see quots.); soda process, a method of pulping wood by boiling with caustic soda; soda pulp, woodpulp made by the soda process; soda waste (see quots.).
1928R. Northwood Fire Extinguishment & Fire Alarm Syst. xxi. 185 (caption) Method of recharging ‘The Conquest’ *soda-acid extinguisher. 1966McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. V. 279/1 In the small first-aid water fire extinguishers, a propellant must be provided. Usually this is carbon dioxide, which is either generated when needed (the soda-acid extinguisher) or stored in a cartridge.
1839*Soda-ash [see 1]. 1884W. S. B. McLaren Spinning (ed. 2) 29 Soda crystals, or soda-ash,..are carbonates of soda.
1865Princess Alice Mem. (1884) 99, I am taking warm *soda-baths in the morning.
1839Ure Dict. Arts 1151 The crystals of *soda-carbonate..are now made altogether by the decomposition of sea salt.
1890Jrnl. Soc. Chem. Industry 28 Feb. 225/1 Their production is estimated at 30,000 tons sulphite (wet) and 9,000 *soda cellulose (dry). 1948J. T. Marsh Textile Sci. ii. 19 Sheets of pulp are converted into soda⁓cellulose by steeping in caustic soda solution. 1973Materials & Technol. VI. iv. 306 The swollen, and still further purified ‘soda cellulose’ so formed, is broken down into ‘crumbs’, and these are then transferred to reactor vessels.
1922Joyce Ulysses 59 *Sodachapped hands.
1845Day tr. Simon's Anim. Chem. I. 182 Hence the albumen in the blood cannot exist as a *soda-compound (albuminate of soda).
1839Ure Dict. Arts 1155 Our commercial *soda crystals are composed of—1 atom of carbonic acid, 1 atom of soda, and 10 atoms of water.
1892Photogr. Ann. II. 89 The *soda developer tends to give softer images.
1890Anthony's Photogr. Bulletin III. 65 *Soda development is apt to give a yellow image.
1864Reader 24 Sept. 387 Such a light is the monochromatic *soda-flame.
1897A. Hartshorne Old English Glasses 39 Venetian *soda⁓glass is much lighter than that made in the Low Countries with potash. 1947J. C. Rich Materials & Methods of Sculpture xi. 329 Sodium carbonate, calcium carbonate, and sand yield a soft or ‘soda glass’. 1965Phillips & Williams Inorg. Chem. I. xiv. 553 Soda glass is conveniently worked at a lower temperature than borosilicate glass.
1839Ure Dict. Arts 1155 There are several *soda lakes in Mexico. 1937Discovery Feb. 58/1 A new exhibit presented by the Magadi Soda Lake Co...at the Imperial Institute..illustrates..the exploitation of one of the most remarkable natural soda lakes in the world. 1976K. Thackeray Crownbird ix. 199 The road..ran steeply down beside a soda lake... The soda was firm near the edge.
1839Ure Dict. Arts 132 Avoid lime,..but use it freely after one or two *soda leys. 1867Bloxam Chem. 266 Soda lye, employed in the manufacture of hard soap, is a solution of hydrate of soda. Ibid. 572 A weak soda-ley.
1862Miller Elem. Chem., Org. i. §1 (ed. 2) 19 A portion of this alkalized lime, or *soda-lime as it is frequently termed. 1917A. B. Searle in G. Martin Industr. & Manufacturing Chem. (Inorg.) II. 245 For soda-lime glasses the mean coefficient of expansion lies between 0·000023 and 0·000027 per 1°C. 1955E. B. Shand Glass Engin. Handbk. i. 2/1 Soda-lime glasses are commonly used for bottles, jars, window sheet and plate glass, electric lamp bulbs, and ophthalmic (sight-correcting) lenses. 1971Materials & Technol. II. vi. 340 Soda-lime glasses in commercial use have devitrification temperatures in the region of 900 to 1000°C.
1804Phil. Trans. XCIV. 427 The *soda-muriate of palladium is a deliquescent salt.
1976K. Thackeray Crownbird v. 82 The plane was flying..over one end of an enormous soda pan.
1875Knight Dict. Mech. 2236/1 *Soda-paper, a paper made by saturating filtering paper with carbonate of soda.
1793T. Beddoes Calculus p. x, His experience of the good effects of *soda pills, in cases of biliary concretion.
1946D. C. Peattie Road of Naturalist i. 20 You find mariposas all over the West; they change height, change shape and colour, as you trace them from the mountains of Colorado, over the Utah *soda plains.
1859Bartlett Dict. Amer. (ed. 2) 426 *Soda-prairie, a plain covered with an efflorescence of soda, elsewhere called natron.
1885Encycl. Brit. XVIII. 226/1 The pulp produced by all those processes is of excellent quality; and, according to the statements of the patentees, it can be prepared at a cost greatly lower than by the *soda process. 1907Jrnl. Soc. Chem. Industry 15 June 561/2 In the period of 1865 to 1875 a large number of mills were erected throughout Canada and the United States, for the cooking of wood by the soda process. 1967V. Strauss Printing Industry viii. 532/2 The soda process..has lower yields than the sulfate process..and the recovery of caustic soda is costly. For these and other reasons the soda process is losing ground fast to the sulfate process.
1893Jrnl. Soc. Chem. Industry 30 Sept. 793/2 The product of 1892 included only 12,500 tons of *soda pulp, the remaining 137,500 tons being produced by the sulphite process. 1962F. T. Day Introd. Paper ii. 20 Deciduous or broad-leafed trees such as the poplar are used in the production of soda pulp.
1889Anthony's Photogr. Bulletin II. 391, I worked always with *soda-pyro.
1836–41Brande Chem. (ed. 5) 716 When magnesia is precipitated by excess of carbonate of soda, a portion of the triple *soda-salt is retained.
1834–6Encycl. Metrop. (1845) VIII. 434/1 Common salt..hardens and renders it equal to the *soda soaps. 1884W. S. B. McLaren Spinning (ed. 2) 28 Soda soaps are hard, potash soaps are soft.
1809Phil. Trans. XCIX. 327 These parts..certainly afforded no *soda-tartrate of potash.
1849D. Campbell Inorg. Chem. 115 Water dissolves out the soda salts, leaving the insoluble oxisulphide of calcium, known as *soda waste.
b. Connected or dealing with sodium carbonate or its manufacture, as soda-apparatus, soda-furnace, soda industry, soda-making, soda manufacture, etc. Also with agent-nouns, as soda-furnacer, soda maker.
(a)1839Ure Dict. Arts 1151 Soda Manufacture. Ibid. 1152 The draught of a soda-furnace must be very sharp. Ibid. 1153 In some soda-works, where the decomposing furnace is very large. 1853Ure's Dict. Arts II. 683 The whole process of soda-making. 1875Knight Dict. Mech. 2234/1 Soda-apparatus. 1884Gilmour Mongols 169 Particularly fatal is this rough road to the wooden axles of the soda carts.
(b)1839Ure Dict. Arts 1153 The dexterous management of this transposition characterizes a good soda-furnacer. 1853Ure's Dict. Arts II. 682 Having..obtained a quantity of sulphate of soda, the soda maker now proceeds to his next operation.
c. With the names of minerals and rocks containing soda, as soda alum, soda-chabazite, soda-copperas, soda-feldspar, soda-lime-feldspar, soda-nitre, soda-saltpetre, soda-spodumene (see quots.). Also soda-granitic adj.
Many of these terms are now obsolete.
1837Dana Min. 170 Solfatarite, alumen volcanicum. *Soda Alum. 1876Harley Royle's Mat. Med. 192 Soda alum and ammonia alum are formed by replacing the equivalent of potash with one of soda or ammonia. 1968I. Kostov Mineral. 494 As ‘alums’ are denoted the following double sulphates:..Soda alum NaAl(SO4)2.12H2O.
1935Amer. Mineralogist XX. 58 The high percentage of soda..justifies the classification of the mineral as *soda-alunite in the broad sense.
1913*Soda-amphibole [see imerinite].
1931Mineral. Mag. XXII. 453 The brown augite has in places fringes of a green *soda-augite.
1836T. Thomson Min., Geol., etc. I. 335 Combinations of the common calcareous-chabasite and the *soda-chabasite of Berzelius.
1844Dana Mineral. 226 A *Soda Copperas has been analyzed by Scheerer. 1868Watts Dict. Chem., Soda copperas, a sodio-ferric sulphate found in the alum-slate of Modum in Norway.
1863Dana Man. Geol. 56 Albite or *Soda-feldspar.
1889*Soda-felsite [see keratophyre].
1965G. J. Williams Econ. Geol. N.Z. xi. 167/1 Watters et al. (1961) noticed fergusonite in small water-worn grains from a restricted locality in the Canaan area where the Separation Point *soda-granite invades Paleozoic marbles.
1845Darwin Voy. Nat. xv. 320 Mountain masses of a peculiar white *soda-granitic rock.
1867Ure's Dict. Arts (ed. 6) II. 269 *Soda-lime-felspar (often containing potash); labradorite.
1896Chester Dict. Min., *Soda-nitre, nitrate of sodium, found as a mineral. 1966McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. XII. 407/2 Soda niter is by far the most abundant of the nitrate minerals.
1926Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. LXVIII. Art. 17. 4 It may be chemically classed as a *soda-rhyolite, but none of the calculated normative minerals of rhyolite are found in its mode.
1913*Soda-richterite [see imerinite].
1848Knapp's Chem. Technol. I. 344 The more common salts of nitric acid..are distinguished from each other by the addition of the name of the base as:..*soda-saltpetre (cubic nitre).
1850Ansted Elem. Geol., Min., etc. 193 Oligoclase, *Soda-spodumene, a mineral having the same relation to spodumene that albite has to true felspar.
8. Made with, or containing, sodium bicarbonate, as soda-biscuit, soda-bread, soda-cake, soda-cocktail, soda-cracker, soda-fritter, soda-mint, soda-powder, soda-scone, etc.
1830Albany Jrnl. 25 Aug. 3/5 Fresh *Soda Biscuit, just received from Treadwell's Bakery. 1891Cent. Dict., Soda-biscuit, a biscuit raised with soda.
1850N. Kingsley Diary 3 Aug. (1914) 134 They raised some bread with it, which he said was the best *soda bread ever tasted. 1884Mrs. J. H. Riddell Berna Boyle xiii, The soda bread was rising to a satisfactory thickness.
1846Jewish Manual vii. 155 (heading) A *soda cake. 1894Lyttle Betsy Gray iii. 22 Potato cake, pancakes, soda-cake, and other manufactures.
1818N.Y. Herald 2 July 4/1 We have the Fourth of July thrown in with..its exhilarating associations so conducive of headaches and *soda cocktails.
1863Harper's Mag. Feb. 313/1 This repast, whatever its name might be, consisted of perhaps half a pound of *soda crackers, two red herrings, and one red apple. 1873B. Harte Fiddletown 53 Like an enormous japanned soda-cracker.
1837M. R. Walker Diary in C. M. Drury Elkanah & Mary Walker (1940) iii. 91 In the morning baked soda biscuit and fried *soda fritters.
1891Cent. Dict., *Soda-mint, a mixture containing sodium bicarbonate and spear⁓mint. 1895Montgomery Ward Catal. Spring & Summer 261/2 Soda Mint tablets, for sour stomach, colic, flatulency, etc. 1897Allbutt's Syst. Med. III. 741 Bismuth lozenges, soda-mint tablets. 1928D. L. Sayers Unpleasantness at Bellona Club xv. 170 Suppose..somebody had dropped a poisoned pill into his usual bottle of soda-mints. 1975C. Mott-Radclyffe Foreign Body in Eye iv. 77 Joyce Britten-Jones asked me one evening whether I had any soda-mints.
1820Columbian Centinel 1 July 3/6 Maynard & Noyes continue to prepare *Soda Powders, of superior quality. 1843Mill Logic I. iii. xiii. 575 The old but not undisputed empirical generalization that soda powders weaken the human system.
1856Mrs. Carlyle Lett. II. 291, I..had taken a sip or two of tea and bitten into my *soda-scone.
9. Used for, that dispenses, or containing, soda-water, as soda bottle, soda-clerk (hence soda-clerking vbl. n.), soda-siphon, soda-straw, soda tumbler, etc.; soda-counter, the counter of a soda fountain; any counter or bar where soft drinks, ice cream, etc., are sold; soda-fountain (also † -font, -fount) orig. U.S., (a) (see quot. 1875); (b) an apparatus for supplying ice-cream sodas, sundaes, etc.; a counter or an establishment of which this is a feature; soda-jerk, -jerker [jerk v.1 7], one who mixes and sells soft drinks, etc., at a soda-fountain; soda-pop, flavoured soda-water.
1824Byron Juan xvi. ix, Like a soda bottle when its spray Has sparkled.
1941N. Coward Australia Visited iii. 16 That initial contact with the ordinary people [of New York]—the soda clerks, the cops, the struggling young theatre people.
1925T. Dreiser Amer. Tragedy I. ii. iii. 180 He had wandered on..dishwashing in a restaurant, soda-clerking in a small outlying drug-store.
1846Dollar Newspaper (Philadelphia) 19 Aug. 4/2 He..went up to the soda counter, and ‘reckoned they'd take a little whisky’. 1939A. Huxley After Many a Summer i. x. 135 Virginia was at the soda-counter, pensively eating a chocolate-and-banana split. 1976J. Lee Ninth Man 31 A customer took a stool at the soda fountain... Dietrich..forced himself to..move..to the soda counter.
1848Knickerbocker XXXI. 40 They had not a theatre, nor an oyster-saloon, nor a soda-font. 1848in N. E. Eliason Tarheel Talk (1956) 296 My soda fount cost me in ninety dollars. 1908Home Herald (Chicago) 13 May, Here is the popular soda-fount drink known as Coca-Cola.
1824Independent Chron. (Boston) 9 Oct. 3/3 This luxury in a hot and dusty season, together with an ever-flowing Soda Fountain,..he flatters himself will ensure a continuance of public patronage. 1875Knight Dict. Mech. 2235/1 Soda-fountain, a vessel for containing soda-water or water charged with carbonic-acid gas under high pressure, and provided with pipes and valves for drawing it off as required. 1876Napa (California) Reg. 29 July 4/2 A Woodward avenue drug-store hired a new soda-fountain boy the other day. 1918G. Frankau One of Them (1923) II. xv. 108, I loved thy daughters, daintiest as dowdiest; Cadby's tea'd Halls as Fuller's soda-fountain. 1955R. Blesh Shining Trumpets (ed. 3) x. 232 A New Orleans Rhythm Kings' disc, playing in a soda fountain, gave these schoolboys the incentive. 1977New Yorker 6 June 50/2 Afterward, at the soda fountain, they went over the day's movies.
1922Collier's 17 June 4/1 You can tell a big-league head soda jerk by the way he picks up a glass, but the acid test is what kind of chocolate sirup he can make. 1958Daily Herald 24 Mar. 3/7 This bustling little man never forgot his early years when he worked as a fairground barber and soda jerk. 1978J. Updike Coup (1979) iv. 132 The counter-boy, ingloriously dubbed the soda jerk... These ‘soda jerks’, I came to understand, were recruited from the adolescent ranks of the ‘townies’.
1883G. W. Peck Groceryman & Peck's Bad Boy 137 A sensitive soda jerker..feels that it is worse than three card monte. 1932Wodehouse Louder & Funnier 48 He..is now a soda-jerker in a small town in Kansas. 1959N. Mailer Advts. for Myself (1961) 35 The soda jerker..from some outside compulsion had been forced to grow a beard.
1863W. Whitman Daybks. & Notebks. (1978) III. 655 The continual soda-pop-like burstings of members calling ‘Mr. Speaker! Mr. Speaker!’ 1963Listener 14 Feb. 301/3 The man who drove the soda-pop lorry. 1977Time 11 Apr. 5/1 Were a visitor from another planet to read about the saccharin ban, he would conclude that earthlings' basic nutritional needs required large amounts of soda pop, jelly and chewing gum.
1926Daily Colonist (Victoria, B.C.) 4 July 6/1 (Advt.), Warm Weather Supplies. Ice Cream Pails. Soda Straws. Lily Drinking Cups.
1911Ibid. 21 Apr. 6/6 (Advt.), Soda Syphon Holder. This is a handsome silver plated stand into which the syphon fits. 1963W. Soyinka Lion & Jewel 24 The foreman..unpacks the usual box of bush comforts—soda siphon, whisky bottle and geometric sandwiches.
▪ II. † soda2 Obs.
[a. med.L. soda, ad. Arab. ṣodāﻋ, f. ṣadaﻋ to split.]
Headache.
c1540Boorde Boke for to Lerne C iij b, The fallyng sycknes called..Appoplesia, Soda. 1590P. Barrough Meth. Physick i. i. (1639) 1 That there are onely three sundry paines in the head: wherof the one is called of the Greeks κεϕαλαλγὶα..; the barbarous sort of Physitians call it Soda. 1661Lovell Hist. Anim. & Min. 97 It helpeth the soda (that is an old head ach)... With saffron and a little camphire it helps the cold soda. 1693tr. Blancard's Phys. Dict. (ed. 2), Soda, the same with Cephalalgia.
▪ III. ‖ soda3 Obs. rare.
[mod.L. soda, ad. G. sod (sode), MLG. sode, Du. zode, Fris. soad(e, related to seethe v.]
A form of indigestion; heart-burn.
Never actually adopted in English use.
1693tr. Blancard's Phys. Dict. (ed. 2), Soda, the same with Ardor ventriculi [= Heart-burning]. 1753Chambers' Cycl. Suppl., Soda,..an uneasy and troublesome sensation of heat about the orifice of the stomach. |