| 释义 |
▪ I. contrast, v.|kənˈtrɑːst, -æ-|
Also 5 contreste, -tryste.
[In 15th c., contreste, a. OF. con-, cuntrester, contraster (= Pr., Sp. contrastar, It. contrastare) to resist, oppose:—late L. contrāstāre to withstand, f. L. contrā against + stāre to stand. Taken by Caxton from French in the etymological sense, in the form contrest, but not then retained in English use. Occas. used in 17th c. in form contrast from F. or It. Reintroduced as a term of Art in the end of the 17th c. from F. contraster, which was taken in 16th c. from It. contrastare to strive, contend, stand out against.]
I. In early use.
†1. trans. To withstand, resist, fight against.
1489Caxton Faytes of A. ii. xii. 112 He contrested or gaynstode hym in bataylle. 1490― Eneydos xxvii. 96 He myght not withstande ne contreste the..tribulacion of the see.
b. intr. To resist; to strive, contend.
1490Caxton Eneydos xiv. 50 The goode renomme of Elysse myghte notte contryste ayenste her grete desire. 1673O. Walker Education 227 Let us not contrast with the whole World, as if we were universall reformers. 1688[see contrasting vbl. n.].
II. In Modern English.
2. trans. Fine Arts. To put in contrast, to place in such juxtaposition as to bring strongly out differences of form, colour, etc., and thus to produce a striking effect.
1695Dryden Art Paint. Wks. 1808 XVII. 421 Contrasted by contrary motions, the most noble parts foremost in sight. 1715J. Richardson Th. Paint. 125 The Colours must be also Contrasted..so as to be grateful to the Eye. 1768W. Gilpin Ess. Prints 12 The figures of the principal group are very well contrasted.
3. gen. To set in opposition (two objects of like nature, or one with, rarely to, another) in order to show strikingly their different qualities or characteristics, and compare their superiorities or defects.
Usually of mental comparison only.
[1755–73not in Johnson.] 1799Med. Jrnl. I. 491 By emetics..fomentations, and above all, by suddenly contrasting the hot and cold bath. 1827Whately Logic in Encycl. Metrop. 238/1 Perpetually contrasting it with systems with which it has nothing in common but the name. 1853F. W. Newman Odes of Horace 113 Horace artificially contrasts the top to the basement of the mansion. 1861Hughes Tom Brown at Oxf. v, He contrasted our hero with the few men with whom he generally lived. 1871Yeats Techn. Hist. Comm. (1872) 398 The microscope and telescope are well contrasted by Dr. Chalmers.
4. Of things:
a. Of figures, colours, etc.: To set off (each other) by opposition or contrast.
1695Dryden Parallel Poetry & Paint. (R.), The figures of the groups..must contrast each other by their several positions. 1715J. Richardson Th. Paint. 124 In a Composition..one thing must Contrast, or be varied from another. 1749Fielding Tom Jones x. i, The foibles and vices..become more glaring objects, from the virtues which contrast them, and shew their deformity. 1778Sir J. Reynolds Disc. viii. (1876) 449 In the artificial management of the figures it is directed that they shall contrast each other. 1801–15Fuseli Lect. Art viii. (1848) 513 The brown and sun-tinged hermit and the pale decrepit elder contrast each other.
b. To offer or form a contrast to.
1767S. Paterson Another Trav. I. 91 The thin, transparent, black veil adown the face, contrasts the red and white. 1795Cicely II. 119 Monks whose dark garments contrasted the snow. 1837Lytton E. Maltravers i. i, Her face singularly contrasted that of the man.
5. pass. of 4, in sense of next. Const. by, to.
1740Warburton Div. Legat. vi. vi. Wks. 1811 V. 46 Whose dexterity in the arts of Controversy was so remarkably contrasted by his abilities in reasoning and literature. 1773R. Graves Euphrosyne (1776) I. 24 A dome is built in yonder grove; Contrasted by a grand alcove. 1779― Columella II. 168 The pleasure which I have received..will be contrasted by that melancholy which succeeds to all our most exquisite enjoyments. 1823Cooper Pioneer iii, The dark foliage of the evergreens was brilliantly contrasted by the glittering whiteness of the plain. 1863Kinglake Crimea II. 220 The smooth slopes..are contrasted by the aspect of the country on the opposite bank. 1866Rogers Agric. & Prices I. xviii. 415 Those habits of early sleeping and waking in which our ancestors were so contrasted with ourselves.
6. intr.
a. To form a contrast.
b. To exhibit a striking difference on comparison (with).
1715J. Richardson Th. Paint. 125 To unite the Contrasting Colours. 1820W. Irving Sketch Bk. I. 40 Her slender form contrasted finely with his tall, manly person. 1833J. Rennie Alph. Angling 21 The most conspicuous colours and such as contrast best with the water. 1856Froude Hist. Eng. (1858) I. iv. 359 The language of the House of Commons contrasted favourably with that of the convocation. 1871Palgrave Lyr. Poems 118 The happy tints contrasting glow.
▪ II. contrast, n.|ˈkɒntrɑːst, older ˈkɒntrəst|
Also 7 contrist, 8 contraste. See also contrasto.
[a. F. contraste (masc.), ad. It. contrasto (= Pr. contrast, Sp. contraste) contention, opposition: see contrasto. Introduced c 1600, and adversely criticized in 1644 as a new-fangled term, the word soon became obsolete in the literal sense. Reintroduced with the vb. as a term of Art c 1700.]
†I.
1. Contention, strife; = contrasto. Obs.
1597Daniel Civ. Wares viii. xlix, Nor was it now a time to have contrast With any sovereign, mighty potentate. 1613― Coll. Hist. Eng. ii. 91 He [William I] married Matilde..but not without contrast [edd. 1621, 1626 contrist; 1634, 1650 ‘revised and corrected’ contest] and trouble. 1644Vindex Anglicus 5 How ridiculous..is the merchandise they [verbal innovators] seek to sell for current. Let me afford you a few examples..read and censure Adpugne..Ebriolate, Caprious, Contrast, etc. a1670Hacket Abp. Williams ii. 209 (D.) In all these contrasts the Archbishop prevailed.
II.
2. a. Fine Arts. The juxtaposition of varied forms, colours, etc., so as to heighten by comparison the effect of corresponding parts and of the whole composition.
1711Shaftesbury Charac. (1737) III. 368 That regular contraste and nice ballance of movement, which painters are apt to admire as the chief grace of figures. 1742Richardson Pamela IV. 113 If there be an artful Contraste in the Drama, there will be the same in the Musick. 1766Goldsm. Vic. W. viii, The Roman poet understands the use of contrast better. 1851Ruskin Mod. Paint. I. Pref. ed. 2. 35 Contrast increases the splendour of beauty, but it disturbs its influence; it adds to its attractiveness, but diminishes its power.
b. The degree of differentiation between different tones in a photographic negative or print; also applied to a television picture. Also attrib.
1911A. Watkins Photogr. vi. 91 The exposure decides the density of the negative, and the length of development the contrast between the tones. 1921Brit. Jrnl. Photogr. 9 Sept. 534/1 These filters..increase the contrast of the photograph, and the clearness of detail in the scene... They are..called ‘contrast’ filters. 1940Chambers's Techn. Dict. 195/1 Contrast control (television), control of the ratio of illumination between the lightest and darkest parts of a reproduced television image. 1958M. L. Hall et al. Newnes Compl. Amat. Photogr. 97 The deliberate distortion of colour rendering for pictorial effect (with ‘contrast’ filters). 1961G. Millerson T.V. Production 46 A contrast range of 30:1 is generally accepted as providing good picture quality photographically. Ibid. 47 If contrast is kept to too narrow limits, the picture will look flat and lifeless.
3. Comparison of objects of like kind whereby the difference of their qualities or characteristics is strikingly brought out; manifest exhibition of opposing qualities; an instance of this.
1731Lett. fr. Fog's Weekly Jrnl. (1732) II. 257 Contraste of Scenes! Behold a worthless Tool, etc. 1752Johnson Rambler No. 194 ⁋10 Accident may indeed sometimes produce a lucky parallel or a striking contrast. 1856Emerson Eng. Traits, Manners Wks. (Bohn) II. 51 The steep contrasts of condition create the picturesque in society. 1860Tyndall Glac. i. iv. 34 The contrast between the two waters was very great. 1863Geo. Eliot Romola i. xx, A room..in the utmost contrast with the..half-sombre tints of the library.
4. a. That which on comparison with another thing shows a striking difference from it; a person or thing of most opposite qualities.
1764Hay Deformity 3 (T.) To make these appear a contrast to my subject. 1788F. Burney Diary IV. 302 What a contrast from such an intention was the event. 1796H. Hunter tr. St. Pierre's Stud. Nat. (1799) I. 575 An object has but one contrary, but it may have many constrasts. White is the contrary of black; but it contrasts with blue, green, red, and various other colours. 1828D'Israeli Chas. I, I. iv. 69 Buckingham offered a provoking contrast to his master. 1833Sir C. Bell Hand 190 Pain is the necessary contrast to pleasure.
5. a. Psychol. The modification or intensification of a sensation by the juxtaposition of another (freq. opposite) sensation. b. spec. The reciprocal induction of colours, brightnesses, and shapes when brought into juxtaposition; the modification of the apparent colour, brightness, or shape of an object by the presence of another colour, brightness, or shape nearby; (see quots.). Also attrib., as contrast disc, one used with a colour-mixer to exhibit the phenomena of contrast.
1873P. H. Pye-Smith tr. H. von Helmholtz's Pop. Lect. Sci. Subjects vi. 267 This is proved by a number of experiments contrived to illustrate the effects of contrast. Ibid., When, for example, objects are seen under two different coloured media..these conditions produce what is called simultaneous contrast. Ibid., This effect is known as successive contrast, and is experienced when the eye passes over a series of coloured objects. 1890E. B. Delabarre in W. James Princ. Psychol. II. xvii. 13 The phenomena of contrast. Ibid., If we look for a moment at any surface and then turn our eyes elsewhere, the complementary color and opposite degree of brightness to that of the first surface tend to mingle themselves with the color and the brightness of the second. This is successive contrast. Ibid. 14 A visual image is modified..by all those [sensations] experienced simultaneously with it... This is the phenomenon of simultaneous contrast. Ibid. 21 The gray spot then assumes a contrast-color, complementary to that of the background. 1894Creighton & Titchener tr. Wundt's Human & Animal Psychol. vii. 114 The subjective colour due to this opposition..is also termed contrast colour. Ibid., To refer the phenomena of contrast to like causes with complementary after-images. 1897C. H. Judd tr. Wundt's Outl. Psychol. xxiii. 324 The law of psychical contrasts..refers..to the relations of psychical contents to one another. Ibid. 325 This law of contrast has its origin in the attributes of the subjective contents of experience, but is secondarily applied to the ideas and their elements also. a1899D. G. Brinton Basis Social Relations (1902) 42 The third law, that of Contrast, applies to the ethnic mind the curious fact in mental life that a prolonged devotion to one idea leads to a reaction in which the opposite of that idea becomes dominant. 1901Titchener Exper. Psychol. I. i. 19 The contrast disc, with an extra 30° of white or black in its ring, is set up before its appropriate background. The contrast colour is matched upon the second mixer as before. Note that the same grey background must be retained for the second mixer, in order that the contrast relations may remain the same on both discs. 1938R. S. Woodworth Exper. Psychol. xxii. 567 Much more striking is the interaction known as contrast, including brightness contrast and color contrast. Ibid., Contrast between adjacent regions is called simultaneous contrast to distinguish it from the successive contrast resulting from retinal adaptation. 1957Amer. Jrnl. Psychol. LXX. iii. 358 Since we have demonstrated two types of reaction to a shift in context, i.e. contrast and assimilation, the question arises as to whether or not this loss in discrimination is specific to either contrast or assimilation. 1958H. Helson in Beardslee & Wertheimer Readings in Perception 260 It has been denied that contrast mechanisms could account for these effects. 1966Hurvich & Jameson Perception of Brightness & Darkness v. 85 What the contrast mechanism seems to do in all these instances is to magnify the differences in apparent brightness between adjacent areas of different luminances.
6. attrib., as contrast-effect; contrast-medium (see quot.).
1888Amer. Jrnl. Psychol. II. 639 Let us see if, as Helmholtz says, we have to do with contrast effects only... The shadow will appear of a slightly red tinge... This red is evidently purely an effect of contrast with the green. 1905W. James Mem. & Stud. (1911) v. 81 Thoroughness of sympathy..made us overflow, on meeting after long absences, into such laughing greetings as: ‘Ha! you old thief! Ha! you old blackguard!’—pure ‘contrast-effects’ of affection and familiarity passing beyond their bounds. 1909Titchener Text-bk. Psychol. i. 76 The contrast-effect is always in the direction of greatest opposition. 1966Hurvich & Jameson Perception of Brightness & Darkness v. 96 If we want a vividly striking demonstration of contrast effects, we can set up a stimulus situation where contours or lines are perceived in the visual field by contrast action even though no such lines actually exist in the stimulus pattern itself. 1967H. Helson et al. Contemp. Approaches Psychol. iv. 165/2 The contrast effects (elation and depression) implied a learning about reward with which the older theory certainly could make no contact.
1955Gloss. Terms Radiology (B.S.I.) 56 Contrast medium, any suitable substance used in diagnostic radiology to give contrast. |