| 释义 |
co-operation|kəʊˌɒpəˈreɪʃən|
[ad. L. cooperātiōn-em, n. of action from cooperārī to co-operate. Cf. F. coopération (16th c. in Littré).]
1. The action of co-operating, i.e. of working together towards the same end, purpose, or effect; joint operation.
1398Trevisa Barth. De P.R. i. (1495) 7 By the cooperacyon of the holy ghost. 1626Bacon Sylva Cent. x. Introd., Not Holpen by the Cooperation of Angels or Spirits. 1628Coke On Litt. 61 As there may be an estate taile by custome with the co-operation of the Statute of W. 2. cap. 1. 1754Johnson Adventurer No. 137 ⁋11 The business of life is carried on by a general co-operation. 1868Freeman Norm. Conq. (1876) II. ix. 408 His temporary cooperation with Swegen. 1879H. George Progr. & Pov. x. iii. (1881) 417 Civilization is co-operation.
2. Pol. Econ. The combination of a number of persons, or of a community, for purposes of economic production or distribution, so as to save, for the benefit of the whole body of producers or customers, that which otherwise becomes the profit of the individual capitalist.
For the history of the term see the quotations. As originally used by Owen the name contemplated the co-operation of the whole community for all economic purposes, i.e. communism. In practice, the principle has been carried out in production, when a body of workmen corporately own the capital by which their concern is carried on, and thus unite within themselves the interests of capital and labour, of employer and employed; and in distribution, when an association of purchasers contribute the capital of a store by which they are supplied with goods, and thus combine in themselves the interests of trader and customers. See co-operative.
1817Owen Letter in Lond. Newspaper 9 Aug., Advantages to be derived from the Arrangement of the Unemployed Working Classes into ‘Agricultural and Manufacturing Villages of Unity and Mutual Co-operation’. 1821― Economist 3 Mar., Monastic institutions..nevertheless exhibit striking proofs of what is to be effected by the principle of Co-operation. Ibid. in Holyoake Hist. Coop. I. 67 The Secret is out; it is unrestrained Co-operation on the part of all the members, for every purpose of social life. 1824W. Thompson Distrib. Wealth vi, Labor by co-operation opposed to labor by individual competition. 1832H. Martineau Homes Abroad ix. 126 The colony must be so organized as to secure the due co-operation of labour and capital. 1844M. Hennell (title), Outline of the various social systems and communities which have been founded on the principle of co-operation. 1863Q. Rev. CXIV. 418 Most of these thinkers had a glimpse, more or less clear, of the principle of co-operation..but unfortunately they were unable to distinguish this principle from that of community of goods. 1863Fawcett Pol. Econ. ii. i. (1876) 105 The essential characteristic of co-operation is a union of capital and labour. 1875Holyoake Hist. Coop. I. 68 The term Cooperation was at first..and for several years afterwards, used in the sense of communism, as denoting a general arrangement of society for the mutual benefit of all concerned in sustaining it. Later, the term Co-operation came to be restricted to the humbler operations of buying and selling provisions. 1879Rogers in Cassell's Techn. Educ. IV. 180/1 The workman..uniting in a trade partnership with other workmen, with the distinct purpose of using his own capital as well as his own labour under such an association. The latter form is called co-operation.
Hence co-opeˈrationist, one who practises or advocates co-operation.
1831T. L. Peacock Crotchet Castle v. (1887) 61 Next to him is Mr. Toogood, the co-operationist, who..wants to parcel out the world into squares like a chess-board, with a community on each, raising everything for one another. 1881F. Hall in N.Y. Nation XXXIII. 182/2 Long and honourably distinguished for his labours and writings as a co-operationist. |