| 释义 |
Soviet, n. and a.|ˈsəʊvɪɛt, ˈsɒvɪɛt, -j-, -ət|
Also soviet.
[a. Russ. sovét council.]
A. n.
1. a. In the U.S.S.R.: one of a number of elected councils which operate at all levels of government, having legislative and executive functions.
The term was also applied to various revolutionary councils set up prior to the establishment of socialist rule in 1917.
1917Times 27 July 6/4 (heading) Hostile vote against the Soviet. Ibid. 8 Sept. 6/4 A meeting of the Central Committee of the Soviet was held..at which the situation on the front was considered. 1920Edin. Rev. July 59 Soviets, i.e., councils or committees of workmen's and soldiers' delegates, are elected in every township, village or rural district for the purpose of local administration. 1930Times Lit. Suppl. 30 Oct. 880/1 The chairman of the village soviet..may in theory be master in his own limited sphere; in practice he is the servant of a Communist ‘cell’. 1941E. Strauss Soviet Russia iv. 33 Workers and soldiers..organized their own Councils or Soviets. 1953B. Miall tr. Delbars's Real Stalin vii. 48 The first Soviets of working-class deputies were formed. The president of the Soviet of St. Petersburg was a Menshevik. 1965B. Pearce tr. Preobrazhensky's New Economics 191 No more workers and office-workers are employed by the state, the local soviets, and the co-operatives than are employed in private industry, private trade, and agriculture. 1979O. Sela Petrograd Consignment 20 During the 1905 uprising in St. Petersburg, together with Rakovsky and Trotsky he [sc. Helphand] had led the Soviet.
b. In other countries: a similar council organized on socialist principles.
1918Daily Mirror 12 Nov. 2/4 (heading) Berlin Soviet Meets... The first sitting of the Workers' and Soldiers' Council in Berlin was held..this evening in..the Reichstag. 1934Fundamental Laws Chinese Soviet Republic vi. 79 The First All-China Congress of Soviets of Workers..calls upon the Chinese workers and peasants..to fight resolutely against Sun Yat-Sen. 1977J. Cleary High Road to China ii. 45 The Bolshevists..in Saxony..have taken over some of the towns, declared soviets.
c. transf. and fig.
1945Tee Emm (Air Ministry) V. 40 Pistons, connecting rods, and other vitals cease to follow the paths their designer intended and form a sort of Soviet of miscellaneous salvage. 1947Crowther & Whiddington Science at War 86 Owing to their character of complete equality and outspokenness, these meetings were called ‘Sunday Soviets’. 1972History Workshop Pamphlet No. 6. 26 The cavilling system..was an embryo of workers' control... It was a little Soviet which had grown up within the capitalist system.
2. A citizen of the U.S.S.R. Chiefly in pl. (hence loosely, = Soviet Union or its leaders).
1920Commercial & Financial Chron. 24 Jan. 288/1 He [sc. Clemenceau] insisted upon writing the final paragraph, ‘affirming that the Allies had not changed their attitude towards the Soviets’. 1930Amer. Speech VI. 121 (heading) Jailed Soviets go on hunger strike. 1943W. S. Churchill End of Beginning 221 The Soviets had to repel the terrific onslaught of Germany. 1959Daily Tel. 7 Feb. 11/4 President Eisenhower, seeking one word to cover citizens of the Soviet Union, has braved the criticism of purists and adopted the term ‘Soviets’. 1964R. A. Butler in Listener 13 Aug. 222/2, I am sure that the Soviets are not plotting a war against us, or anything like that, at the present time. 1977C. McCarry Secret Lovers iii. 34 ‘Who did Bülow meet in Dresden?’.. ‘A Soviet, an Army captain named Kalmyk.’
B. adj.
1. Of, pertaining to, or having, a system of government based on soviets; Soviet Union: the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
1918Decrees issued by Revolutionary Peoples Govt. I. 11 The Soviet Government does not look backward, but forward. 1920Glasgow Herald 9 Mar. 8 The [American] Government has virtually decided to permit the resumption of trade relations with Soviet Russia. 1925A. J. Toynbee Survey Internat. Affairs 1920–3 369 The new ‘Red’ Army of Soviet Armenia. 1928H. N. Brailsford How Soviets Work vii. 99 What the Soviet Union has done on a small scale for backward races like the Tartars and Bashkirs may one day have immense significance for..Central Asia. 1946Ann. Reg. 1945 193 It was agreed that the Soviet Union's claims for reparations should be met by removals from the Russian zone in Germany. 1965M. Michael tr. J. Myrdal's Rep. Chinese Village i. 4 In the early 1930s the peasants of northern Shensi..set up their own soviet republic. 1974tr. Sniečkus's Soviet Lithuania 16 The congress called for a socialist revolution in Lithuania and the establishment of Soviet power.
2. Of, pertaining to, under the influence of, or living in the U.S.S.R.
1920Russian Economist I. 89 This is the secret of ‘bourgeois’ diplomacy, and this riddle is being solved by Soviet diplomacy and with it by all the Russian-speaking people. 1932Sun (Baltimore) 27 Jan. 12/7 If what is Russia is now known as the Soviet Republic, we should have some adjective similar to ‘French’, ‘American’, etc... ‘Soviet’..has been regularly used—Soviet literature, Soviet morals, and so on. 1935A. Huxley Let. June (1969) 397 The thing simply turned out to be a series of public meetings organized by the French Communist writers..and by the Russians as a piece of Soviet propaganda. 1961Ann. Reg. 1960 499 New trade agreements were negotiated also with several countries in the ‘Soviet block’. 1964V. Nabokov Defence xiv. 223 She..bought the latest numbers of émigré magazines and—for comparison—several Soviet magazines and newspapers. 1977Times 14 June 16/7 He is a Soviet Jew whose family has been refused an exit visa to go to Israel.
Comb.1920Glasgow Herald 3 Nov. 13 Fifty-two French citizens..reached Paris yesterday from Sovietland. 1945Salt July 17/2 A Jap–Russian conflict would encourage the Soviet-hating ‘Nationalist’ (formerly ‘isolationist’) group. 1962Times 1 Jan. 11/6 The Albanian party lacks the intellectual conditioning of a Soviet-trained leadership. 1964T. B. Bottomore Elites & Society vi. 111 The unified elite in Soviet-type societies is contrasted with the plurality of elites in Western-type societies. 1978Detroit Free Press 5 Mar. (Parade Suppl.) 14/4 Romanov would crack down on the mishmash of more than 100 government ministries and independent agencies that create confusion in Sovietland.
3. In combination with adjs. designating another country or people in the sense ‘Soviet and..’, as Soviet-American, Soviet-Chinese, Soviet-German, etc.
1939W. S. Churchill in Daily Mirror 24 Aug. 14/2 In view of the Soviet–German intrigue and all other information to hand it is becoming increasingly difficult to see how war can be averted. 1958Listener 28 Aug. 295/2 The theme of Soviet–Arab friendship. 1965H. Kahn On Escalation xiii. 249 The U.S. in fact was carefully concerned to limit, if not avoid direct Soviet–American confrontations. 1971H. Trevelyan Worlds Apart xvi. 177 In Moscow we saw little prospect of any new initiative being successful at that moment when Soviet–Chinese relations were in an uncertain phase of manœuvre. 1978F. Maclean Take Nine Spies iv. 158 The Soviet–German Pact of August 1939.
Hence Soviˈetic a. (now rare), of or pertaining to the (Russian) Soviet system; ˈSovietism, the (Russian) Soviet system; ˈSovietist rare, an adherent of the Soviet system; Soviˈetophile a., that loves the Soviet Union; ˌSovietoˈphobia, fear of the Soviet Union (cf. Russophobia s.v. russo- b); hence Soviˈetophobe.
1919E. E. Cummings Let. 7 Nov. (1969) 62 All N.Y.'s radicals are throwing up their hats in celebration of the anniversary of Sovietism. 1920W. T. Goode Bolshevism at Work 68 The order existing in Sovietic Moscow. 1920Glasgow Herald 19 Aug. 7 All Russia, apart from the Sovietists, bears no ill to Poland. 1934Sovietic [see dope-dream s.v. dope n. 5]. 1950Sun (Baltimore) 4 Jan. 1/8 Controversy over what the Truman Administration..can do to keep Sovietism in China from engulfing Formosa, the last refuge of the Nationalists. 1955Bull. Atomic Sci. Jan. 35/3 The strong wine of Sovietophobia on which most of the contributors had dined was just milk for babes at the Burnham table. 1957V. Nabokov Pnin iii. 71 Only another Russian could understand the reactionary and Sovietophile blend presented by the pseudo-colorful Komarovs. 1966Listener 3 Mar. 325/1 This bloody love..which must go on vitiating all our attempts at Sovietophobia. 1976Survey Summer-Autumn 237 After 1968 Sartre discovered that ultimately his philosophy was more likely to culminate in anarchy than in Sovietism. 1980Daily Tel. 8 July 14 Should not the British media sort out this phobia? Otherwise ‘Sovietophobes’ might well be in danger of alienating the most convinced of their potential allies, i.e. the Russians.
▸ Soviet bloc n. (also Soviet Bloc) now hist. an alliance of countries with similar interests to the Soviet Union; (in later use) spec. the countries of eastern and central Europe under Soviet domination from the end of the Second World War (1939–45) until the collapse of the Soviet communist system (1989–91); cf. Eastern bloc n. at eastern adj. and n. Additions.
1924Washington Post 16 Nov. 3/3 (heading) *Soviet Bloc busy. 1930W. H. Chamberlin Soviet Russia x. 234 A politico-economic Soviet bloc, to be effective, would require the inclusion of Germany. 1947H. Butler Peace or Power ix. 200 The United Nations..had become the scene of unedifying and sterile wrangles between the Soviet bloc and the rest of the world. 2006N.Y. Times (National ed.) 13 Nov. a26/5 All of us who worked in the Soviet bloc were surrounded by official ‘nannies’, informers and other spies of all kinds.
▸ Soviet block n. (also Soviet Block) = Soviet bloc n. at Additions.
1919Times 19 Apr. 9 The *Soviet block, consisting of Russia, the Ukraine, Germany, and Serbia, would easily be able to deal with the industrial opposition of the capitalistic States. 1961Ann. Reg. 1960 499 New trade agreements were negotiated also with several countries in the ‘Soviet block’. 1999Time 27 Sept. 58/3 A story charging that the current Socialist Party leader..worked secretly for the Soviet block starting in 1956. |