| 释义 |
▪ I. cowl, n.1|kaʊl|
Forms: 1 cuᵹele, cuᵹle, cuhle, [cufle], 1–3 cule, kuuele, cuuel, 3–4 couele, couel, kouel, 4 cole, 5–7 cowle, cool(e, 6 coule, 7 kowle, 8 coul, 7– cowl.
[The derivation and form-history present difficulties. OE. renders L. cuculla by cuᵹele, cuᵹle, cuhle and cule, weak fem.; also cufle wk. f. The former comes down in 12–13th c. cūle, and the coule, cowle (coole) of later times; cufle may be the parent of kuuele (which in Ancren R. would regularly stand for kuvele), couele, kuuel, couel. OE. cuᵹele is cognate with OHG. cucula, cugula, chugela (MHG. kugele, kugel, gugel, LG. kogel), a. eccl. Lat. cuculla monk's cowl, from cl. L. cucullus hood of a cloak. OE. cufle appears to be cognate with MDu. covele, cövel(e fem., in Kilian kovel, mod.Du. keuvel ‘cowl’, and to be connected with (perh. the origin of) Icel. kofl, kufl str. masc. ‘cowl’. The history of cufle and its allied forms is obscure.]
1. A garment with a hood (vestis caputiata), worn by monks, varying in length in different ages and according to the usages of different orders, but ‘having the permanent characteristics of covering the head and shoulders, and being without sleeves’ (Cath. Dict.). † Also, formerly, a cloak or frock worn by laymen or by women.
The cl. Lat. cucullus was the hood of a cloak, covering the head only. The cowls of the early Egyptian monks covered the heads, and barely reached the shoulders; by 800 the cowls of monks had become so long as to reach their heels, when St. Benedict restricted their length to two cubits. In the 14th c. the cowl and the frock were often confounded; but it was declared at the Council of Vienne ‘we understand by the name of cuculla a habit long and full, but not having sleeves, and by that of floccus a long habit which has long and wide sleeves’. See Du Cange s.v. Cuculla.
c961æþelwold Rule St. Benet lv. (Schröer 89), Þætte he hæbbe cuᵹelan [Wells MS. culan, Tiberius Gloss culam, L. cucullam] and syric; sy on wintra seo cuhle [W. cule, T. Gl. culam] of þiccum hræᵹle. Ibid. 91 Þæt he hæbbe twa cuᵹelan [W. culan, T. Gl. cuflan, L. duas cucullas]. Ibid. 93 Þæt is cuᵹele [T. Gl. þæt is cufle]. a1100O.E. Glosses in Wr.-Wülcker 328 Cuculla, cuᵹle. c1205Lay. 17698 Seoðden ane cule of ane blake claðe [c 1275 one blake couele]. c1210Winteney Rule St. Benet lv. (title), Sancte Benediht ȝywð munece cule and yesetteð mantel toȝeanes þære cule, and haliȝraft, forþan þe hit nis laȝa þat munecene habben cule; hodes hi maȝon habban. a1225Ancr. R. 10 Unwise..þet weneð þet order sitte iðe kurtel oþer iþe kuuele. a1300Havelok 766 He ne broucte bred and sowel, In his shirte or in his couel. Ibid. 2904 Cuuel [rimes with] sowel. c1315Shoreham 110 Under couele and cope The foule prede lythe. 1388Reg. Vestib. Westm. Abbey in Archæol. LII. 214 A vestry gyrdyll to tukk up hys cole. c1430Lydg. Min. Poems 110 (Mätz.) Madame..Undernethe your comly cowle to have myn intent. c1440Promp. Parv. 97 Cowle, munkys abyte, cuculla, cucullus. 1483Caxton Gold. Leg. 330/4 He dyde of thabyte of a bisshop and dyd on a cool and stode amonge the monkes. 1530Palsgr. 209/2 Coule for a monke, froc. a1677Barrow Serm. Wks. 1716 II. 17 It is not the..badges of our Religion that make a Christian; more than a Cowle doth make a Monk. 1682S. Pordage Medal Rev. 107 I know you'l grant the Devil is no Fool, He can disguise in Surplice, Cloak, or Cool. 1845S. Austin Ranke's Hist. Ref. I. 427 Luther..travelled indeed in a most lowly guise; the cowl he wore was borrowed. 1867C. Walker Ritual Reason Why 201 The cowl is a loose vestment worn over the frock in the winter season and during the night office.
b. Taken as the sign of monkhood, or monastic orders, and hence sometimes as = monk.
1653Urquhart Rabelais i. xl, The frock and cowle draw unto it self the opprobries, injuries and maledictions of the world. 1842Tennyson Talking Oak xii, Bluff Harry broke into the spence And turn'd the cowls adrift. 1843Lytton Last Bar. i. i. 28 He was meant for the cowl, but his mother..let him make choice of the flat-cap.
2. Sometimes applied to the hood alone.
1580Hollyband Treas. Fr. Tong, Capuchon, a coule or hood. 1639Horn & Robotham Gate Lang. Unl. lx. §638 Monks hooded with cools. 1712Steele Spect. No. 497 ⁋4 The red Cap and the Coul will fall under the same Contempt. 1815Moore Lalla R. (1824) 205 Each affrighted sentinel Pulls down his cowl upon his eyes. 1849Rock Ch. of Fathers I. v. 485 The cowl is the hood belonging to the monk's every-day habit. 1858Mrs. Oliphant Laird of Norlaw II. 6 [He] took off his cowl in token of respect.
3. transf. and fig.
1658Rowland Moufet's Theat. Ins. 981 The first..hath as it were a grass cowle or hood which covers the head, neck, and almost half the body. 1852–9Todd Cycl. Anat. IV. 174/2 Each of the cowls [of the Clio] seems..to be composed of two spherical parts. 1863Kingsley Water-bab. (1878) 1 By the smoky town in its murky cowl.
4. A covering, commonly shaped like a hood, placed on the top of a chimney or ventilating shaft to assist ventilation; usually constructed so as to turn with the wind.
b. A wire cage at the top of the funnel of a locomotive, etc. See cow n.5
1812Ann. Reg. 315 The invention of a cap or cowl to be placed on the top of chimneys. 1862Athenæum 30 Aug. 263 Moveable cowl, intended to exclude rain and yet to allow the free passage of air. 1869E. A. Parkes Pract. Hygiene 129 Tubes with cowls turning towards the wind. 1883J. Y. Stratton Hops & Hop-pickers 35 The kilns have high conical roofs, each surmounted by a cowl with a vane. 1891Times 16 Oct. 8/5 The work of providing her [a ship] with efficient ventilating apparatus is being pushed forward..she will be furnished with the largest cowls afloat.
5. Comb., as cowl-like adj.; † cowl-man, one who wears a cowl, a monk; cowl-muscle, the cucullaris or trapezius muscle.
1592Warner Alb. Eng. vii. xxxvii, Our Cowleman's foresaid Actor so prevailed. 1884Bower & Scott De Bary's Phaner. & Ferns 53 A small cowl-like depression.
▪ II. cowl, coul, n.2|kaʊl|
Forms: 3 cuvel-, 4 pl. coufles, 5 couel(le, kouuele, kowuele, cowuele, colle, 5–7 cowle, 7 coule, coole, kowle, 6– coul, 7– cowl, (cowel).
[ME. *cuvel(e (13th c. in cuvel-staff), covelle, app. a. OF. cuvele:—L. cūpella small vat or cask, dim. of cūpa, F. cuve tub, cask, vat. But cf. also the OE. form cufel, pl. cuflas, of date 963–84, in Cartul. Saxon. (ed. Birch) 367, ‘ii cuflas & þry troᵹas’ [two cowls and three troughs]. This is almost certainly related to Ger. kübel (glossed in MHG. cupa, tina), OHG. *chubil (cf. miluh-chubili, milk-pail), with senses parallel to those of cowl, and considered by Grimm and Kluge to be a native word (though possibly of West Germanic adoption from Latin). The uncertainty as to the origin of our word is increased by the ambiguity of the symbol ou, ow, in ME.]
1. A tub or similar large vessel for water, etc.; esp. applied to one with two ears which could be borne by two men on a cowl-staff. arch. or dial.
c1250[in cowl-staff]. 1297R. Glouc. (1724) 265 In lepes and in coufles [v rr. c 1400 kouueles, 15th c. cowles, couelle] so muche vyss [= fish] hii solde hym brynge, Þat ech man wondry ssal of so gret cacchynge. c1430Pilgr. Lyf Manhode iii. lx (1869) 171 A kowuele ther was bi nethe, that resceyuede alle the dropes. Ibid. lxii. 173 Cowuele. c1440Promp. Parv. 97 Cowle, vesselle, tina. a1450Voc. in Wr.-Wülcker 616 Tina, a covelle [see covel-tre in 2]. c1450–75Pict. Vocab. ibid. 808 Hec cupa, a colle; hec tina idem est. 1502Priv. Purse Exp. Eliz. of York (1830) 4 A cowle for Water xij d. 1587L. Mascall Govt. Cattle (1627) 71 Prouide that they may haue water brought them in cowles. c1642Twyne in Wood Life (Oxf Hist. Soc.) I. 62 Carried awaye..in a great cowle betwixt 2 men. 1647Husbandman's Plea agst. Tithes 38 The Parson or Vicar is amongst the Mayds, with a Pale or Coul every tenth day for tithe milk. 1825Hone Every-day Bk. I. 12 The Cowl is a water-vessel borne by two persons on the cowl-staff. 1883Fisheries Exhib. Catal. (ed. 4) 127 Cowel for carrying fish. 1888Elworthy W. Somerset Word-bk., Cowl, a tub or barrel swung on a pole, or more commonly mounted as a wheel-barrow, used for carrying pigs'-wash or liquid manure.
†b. Applied to a liquid measure. Obs. [Cf. Ger. kübel as a measure, Grimm s.v. 2 b.]
1467Ord. Worc. in Eng. Gilds 371 That the comyns haue the Cowle to mete ale wt. Ibid. 382 That comyns have vppe ayen, as hit hath ben, the Cowle to mete ale wt.
†c. A cup. Obs. [Cf. med.L. cupella ‘vasis potorii species,’ Du Cange.]
[c1450Voc. in Wr.-Wülcker 577/10, Cupa, a cupe or a Cowle.] 1476Will of Thurston (Somerset Ho.), A cup called a cowle.
2. Comb. † cowl-tree, coveltre = cowl-staff.
c1450Voc. in Wr.-Wülcker 602 Phalanga, a coveltre.
▪ III. cowl, v.1|kaʊl|
[f. cowl n.1]
1. trans. To put a monk's cowl on; to make a monk of.
1536Latimer 2nd Serm. bef. Conv. Wks. I. 48 Swaged and cowled with a Franciscan's cowl. a1661Fuller Worthies (1840) II. 236 By such preposterous cowling of boys, and veiling of girls. 1848Kingsley Saint's Trag. i. iii, Belike you'll cowl him.
2. To cover as with a cowl or hood; to draw over like a cowl.
1810Southey Kehama ii. ii, The Rajah..smote his breast, and o'er his face Cowl'd the white mourning vest. 1869Blackmore Lorna D. lix, The mountains, cowled with fog, and seamed with storm. 1881Palgrave Visions Eng. 216 That stern Florentine apart Cowl'd himself dark in thought.
▪ IV. † cowl, v.2 Obs.
[Cf. coil n.2]
To quarrel.
1556Rec. Nottingham IV. 111 We present the organe makar wyffe for cowllyng with hyre nebours [3 instances]. |