| 释义 |
specialist|ˈspɛʃəlɪst|
[f. as prec. + -ist, or ad. F. spécialiste.
Worcester (1846) gives ‘Specialist, a practical man. Qu. Rev.’ Hence in Ogilvie (1850).]
1. A medical practitioner or authority who specially devotes his attention to the study or treatment of a particular disease or class of diseases.
1856Kane Arct. Explor. II. ix. 93 The recital might edify a specialist who was anxious to register the Protean indications of scurvy. 1875B. Meadows Clin. Observ. 11 Has been treated by an eminent specialist, with both arsenic and mercury. 1889D. C. & H. Murray Dang. Catspaw 162 He was a famous nerve specialist when he retired from practice.
2. a. In general use, one who specially or exclusively studies one subject or one particular branch of a subject.
1862Spencer First Princ. ii. i. §36 (1867) 130 Even the most limited specialist would not describe as philosophical, an essay which [etc.]. 1877Sir C. W. Thomson Voy. Challenger I. i. 9 To associate with her complement of scientific officers a civilian staff of specialists. 1884Symonds Shaks. Predec. Pref. p. ix, I cannot pretend to be a specialist in this department, nor have I sought to write for specialists.
b. [tr. Russ. spetsialíst.] In Communist parlance, a person with a specialist knowledge in some area of science, engineering, or culture; an engineer, scientist.
1929V. M. Molotov Communist Party Soviet Union 39 Of course there cannot be many among the ranks of the old specialists who could be taken into the Party... The Shakhty case revealed clearly enough that we have some of the most bitter enemies among the specialists, whose skill we must nevertheless use. 1974T. P. Whitney tr. Solzhenitsyn's Gulag Archipelago I. i. ix. 334 The Case of Glavtop—May, 1921. This case was important because it involved engineers—or, as they had been christened in the terminology of the times, ‘specialists’, or spetsy. 1977‘S. Leys’ Chinese Shadows (1978) ii. 101 It [sc. the Tower of the Six Harmonies] is such a sturdy building that an army of ‘specialists’ would have been necessary to demolish it.
c. An enlisted man in the U.S. army employed on specialized duties. Cf. spec n.4
Freq. prefixed to the name of a soldier. The grades of specialists are modelled on the ranks, from corporal to master sergeant, but do not correspond to them in other respects.
1955Army-Navy-Air Force Register 14 May 1/1 Army personnel in the top four enlisted grades will be separated into two groups, non-commissioned officers and specialists... Those who perform non-leadership duties of a technical or administrative nature will be designated ‘Specialists’..and will rank among themselves as Master Specialists (E-7), Specialist First Class (E-6), Specialist Second Class (E-5), and Specialist (E-4). 1969I. Kemp Brit. G.I. in Vietnam iii. 67, I got on particularly well with the new crew chief, Specialist Fifth Class Jaycelon. 1974Encycl. Brit. Micropædia VII. 406/2 Specialist, military, any of four enlisted ranks in the U.S. Army corresponding to the grades of corporal (Specialist 4) through sergeant first class (Specialist 7).
3. Ecol. A species which is closely adapted, and largely restricted, to a particular mode of life.
1966Amer. Naturalist C. 607 When the gain to a jack-of-all-trades in reduced travelling time makes up for his lower hunting efficiency compared to the patch specialists, then the jack-of-all-trades will outcompete both specialists. 1973P. A. Colinvaux Introd. Ecol. xli. 576 Animals become specialists in eating particular plants; the plants, on an evolutionary time scale, respond with new poisons. 1978Nature 5 Jan. 56/2 K-selected species (or ‘specialists’) exhibit conservative strategies for survival in predictable environments, and are adapted against pressures from predators and inter⁓specific competition.
4. attrib. (of persons or things).
1883Fortn. Rev. July 110 The matters to be dealt with require a specialist knowledge. 1887D. Maguire Art Massage (ed. 4) 15 The specialist doctor who practises therapeutic massage should develop a special action of his own. 1893F. Adams New Egypt xix, I had no specialist acquaintance with the place or the people.
Senses 2b–c in Dict. become 2c–2d. Add: [2.] b. U.S. Stock Exchange. A member of a stock exchange who buys and sells only a single stock or a narrow range of stocks, typically having or sharing responsibility for maintaining a stable market in this sector.
1900S. A. Nelson ABC of Wall St. xxxv. 159 Specialists. Brokers who deal in one or two stocks only. 1907― Consolidated Stock Exchange N.Y. xiii. 69 The successful specialist if trading in an active stock must be a robust man, have a strong voice, be quick-witted, and always willing to trade. 1919H. S. Martin N.Y. Stock Exchange xxi. 254 If, however, the broker is busy at a post other than Steel, and cannot leave that post to fill the order to buy Steel, he can send the order to another broker, or may give it to a Specialist. 1934Sun (Baltimore) 3 Mar. 15/8 New York Stock Exchange ‘specialists’ today objected emphatically to provisions of the pending securities market control bill which would require them to abandon the practice of trading on their own account. 1963B. E. Shultz Securities Market (ed. 2) xvi. 302 A ‘floor give-up’ in which specialists and two-dollar brokers give up the names of the firms for which they are acting. 1988Times 12 Feb. 24/5 The specialist in New York assumes an obligation to act to prevent volatile price movements in the shares for which he has the sole obligation to make a market. |