| 释义 |
specular, a.|ˈspɛkjʊlə(r)|
[ad. L. speculāris, f. speculum speculum; or, in senses 6 and 7, f. L. speculārī to spy, observe, specula watch-tower. Cf. F. spéculaire (16th c. in Godef. Compl.), Prov. specular, It. speculare, specolare, Sp. and Pg. especulario.]
I.
1. a. specular stone (after L. specularis lapis), a transparent or semi-transparent substance formerly used as glass or for ornamental purposes; a species of mica, selenite, or talc; a piece or flake of this. (Cf. phengite.) Obs. exc. arch.
1577Harrison England ii. xii. (1877) i. 236, I find obscure mention of the specular stone to haue beene found and applied to this use [sc. window-making] in England. 1627Donne Serm. Wks. 1839 IV. 472 In Temples made of Specular Stone that was transparent as glass or crystal. 1677Plot Oxfordsh. 68 Unless they are particles of the specular stone, or English Talc. 1715tr. Pancirollus' Rerum Mem. I. i. vi. 15 Specular Stones were a shining kind of Substance, and..transparent like the Air. 1889tr. Rénan's Apostles xi. 168 The decoration of a hall which he wanted to have adorned with specular stones.
†b. A piece of this used as a mirror. Obs.—1
1640Carew Poems Wks. (1824) 104 Give then no faith to the false specular stone, But let thy beauties by th' effects be knowne.
†2. Of vision: Obtained by reflection only; not direct or immediate. Obs.
Based upon 1 Cor. xiii. 12, where the Vulgate has per speculum in ænigmate and the Greek δι' ἐσόπτρου ἐν αἰνίγµατι.
a1619M. Fotherby Atheom. ii. viii. §5 (1622) 293 Not in a specular, and ænigmaticall vision; but in a cleere, and immediate one. a1677Manton Transfig. Christ ii. Wks. 1870 I. 349 Not only doth vision or immediate intuition produce this effect, but also spiritual specular vision, or a sight of God in the ordinances. 1704Norris Ideal World ii. v. 287 St. Paul says..we see through a glass darkly... This has given occasion to the schools to distinguish of a certain ænigmatical or specular vision, in opposition to that vision of God which is by his essence.
3. a. Having the reflecting property of a mirror; presenting a smooth, polished, and reflecting surface; of a brilliant metallic lustre. Now Min.
1661Boyle Scept. Chem. v. 333 From this red Body..may be obtain'd a Mercury bright and Specular as it was before. 1666― Orig. Forms & Qual. 235 Divers of these Christals have..Triangles..and other Figures exquisitely Cut on their smooth & specular surfaces; and others, Bodies of Prismatical shapes. 1796Phil. Trans. LXXXVI. 273 It is evident that the particles of bodies are specular. 1796Kirwan Elem. Min. (ed. 2) I. 36 The laminæ..have not a polished, or at least, nor a specular surface. 1816P. Cleaveland Min. 552 Specular native arsenic. This very remarkable variety of Arsenic possesses a metallic brilliancy. 1829Chapters Phys. Sci. 281 Specular bodies are those the surfaces of which, being polished, reflect the rays in the same order as they come from other bodies. 1851Mantell Petrifactions iii. §1. 144 Iron-glance, or specular oxide, from Elba, Stromboli, Vesuvius.
fig.1665Boyle Occas. Refl. iii. vi. (1848) 156 The fine Expressions you applaud, are commonly parts of a Sermon that have no specular Virtue in them.
b. specular iron or specular iron ore, hæmatite, esp. the brilliant crystalline form of this.
(a)1796Kirwan Elem. Min. (ed. 2) II. 162 Specular Iron ore. 1803Phil. Trans. XCIII. 336 The primitive form of the slightly attractable oxide of iron, formerly known by the name of specular iron ore. 1859R. Hunt Guide Mus. Pract. Geol. (ed. 2) 153 Specular iron ore is found throughout Asia, Corsica, Germany [etc.]. 1882Floyer Unexpl. Baluchistan 125 The blocks of specular iron ore are very heavy.
(b)1804Phil. Trans. XCIV. 332 The fine gray specular iron from Sweden. 1854Bakewell Geol. 87 Iron presents itself separately as a volcanic product in the peculiar form of brilliant laminæ, called specular iron, which bears a high polish. 1879Rutley Study Rocks x. 155 The crystallised variety, specular iron or ironglance, belongs to the rhombohedral system.
c. Designating or pertaining to reflection by a surface in which incident light is reflected as in a mirror.
1863Atkinson tr. Ganot's Physics 363 The reflection from the surfaces of polished bodies, the laws of which have just been stated, is called the regular or specular reflection. 1927Jrnl. Optical Soc. Amer. XIV. 371 The instrument is so constructed that the identical areas employed in the measurement of specular density may be used without change for the measurement of the diffuse density. 1940Chambers's Techn. Dict. 789/2 Specular density, the photographic density in an image measured with parallel light, as contrasted with diffuse density, when the total light passed is measured, including that dispersed. 1967E. Chambers Photolitho-Offset vii. 76 Some surfaces have both specular and diffuse reflection—such as varnished wood. 1974Jrnl. Optical Soc. Amer. LXIV. 546/2 Conventional definitions of reflectance treat the road as a perfectly diffuse surface and entirely omit the specular component of reflectance.
4. Of a telescope: Fitted with a speculum; reflecting.
1676Life Paul Sarpi in Brent's Counc. Trent 21 Gio. Battista Porta..makes honourable mention of Padre Paolo as of no ordinary personage, and particularly of his specular perspective.
5. Performed by means of a surgical speculum.
1898P. Manson Trop. Diseases xviii. 307 In every case in which there is probability of rectal disease digital or specular examination must be made.
II.
6. Of or pertaining to sight or vision; esp. specular orb (poet.), the eye.
1656Blount Glossogr., Specular,..belonging to seeing or spying, to Spectacles or glass windows. 1708J. Philips Cider i. 22 Thy Specular Orb Apply to well-dissected Kernels. 1721D'Urfey Two Queens Brentford v. i, Always considering the Design is for specular Instruction. 1810Southey Kehama xiv. x, In the fiendish joy within his eyes, She knew the hateful Spirit who look'd through Their specular orbs.
7. poet. Of heights, etc.: Affording or giving a wide or extensive view. (Cf. speculation 2 c.)
1671Milton P.R. iv. 236 Look once more e're we leave this specular Mount Westward. 1833Wordsw. ‘Hope smiled when your nativity was cast’, Calm as the Universe, from specular towers Of heaven contemplated by Spirits pure. 1842Is. Williams Baptistery i. x. (1874) 115 This is Wisdom's specular height, from whence To view as from a watch⁓tower things of sense. 1890J. H. Stirling Philos. & Theol. viii. 144 The specular heights of the universal.
Add:[I.] [3.] d. [F. spéculaire (J. Lacan 1949, ‘Le stade du miroir’ in Revue Française de Psychanalyse XIII. 450: paper orig. presented in 1936).] In psychoanalytic theory: of, pertaining to or characteristic of the ‘mirror stage’ of infant development, or to any response associated with this.
1968A. Wilden tr. J. Lacan in Language of Self (1974) 135 The joyful assumption of his specular image by a being still unable to control his motor functions and still dependent on his mother to nurse him. 1973Matias & Willemen tr. M. Cegarra in Screen Spring/Summer 137 According to Metz, there is no discontinuity (dynamic tension), but continuity as a specular relation. 1977A. Sheridan tr. Lacan's Écrits i. 5 Paranoic alienation..dates from the deflection of the specular I into the social I. 1985T. Moi Sexual/Textual Politics vii. 135 Caught in the specular logic of patriarchy, woman can choose either to remain silent,..or to enact the specular representation of herself as a lesser male. 1990C. Norris in Boyne & Rattansi Postmodernism & Society v. 124 They are thus caught up in a specular relation or a pattern of unwitting dialectical reprise that ends up by confirming every last theorem of the ‘false’ sciences that Marx set out to controvert. |