| 释义 |
▪ I. † spittle, n.1 Obs.
Forms: α. 3–4, 6 spitel (5 -ele), 4–6 -ell; 4 spytel, 5 -elle, spytyl, 5–6 -ylle; 5 spetel, 6 -ylle; 5–6 spittell, 6 -el, Sc. spittaill, spyttell, -yll(e, spettell, -ylle. β. 6 spyttle, 6–7 spitle, 6–9 spittle. γ. 7 spitol, -oll. See also spital.
[ME. spitel, spittel, etc., = MLG. spittel, spettel, MHG. spittel, spittol (G. spittel), ultimately representing an aphetic form of hospital, modified on the analogy of native words in -el. Forms with more original ending appear in OHG. spitâl (spitaul; G. spital), MLG. spittâl, spettâl, MDu. spit(t)-, spetael, MDa. spital, spedal, MSw. spital(e, spetal(e, Icel. spítal, -ali. The common source of these is app. Italian or Levantine: cf. It. spedale, dial. spitale, mod.Gr. σπιτάλι; also med.L. spitalerius (1342 in Du Cange), med.Gr. σπιταλιώτης (c 1350).]
1. A house or place for the reception of the indigent or diseased; a charitable foundation for this purpose, esp. one chiefly occupied by persons of a low class or afflicted with foul diseases; a lazar-house. (Now written spital.)
αa1225[see 4]. c1315[see 5 a]. 1388Wyclif 1 Kings ii. 34 marg., Rabi Salomon seith, that he made in desert a spitele for pore men. c1400Rom. Rose 6505 Whanne I see beggers quakyng,..Lete bere hem to the spitel anoon. c1425St. Mary of Oignies ii. ii. in Anglia VIII. 152 Houses of mesels, þat are callid spitellis. a1529Skelton Col. Cloute 1186 At..Saynt Mary Spyttell, They set not by vs a whystell. 1556Chron. Gr. Friars (Camden) 43 At sent Mary spettell, the iij. dayes in Ester weke, preched the vicar of Stepney one Jerome.
β1571–92[see b]. 1601B. Jonson Ev. Man in Hum. ii. iii, May they lie and starue in some miserable spittle. 1698Fryer Acc. E. India & P. 150 We descended from this..to the Spittle, where we found the Poor faring well from their Benefactors. 1748Thomson Cast. Indol. i. lxxvi, She felt, or fancy'd..All the diseases which the spittles know. 1839Stonehouse Isle of Axholme 129 Burton Lazars..being the chief of all the spittles and lazar houses in England.
b. Distinguished from hospital, as being of a lower class than this.
1571Grindal Articles B iv b, Whether your Hospitals, Spittles, and almose houses be well and godly vsed according to the foundation and auncient ordinances of the same. 1577tr. Bullinger's Decades (1592) 156 There is mention made..of Hospitals for olde men, or spittles for beggars. 1592Nobody & Someb. in Simpson Sch. Shaks. (1878) I. 289 He..for widdowes buildes Almes-houses, Spittles, and large Hospitals. 1621Burton Anat. Mel. iii. i. iii. i. 524 Put vp a supplication to him in the name of..an hospitall, a spittle, a prison. a1641Bp. R. Montagu Acts & Mon. (1642) 385 They were fitter, if any were alive, for some Spittle or Hospitall, then for any service that they were able to do for Herod. 1702Guide for Constables 98 Alms⁓houses, hospital, school or spittle.
c. transf. (See quot.)
1665Voy. E. India 437 The Banians..have Spittles (as they say) on purpose to recover lame Birds and Beasts.
2. Phr. to rob the spittle, to make gain or profit in a particularly mean or dastardly manner.
1632Quarles Div. Fancies i. xciv, Of all men, Vs'rers are not least accurst; They robb the Spittle; pinch th' Afflicted worst. 1679Alsop Melius Inq. i. ii. 100 To what end steal from the Reformed Churches? which had been merely to rob the Spittle. 1708O. Dykes Mor. Refl. Eng. Prov. xix. 79, I am not to..ruin a Family, or rob the Spittle, to redress his Grievances.
3. fig. A foul receptacle or collection. Const. of.
1624Heywood Gunaik. ix. 438 Making their corrupt bodies no better than sinkes of sinnes, and spittles of diseases. 1642Fuller Holy & Prof. St. iii. xv. 192 Their souls have been the Chappells of sanctity, whose bodies have been the Spitolls of deformity. 1652Benlowes Theoph. x. x, Gluttons who make themselves spittles of each disease.
4. attrib. and Comb., as spittle-beggar, spittle-door, spittle-evil (= leprosy), spittle-founder, spittle-holiness, spittle-luck, spittle-mare, etc.
1611Cotgr., Vn gueux de l'ostiere, a rogue, vagabond, or *Spittle begger.
1647N. Ward Simp. Cobler 20 The least Error, if grown sturdy and pressed, shall set open the *Spittle-door of all the squint-ey'd, wry-necked, and brasen⁓faced Errors that are or ever were of that litter.
a1225Ancr. R. 148 Moiseses hond,..so sone he hefde wiðdrawen hire ut of his boseme, bisemede oðe *spitel-vuel, & þuhte leprus.
1599Chapman Hum. dayes Myrth Plays 1873 I. 76 Yron and steele, vncharitable stuffe, good *spittle-founders, enemies to whole skinnes.
c1548in Hazl. E.P.P. IV. 13 Ye are much bounde to God for suche a *spittell holines.
1545R. Ascham Toxoph. (Arb.) 53 Blynde Fortune, stumbling chaunce, *spittle lucke.
1650B. Discollim. 44 He gives me a leane lame *spittle Mare.
1612Daborne Chr. turn'd Turke 933 Insatiat goat, thou thinkst our wiues are such, As are your holy sisters,..Your *spittle nuns.
1599Nashe Lenten Stuffe Wks. (Grosart) V. 247 They woulde not moue or stir one foote till they had disclaimd and abiurd their bedred *spittle-positions.
1599B. Jonson Cynthia's Rev. ii. v, Bawds and blinde Doctors, Paritors, and *spittle Proctors.
1632Massinger & Field Fatal Dowry iii. 1, I will rather choose a *spittle sinner Carted an age before.
1542Udall Erasm. Apoph. 96 b, All y⊇ rable of other like *spittle vilaines.
1596Lodge Wits Miserie N j b, He is secretary to the *spittle whores.
5. Special Combs.:
a. spittle-house, = sense 1.
c1315Shoreham i. 1828 Bote þe syke in-to a spytel hous Entry, þer beþ museles. 14..Lat.-Eng. Voc. in Wr.-Wülcker 596 Misothonium, a Spytylhous. c1440Promp. Parv. 469 Spytylle howse, leprosorium. c1480Henryson Test. Cres. 391 He..Delyuerit hir in at the Spittaill hous. 1530Palsgr. 274 Spyttle house, laderye. 1558Act 1 Eliz. c. 21 §30 Any Hospitall, Measondue or Spittel House..for the Sustentacion and Relief of pore People. 1600Nashe Summer's Last Will G ij, As it is the Spittle-houses guise, Ouer the gate to write their founders names. 1607Shakes. Timon iv. iii. 39 Shee, whom the Spittle-house..Would cast the gorge at.
b. spittle-man, an inmate of a spital.
1593G. Harvey Pierce's Super. 185 Is it not impossible, for Humanity to be a spittle-man,..History a bankrowt? 1607J. Davies (Heref.) Summa Totalis (Grosart) 26/1 Good Preachers, that liue ill (like Spittlemen) Are perfect in the way they neuer went. 1653H. Cogan tr. Pinto's Trav. xxxi. 122 They..go up and down the streets with certain Clappers, like our Spittle men.
c. spittle sermon, one of the sermons preached on Easter Monday and Tuesday from a special pulpit at St. Mary Spital outside of Bishopsgate (afterwards at St. Bride's and finally at Christ Church in the City).
For later references see spital 1 b.
a1596Sir T. More i. i. 113 You knowe the spittle sermons begin the next weeke. a1637B. Jonson Underwoods lx, The lady may'ress pass'd in through the town, Unto the Spittle sermon.
▪ II. spittle, n.2|ˈspɪt(ə)l|
Forms: 5 spyttle, 6 spyttel, -ell, spitell, 6– spittle.
[Modification of spattle n.1 or spettle, after spit v.2]
1. a. Saliva, spit.
to lick, swallow, (one's) spittle: see lick v. 1 b, and swallow v.
1480Caxton Myrr. ii. xv. 100 The spyttle of a man fastyng sleeth comynly the spyncoppe & the tode yf it touche them. 1530Palsgr. 274 Spyttell that cometh out of the mouthe, crachat, saliue. 1594T. B. La Primaud. Fr. Acad. II. 97 Although spittle be but an excrement and superfluitie,..yet it is not vnprofitable, because it wetteth and moysteneth the tongue. 1650Bulwer Anthropomet. ix. 103 Their gums are seen with their teeth, their spittle slavering forth. 1673Phil. Trans. VIII. 6152 When he treats of the Tast, he well considers.. the nature of the Spittle. 1710J. Clarke tr. Rohault's Nat. Philos. (1729) I. 169 Those [bodies] that are perfectly dry or hard, have no Taste 'till they are mixed with our Spittle. 1782Priestley Corrupt. Chr. II. vii. 84 The priest touched his mouth and ears with spittle. 1841Lane Arab. Nts. I. 96 He put his finger to his mouth, and moistened it with his spittle. 1862J. F. Campbell Tales W. Highl. III. 270 Under cats, and dogs, and men's spittle.
b. Sc. A quantity of saliva ejected at one time.
1722Ramsay Three Bonnets iii. 20 His floor was a' tobacco spittles. 179.W. Simson in Poets of Ayr. (1910) 34 Scots rhyme then, though prime then, Will no' be worth a spittle. 1822Galt Sir A. Wylie xxi, A gauze gown..spoilt with a spittle, or ony other foul thing out of the mouth of man.
†2.
a. spittle of the sun, gossamer. Obs.—1
1574T. Hill Weather viii, Many long webbes (which some call the spittle of the Sun) driving in the aire, declare winde, or a tempest to folow.
†b. spittle of the stars, honey-dew; nostoc. Obs.
1577B. Googe Heresbach's Husb. iv. (1586) 180 b, Hony dewe,..a certaine spittle of the starres. 1656T. White Peripatet. Instit. 148 When any such matter is found in the Fields, the very Countrey-men cry it fell from Heav'n and the Starres, and, as I remember, call it the Spittle of the Starres. 1657S. Purchas Pol. Flying-Ins. 133 Pliny affirmed the Hony-dew to bee either the sweat of the heaven, or the slaver or spittle of the stars.
3. The frothy secretion of an insect. Cf. cuckoo-spit, -spittle.
1821Clare Vill. Minstr. I. 135 Insects of mysterious birth..Hid in knots of spittle white.
4. Special Combs.: spittle-ball, a ball of chewed paper wet with saliva; † spittle-bishop, a Roman Catholic bishop (in allusion to the use of spittle in baptism); spittle bug U.S. = froghopper s.v. frog1 8; cf. cuckoo-spit2 1; spittle-fly, -insect, U.S. an insect forming, or bred in, a frothy secretion; † spittle-wort, pellitory, Anacyclus Pyrethrum.
1555Philpot in Strype Eccl. Mem. (1721) III. App. 159, I have ben six tymes in examination, twice before the spitell bishopes. 1580Blundevil Horsemanship iv. 43 b, Pirethum, otherwise called of some Spittlewort. 1882Vermont Agric. Rep. VII. 77 Dr. Cutting spoke of the frog hopper, usually known as the spittle bug on grass. 1885Leland Brand-new Ballads (ed. 2) 4 As in country schools the urchins cast each one a spittle-ball. 1948Sun (Baltimore) 9 June 26/8 Spittle-bug infection has damaged alfalfa fields. 1972Swan & Papp Common Insects N. Amer. xiii. 136 Spittlebugs are named for the sticky, bubbly mass of froth with which the nymphs surround themselves.
▪ III. ˈspittle, n.3 Now dial.
Forms: 1, 3–4 spitel (3 sputel), 5 spytelle, -yll, 6 spitil, 6–7 spittell; 4 spitle, 7– spittle.
[OE. spitel (in the combs. hand-, wád-spitel), related to spit n.3 and v.3]
1. A spade or small spade; a spud.
a1100Gerefa in Anglia IX. 263 Spade, scofle, wadspitel. 12..[implied in spittle-staff]. 133.in Cal. Inq. post Mortem (1909) VII. 422 [Thirty] spitles [for digging turfs in the marsh]. 1334–5Ely Sacr. Rolls II. 69 In iij ferr. emp. pro spitel, 6d. 1483Cath. Angl. 356/1 A Spytelle, spata. 1514Hist. Monast. St. Peter, Glouc. (Rolls) III. Introd. p. xl, Staves and knives, shovils, spitils, and mattockes. 1570Richmond. Wills (Surtees) 228 One spittell, ij prig⁓netts, xijs. 1617Shuttleworths' Acc. (Chetham Soc.) 226 Hen. Grymshaye, for a spittle of iron and steele, xiiijd. 1675Hereford Dioc. Reg. (MS.), Digging with a small spade or spittle in his Garden. 1788W. H. Marshall Yorksh. II. 355 Spittle, a spaddle, or little spade. 1828–in many dial. glossaries.
2. A hoe or scraper.
1832Scoreby Farm Rep. 21 in Husb. (L.U.K.) III, The ground..was kept tolerably clean by the spittle and hand hoe. Ibid., This plantation has been kept perfectly clean with the spittle or Dutch hoe. 1855[Robinson] Whitby Gloss., Spittle, an iron blade fixed across the end of a staff for scraping a shop floor in muddy weather.
3. A baking implement; a shovel or peel.
1838Holloway Prov. Dict., Spittle, a board used in turning oat cakes. 1876–83in Yks. and Lanc. glossaries.
4. attrib. and Comb., as spittle fork, spittle-maker, spittle-spade. See also spittle-staff.
14..Tundale's Vis. 724 Summe had..nawg[er]es, Cultorus, syþus kene wytall, Spytyll-forkus þe sowlys to fall. 1601Holland Pliny I. 608 Let there bee then either a small furrow rased along just through the middest of the shaddow with a spittle spade, or the point of some hooke. 1881Instr. Census Clerks (1885) 43 Spittle Maker (Spade Handle).
▪ IV. spittle, v.1 rare.|ˈspɪt(ə)l|
Also 4 spitel.
[In early use f. spit v.2 + -le; later f. spittle n.2]
1. intr. To eject spittle; to spit.
c1340Nominale (Skeat) 154 F[emme] coupe pur vn muche, W[oman] spitelith for a flie. 1876Robinson Whitby Gloss. 182 It was once the custom ‘to spittle’ at the name of the Devil in church.
2. trans. To make foul with spittle.
1596Nashe Saffron Walden Wks. (Grosart) III. 51 To helpe his bedred stuffe to limpe out of Powles Churchyard, that else would haue laine vnreprivably spittled at the Chandlers.
▪ V. ˈspittle, v.2 rare.
[f. spittle n.3]
trans. To dig (in), to pare, etc., with a spittle. Hence ˈspittling vbl. n.
1727S. Switzer Pract. Gard. 158 Dig it into the ground, but not deep, only just spittle it in, as gardiners term it. 1807T. Rudge View Agric. Glouc. 155 About the beginning of June,..they [sc. plants] are ‘spittled’, that is, the work⁓man, with a..small spade, turns over the surface mould carefully between every plant. Ibid. 156 Spittling generally costs a guinea and a half an acre. 1828Carr Craven Gloss., Spittle, to pare off the surface of the ground. |