| 释义 |
Culdee, n. and a.|ˈkʌldiː|
Also 5 Kylde, 6 Kilde, 7 Culdey.
[In OIr. céle dé (mod.Ir. céile dé), found in the 8th c. in the sense of ‘anchorite’; from céle associate, fellow, spouse, sometimes servant, vassal, liegeman, tenant + dé of God. In early Scottish records latinized in pl. keledei, kelledei, keldei; rendered by Wyntoun kylde. By Hector Boece written Culdei to suit the derivation cultores Dei, whence the Culdees of later vernacular writers.
The primary sense of céle dé was perh. socius Dei, as an appellation of a solitary who forsook the society of men to hold intercourse with heaven alone; Dr. Reeves (Culdees of the British Isles, 1864) takes it as an Irish translation of the early Christian appellation servus Dei, servant or slave of God, applied to monks; Skene (Celtic Scotland II. ii. vi) thinks céle dé a kind of Irish adaptation or imitation of the term deicola, God-worshipper, applied from the 4th c. to religious recluses or anchorites in the east. One of the later Latinized adaptations was Colidei, evidently = Deicolæ, and the explanation cultor Dei appears to have been traditional in the time of Boece.]
A. n. A member of an ancient Scoto-Irish religious order, found from the eighth century onwards.
The name appears to have been first given to solitary recluses; these were afterwards associated into communities of anchorites or hermits, and finally brought under the canonical rule along with the secular clergy, ‘until at length the name became almost synonymous with that of secular canon’. (See Reeves British Culdees, and Skene Celtic Scotland II. ii. vi.)
[1144–50Donation of Monastery of Lochlewyn (Reeves 130–1) 1 Et cum vestimentis ecclesiasticis, quæ ipsi Chelede habuerunt. c1170Charter of Wm. the Lion (Reeves 119) 293 Episcopis et Keldeis de ecclesia de Brechin. 1178–98Charter of Bp. Turpin (Reeves 119) Testibus.. Bricio priore de Brechin, Gillefali Kelde..Mathalan Kelde, Mackbeth Maywen.] c1425Wyntoun Cron. (ed. Laing) vi. 722 Kyng he sessyd for to be, And in Sanctandrewys a Kylde. 1526Hector Boece Scot. Hist. vi. lf. 92 b, Ut sacerdotes omnes ad nostra pene tempora, vulgo Culdei, i.e. cultores Dei sine discrimine vocitarentur. Ibid. lf. 99 a, Dei cultores, Culdei prisca nostra vulgari lingua dicti. 1549Monro Tour W. Isles 3 (Misc. Scotica II. 113) The priest and the philosophers called in Latine Druides, in English Culdeis and Kildeis, that is worshippers of God..quhilks were the first teachers of religion in Albion. 1596Dalrymple tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. iii. xxxiv, Notable men of learneng and religione, called in our vulgar language Culdei. 1789Pinkerton Enq. Hist. Scot. (1814) II. 272 The Culdees thus united in themselves the distinction of monks and of secular clergy. 1872E. W. Robertson Hist. Ess. 123 The Secular canons, or culdees, of Durham. 1880Skene Celtic Scotl. II. 226 It is not till after the expulsion of the Columban monks from the kingdom of the Picts, in the beginning of the eighth century, that the name of Culdee appears.
¶ The name was long ascribed in error to the earlier Columban monks of the 6th and 7th century, and it is still popularly but erroneously associated with the Church of Iona.
1693Apol. Clergy Scot. 52. 1796 Morse Amer. Geog. II. 155. 1867 D. Black Hist. Brechin I. 4.
B. adj. Of or pertaining to the Culdees.
1880Skene Celtic Scotl. II. 337 We see it [Dunkeld] first as a Culdee church, founded shortly before the accession of the Scottish kings to the Pictish throne. |