| 释义 |
▪ I. cushion, n.|ˈkʊʃən|
Forms: α. 4 cuyschun, cuȝshen, 4–6 cuyssh-, cuissh-, -in, -en, -un, -yn, etc.; 4–7 quishin, qui-, quy-, qwi-, qwy-, (quyi-), -ss-, -ssh-, -ssch-, -sch-, -sh-, (szh-), -in, -yn, -en, -ene, -an, -on, -un, -ion, -yon, -ing, -ynge, etc.; 6 quesion, 8 quishing; 4–5 whyss-, whyssh-, whish-, wyssh-, -in, -yne, -ene, etc., etc. β. 4–6 cusshyn, -on, -en, -ion, -eyn, -on; 5 cusch-, cosch-, cossh-, kussh-, kossch-, cos-, -yn(e, -en, -oun, -one, -yon, -ing, cowssing, etc.; 6–7 cush-en, -in, -yn, -ian, -eon, -ing, etc., (6 cussin, cochen, kushen; 7 cuoshen, coussin, -ion); 6– cushion. (Nearly 70 forms occur.)
[Of this word ME. had two types, α. cuisshin, quishin (north. whishin), a. OF. coissin, later coessin, cuissin (13–15th c. in Littré); and β. cusshyn, cushin, a. F. coussin (14th c.)—earlier cussin (12th c. in Hatzf.); in both languages the latter type is the surviving one. OF. coissin was = Fr. coissin, Cat. coixi, Sp. coxin, cojin, It. coscino, cuscino:—L. type coxīnum, f. coxa hip, thigh: cf. L. cubitāl elbow-cushion, f. cubitus elbow. (See P. Meyer in Romania 1892, 87).
The history of the form coussin, with which cushion goes, is more obscure. Hatzfeld suggests that it is an altered variant of coissin, influenced by OF. coute quilt:—L. culcita quilt, cushion. T. A. Jenkins in Mod. Lang. Notes, May 1893, argues for its being:—late L. *culticīnum, for *culcitīnum, a conjectured deriv. of culcita; in which case coissin and coussin would be distinct words without etymological connexion: this their history makes improbable.]
1. a. A case of cloth, silk, etc. stuffed with some soft elastic material, used to give support or ease to the body in sitting, reclining, or kneeling.
αc1340Gaw. & Gr. Knt. 877 Whyssynes vpon quelde⁓poyntes, þa[t] koynt wer boþe. [1361Will of Edw. Blk. Prince in Nichols Royall Wills (1780) 74 Curtyns, quissyns, traversyn.] c1374Chaucer Troylus ii. 1229 And doun she sette here by hym..vp-on a quysshon [v.r. cuisshyn] gold y-bete. 1388Wyclif 1 Sam. v. 9 Seetis of skynnes, ethir cuyschuns. a1400Isumbras 579 Bryng a chayere and a qwyschene. 1418E.E. Wills (1882) 36 Vj reof quisshens of worsted. 1530Palsgr. 211/2 Cuysshen, coessyn. 1547in Strype Eccl. Mem. II. App. A. 293 Ther was a carpet and quission laid..for the chief mourner. 1601Holland Pliny xix. iv, Beautified with green quishins. 1615Crooke Body of Man 74 It serueth vs instead of a quishion.
β1382Wyclif Ezek. xiii. 18 Woo to hem that sewen togider cusshens [1388 cuschens] vndir eche cubit of hoond. c1440Promp. Parv. 94 Coschyne, sedile. Ibid. 111 Cuschone [1499 Pynson cusshyn], cuscina. 1470–85Malory Arthur xix. xi, And there was layd a cusshyn of gold that he shold knele vpon. c1530Ld. Berners Arth. Lyt. Bryt. (1814) 151 They set them downe on cosshyns of sylke. 1577–87Holinshed Chron. III. 800/1 With cushins of fine gold. 1601Shakes. Jul. C. iv. iii. 243 Ile haue them sleepe on Cushions in my Tent. 1678R. L'Estrange Seneca's Mor. (1702) 52 A Soldier lent you his Cloak for a Cushing. a1732Gay Mad Dog (R.), A prude, at morn and evening prayer, Had worn her velvet cushion bare. 1883G. Lloyd Ebb & Flow II. 103 A space on the tiny lawn where rugs and cushions were spread out.
b. That set on the book-board of a pulpit, etc., to suppport the bible or other book; cf. cushion-cuffer, cushion-thumper in 11.
1615Vestry Bks. (Surtees) 69 One clothe and one quission of black vellure for the pulpett. 1709Steele & Swift Tatler No. 70 ⁋4 Neither is banging a Cushion, Oratory. 1719Swift To Yng. Clergyman, You will observe some clergymen with their heads held down..within an inch of the cushion. 1872E. Peacock Mabel Heron I. ix. 151 To mend a rent in the cushion of the reading-desk.
c. The seat of a judge or ruler. Cf. woolsack.
1659B. Harris Parival's Iron Age 82 Maurice..having changed the Magistrates in many Towns..the Arminians were fain to leave the cushion against their wills. a1734North Lives (1826) I. 130 The Court of Common Pleas had been outwitted by the Kings Bench, till his Lordship came upon the cushion. 1844H. H. Wilson Brit. India II. 415 Bhawani Sing..was placed upon his cushion of sovereignty by the assistant to the Political Agent in Malwa.
d. fig.; also as an emblem of ease and luxury.
1589Pappe w. Hatchet B iv, The diuell take al, if truth find not as many soft cushions to leane on, as trecherie. 1607Shakes. Cor. iv. vii. 43 Not moouing From th' Caske to th' Cushion. 1652A. Ross Hist. World Pref. 1 Idlenesse..the Devils Cushion, as the Fathers call it. 1785Cowper Wks. (1837) XV. 174 At last [I] have placed myself much at my ease upon the cushion of this one resolution. 1833Carlyle Misc. (1872) V. 89 Cullies, the easy cushion on which Knaves and Knavesses repose.
2. transf.
a. Applied to anything resembling or acting as a cushion.
1813Scott Trierm. i. viii, The silver-moss and lichen twined..A cushion fit for age. 1860Maury Phys. Geog. Sea i. 19 Protected from..the violence of its waves by cushions of still water. 1882Vines Sachs' Bot. 220 A circular leaf⁓bearing cushion. 1954Economist 30 Oct. 411/1 Tea shares are a tricky market; numerous small companies whose shares seldom change hands make it impossible for the stock jobbers to hold any cushion of stock. 1955Times 6 July 5/5 Mr. Eric Fletcher..moved an amendment to enable a plaintiff to be entitled to costs on High Court scale when he recovered a sum of {pstlg}250 or more. He said the introduction of this ‘cushion’ was essential to justice. 1965Listener 17 June 886/2 Part of their training was to find themselves jobs and hold them with no ecclesiastical cushion to fall back on.
†b. A swelling simulating pregnancy: sometimes called Queen Mary's cushion, after Mary Tudor. (Perhaps sometimes an actual cushion or pad.) Obs.
1597Shakes. 2 Hen. IV, v. iv. 16 But I would the Fruite of her Wombe might miscarry. Officer. If it do, you shall haue a dozen of Cushions againe, you haue but eleuen now. 1649Milton Eikon. iii. (1851) 356 And thus his pregnant motives are at last prov'd nothing but a Tympany, or a Queen Maries Cushion. 1689Let. fr. the Pope in Harl. Misc. (Malh.) I. 370 (D.) That a King..should praise (or rather mock) God for a child, whilst his Queen had only conceived a pillow, and was brought to bed of a cushion..This was the old contrivance of another Mary-Queen. 1694S. Johnson Notes Past. Let. Bp. Burnet i. 37 His Wife went fourty Weeks with a Cushion.
3. a. In various specific and technical applications: as, the ‘pillow’ used in making bone-lace; a receptacle for pins, a pin-cushion; † an ink-pad for inking a seal, die, etc. (obs.); a flat leathern bag filled with pounce, used by engravers to support the plate; the elastic leathern pad on which gold-leaf is spread and cut with the palette-knife; the rubber of an electrical machine.
1574Hellowes Gueuara's Fam. Ep. (1577) 316 To see her..take her cushin for bone lace, or her rocke to spinne. 1607Shakes. Cor. ii. i. 98 Your Beards deserue not so honourable a graue, as to stuffe a Botchers Cushion. 1735Dict. Polygraph. s.v. Engraving, The Graving cushion is a roundish, but flattish leather bag filled with sand to lay the plate upon, on which it may be turn'd easily any way at pleasure. 1768–74Tucker Lt. Nat. (1852) I. 93 Like those cushions your gossips stick with pins in hearts, lozenges, and various forms, against a lying-in. 1776Trial of Nundocomar 43/2 He dipt his seal on the cushion and sealed the bond. 1832Nat. Philos., Electric. iii. §57. 15 (Useful Knowl. Soc.) The earlier electricians contented themselves with using the hand as a rubber, till a cushion was introduced for that purpose by Professor Winkler. 1837Whittock Bk. Trades (1842) 117 (Carver & Gilder), With one hand he holds the cushion, which is merely a flat board covered with soft leather. Ibid. 214 (Engraver), The sand⁓bag, or cushion..is used for laying the copper plate upon. 1866Joyce's Sci. Dial. 492 (Electrical Machine) The cushion or rubber is fixed on a glass pillar.
b. A pad worn by women under the hair; a pad or bustle worn beneath the skirt of a woman's dress.
1774Westm. Mag. II. 424 We are sorry to find the Ladies returning..to the long-exploded mode of dressing their hair with the borrowed aid of the Cushion. 1806Lady Douglas in Examiner 15 March 1813, 173/1 She wore a cushion behind. 1860Fairholt Costume (ed. 2) 476 The hair was arranged over a cushion formed of wool, and covered with silk.
c. The elastic rim or lining of the inner side of a billiard-table or bagatelle board, from which the balls rebound.
1778C. Jones Hoyle's Games Impr. 193 The Adversary is obliged to play Bricole from the opposite Cushion. 1837D. Walker Games & Sports 89 There are likewise two small cushions placed against the sides. 1853‘C. Bede’ Verdant Green xii, A game of billiards on a wooden table that had no cushions. 1856Crawley Billiards (1859) 5 The cushions are now almost universally made of Vulcanised India-rubber, though..old players say that the stroke is more certain from the old stuffed list cushions.
d. Mech. A body of steam (or air) left in the cylinder of a steam-engine (or air-engine) to act as an elastic buffer to the piston. Also, a body of air which supports an aircraft, hovercraft, etc.
1848Pract. Mech. Jrnl. I. 78 A cushion of steam is interposed to partially sustain the force of the blow [in a steam hammer]. 1891Rankine Steam Engine 364 The volume of the cushion air when it is under the greatest pressure [in an air engine]. 1928New Republic 15 Aug. 331/1 When the plane catches itself on a cushion of air at the end of a plunge, you feel heavy. 1960, etc. [see air-cushion s.v. air n.1 B. II]. 1967Gloss. Terms Air-Cushion Vehicles (B.S.I.) 5 Cushion, a volume of air under pressure enclosed between the bottom of an ACV and the supporting surface by rigid structure, curtains, skirts or any combination thereof.
e. A sweetmeat in the shape of a cushion.
1906E. Nesbit Railway Children ix. 190 I'll give you some peppermint cushions for the little ones. 1921L. Thorpe Bonbons & Simple Sugar Sweets 49 Satin Cushions... With a pair of scissors cut the mixture into small cushions and leave them until quite firm. 1970J. Aiken Embroidered Sunset v. 89 Bars of coconut candy, mounds of chocolate drops, of peppermint cushions.
4. In a horse, pig, etc.:
a. The fleshy part of the buttock.
b. The fibro-fatty frog in the interior of a horse's hoof; also the coronet or fibrous pad extending round the upper part of the foot, immediately above, and united to the hoof.
1710Lond. Gaz. No. 4777/4 Both of them formerly cut with I.G. on the Cushion. 1712Ibid. No. 4858/4 A black Spot on each Quishing. 1722Ibid. No. 6079/9. 1892 W. Fream Elem. Agric. xix. (ed. 4) 344 Outside these structures are two fibro-cartilages, one on each side, united behind and below by the plantar cushion..The coronary cushion. Mod. A cut of bacon off the cushion.
5. a. Ent. The little pad or cushion-like process of an insect's foot; a pulvillus. b. Bot. The enlargement at, or just below, the point of attachment of some leaves; a pulvinus; also a dense mass of foliage such as is formed by some saxifrages and stonecrops.
1828Stark Elem. Nat. Hist. II. 285 A distinct cushion; antennæ of nine joints. 1870Hooker Stud. Flora 137 Sedum acre..Tufts or cushions 3–10 in. diam.
6. Arch. = coussinet, q.v.
1852S. C. Brees Gloss. Pract. Archit. 133 Cushion, or Coussinet, a stone lying on the top of a pier supporting an arch.
†7. A drinking-vessel. Obs.
1594Taming of Shrew 11, Why, Tapster, I say, Fils a fresh cushen heere! c1618Fletcher Q. Corinth ii. iv, Quissions ye Knaves! (Enter drawers with Quissions).
8. (Our) Lady's Cushion, a name for several plants, esp. Armeria maritima.
1578Lyte Dodoens iv. l. 509 Some call it [Thrift] in Englishe our Ladies quishion.
9. Cycling. Short for cushion-tire.
1891Pall Mall G. 17 Sept. 1/1 Twenty-one starters, five using pneumatic tyres, two cushions, all the rest solids.
10. Phrases.
†a. to miss the cushion: to miss the mark; to make a mistake, err. Obs.
c1525Skelton Col. Cloute 998 And whan he weneth to syt Yet may he mysse the quysshyon. 1535Joye Apol. Tindale 48 Yet hath he missed the kushen in many placis. 1571Hanmer Chron. Irel. (1623) 168 He was elected Archbishop of St. Davids, but at Rome he was out bid, by him that had more money, and missed the Cushin. 1593Drayton Eclogues viii. 80 Thy Wits doe erre and misse the Cushion quite. 1608Hieron Defence ii. 157 He hath missed the cushen and sitteth bare. 1609Hoby Let. to Mr. T.H. 45 They may misse the cushion in the analogie of the place.
†b. beside (or wide of) the cushion: away from the main purpose or argument, beside the mark; erroneously or mistakenly. Obs.
1576Fleming Panopl. Epist. B j b, Thou leanest beside the cushing. 1581J. Bell Haddon's Answ. Osor. 78 He raungeth abroad to originall sinne altogether besides the cushian. 1598R. Bernard tr. Terence (1607) 230 Thou art beside the cushin [L. erras]. 1690W. Walker Idiom. Anglo-Lat. 517 He is wide of the cushion. a1783H. Brooke Female Officer i. xiii, The man did not speak much beside the cushion of common sense.
†c. to set or put beside (or besides) the cushion: to turn (any one) out of his place or position; to depose, set aside; to deprive or disappoint of an office or dignity. Obs.
1562J. Heywood Prov. & Epigr. (1867) 80, I may set you besyde the cushyn yit. 1587Fleming Contn. Holinshed III. 1305/1 To put enimitie betweene the king and hir; and to set hir besides the cushion. a1624Bp. M. Smith Serm. 188 Sometimes putting them besides the cushion, and placing others in their roome. 1663Spalding Troub. Chas. I (1792) I. 291 (Jam.) The master of Forbes' regiment was..discharged..Thus is he set beside the cushion.
11. attrib. and Comb., as cushion-canvas, cushion-cover, cushion-layer, cushion-stuffer; cushion-footed, cushion-like, cushion-shaped adjs.; cushion capital Arch. (see quots.); † cushion-cuffer = cushion-thumper; † cushion-lord (see quot.); cushion-pink, a name for Thrift (Armeria maritima); cushion plant, a plant that grows in a dense cushion-like tuft (cf. sense 5 b above); cushion-rafter, an auxiliary rafter beneath and parallel to a principal rafter, a principal brace; cushion-rest in Billiards (see quot.); cushion-rider, an early name for a hovercraft type of vehicle supported by a ‘cushion’ of air; so cushion-riding vbl. n. and ppl. a.; cushion-scale, a common scale-insect, very injurious to orange and other trees; cushion-star, a fossil star-fish of the genus Goniaster; cushion-stitch, a flat embroidery stitch used to fill in backgrounds in old needlework, esp. in Church embroidery; cushion-thumper, a preacher who indulges in violent action; cushion-tire, a bicycle tire made of india-rubber tubing stuffed with shreds of india-rubber; hence cushion-tired ppl. a.; cushion-work in Embroidery (see quot.). Also cushion-cloth, -dance.
1611Cotgr., Gaze, *Cushion Canuas; the thinne Canuas that serues women for a ground vnto their Cushions, or Purse-worke, &c.
1835Whewell Archit. Notes 55 *Cushion capitals..consist of large cubical masses projecting considerably over the shaft of the column, and rounded off at the lower corners. 1842–76Gwilt Encycl. Archit. Gloss., Cushion Capital, a capital used in Romanesque and early Mediæval architecture, resembling a cushion pressed down by a weight. It is also a cap consisting of a cube rounded off at its lower angles, largely used in the Norman period.
1881C. C. Harrison Woman's Handiwork i. 61 The *cushion-cover..has a ground of royal purple velvet. 1960I. Jefferies Dignity & Purity xii. 183 She carried on enthusing about cushion covers.
1683E. Hooker Pref. Ep. Pordage's Mystic Div. 36 Our impertinently idl Pulpit-praters, or..too busily laborious *Cushion-Cuffers.
1865Reader 12 Aug. 175/3 A smooth and velvety tiger..Supple and *cushion-footed.
1679Trials of Green & Berry 64 Mrs. Warrier..being *Cushion-layer in the Chappel.
1647H. More Song of Soul i. ii. lix, Soft mosse..Whose velvet hue and verdure *cushion-like did show. 1951S. Spender World within World 258 Fields enclosed by *cushion-like hedges.
1847–78Halliwell, *Cushion-lord, a lord made by favour, and not for good service to the state; hence, an effeminate person.
1863Prior Plant-n., *Cushion-pink, from its dense tufted growth.
1903W. R. Fisher tr. Schimper's Plant-geogr. iii. iv. 705 The type of *cushion-plants..is represented in the alpine region of mountains of higher latitudes in both hemispheres..by a multitude of forms. 1911Encycl. Brit. XXI. 764/1 In ‘cushion plants’ the leaves are very small, very close together, and the low habit is protective against winds.
1819P. Nicholson Archit. Dict. 652 Sometimes called principal braces, and sometimes *cushion rafters.
1873Bennett & Cavendish Billiards 28 *Cushion-rests are rests, shaped to fit over the face of the cushion.
1959Times 13 Aug. 10/2 This year's Farnborough flying display will feature..a ‘*cushion-rider’. 1961Spectator 14 July 53 A cushion-rider can be lifted vertically and then driven over the ground at speeds which reach into the take-off speeds of ordinary jet aircraft.
1960Aeroplane XCIX. 771/1 Doubtless it has other applications and ideas for *cushion-riding craft in mind. 1961Spectator 14 July 53 A transition between cushion-riding and ordinary aerofoil lift.
1886Rep. Comm. Agric. Washington U.S. 466 The Cottony *Cushion-scale is found only in California, Australia, South Africa and New Zealand.
1843Forbes in Proc. Berw. Nat. Club II. 80 Orange-yellow..with crimson-red, are the usual hues of the *cushion-stars.
1880L. Higgin Handbk. Embroidery v. 47 *Cushion Stitches are taken..so as to leave all the silk and crewel on the surface.
1886Daily News 14 Dec. 7/6 Billiard *cushion stuffer wanted.
1876Rock Text. Fabr. viii. 81 Done in cross and tent stitch, or the ‘*cushion style’.
a1643W. Cartwright Ordinary iii. v, Thou violent *cushion-thumper, hold thy tongue.
1891Cyclist 25 Feb. 164 *Cushion Tyres are getting quite fashionable here.
1891Wheeling 4 Mar. 436 We rode 40 miles on a *cushion-tyred Cremorne.
1845Ecclesiologist IV. 98 The [gold] threads are laid upon the linen, and fastened down at intervals with silk. This method is called *cushion-work.
▪ II. cushion, v.|ˈkʊʃən|
[f. prec. n.]
1. a. trans. To furnish with a cushion or cushions.
1820W. Irving Sketch-Bk., Country Church (1865) 124 The congregation..sat in pews, sumptuously lined and cushioned.
transf.1890Illust. Lond. News Christm. No. 11/1 An eyot cushioned with luxurious grass.
b. To pad or protect as with cushions. Also fig.
1836–9Todd Cycl. Anat. II. 158/1 [The] surfaces [of the scapula] are cushioned with muscles. 1863Geo. Eliot Romola ii. xxxi, No persuasive blandness could cushion him against the shock. 1958Times 23 Jan. 7/2 Aircraft firms should diversify their activities so that their other work could cushion the fluctuations in aircraft requirements. 1962Listener 19 Apr. 672/1 The trouble he has been at..to take action now to cushion the economy against a recession.
2. To rest, seat, or set (a person or thing) upon a cushion; to support, or prop up with cushions.
1735–8Bolingbroke On Parties xii. (R.), Instead of inhabiting palaces, and being cushioned up in thrones. 1847–8H. Miller First Impr. iv. (1859) 150 The eye never slides off the landscape, but cushions itself upon it with a sense of security and repose. 1860Pusey Min. Proph. 183 Propped and cushioned up on both sides.
3. fig. To suppress (anything) quietly; to take no notice of it.
1818Bp. J. Milner in Husenbeth Life 350 The South and West thought it prudent to cushion it. 1835Tait's Mag. II. 273 The book..has been much less talked of than it deserves to be. We trust there is no desire in certain circles to cushion it. 1849C. Brontë Shirley xxviii, There my courage failed: I preferred to cushion the matter. 1887Pall Mall G. 23 Aug. 1/1 The way in which complaints are cushioned in official quarters is startling.
4. Billiards.
a. To place or leave (a ball) close to, or resting against, the cushion.
b. intr. (In U.S.) To make the ball hit the cushion before cannoning or after contact with one of the balls. Cent. Dict.
5. To deaden the stroke of (the piston) by a cushion of steam; to form into a cushion of steam.
1850[see cushioning]. 1891Rankine Steam Engine 420 The quantity of steam confined or ‘cushioned’ is just sufficient to fill the clearance at the initial pressure.
Hence ˈcushioning vbl. n. (spec. in Mech.: see quots. and cf. cushion n. 3 d.)
1850Pract. Mech. Jrnl. III. 104 This cushioning of the pistons, and the gradual restraining of the momentum. 1887J. A. Ewing in Encycl. Brit. XXII. 501/2 (Steam-engine), Admission before the end of the back stroke..together with the compression of steam left in the cylinder when the exhaust port closes, produces the mechanical effect of cushioning. |