| 释义 |
cyto-
combining form of Gr. κύτος hollow, receptacle, etc., taken in modern formations with the meaning ‘cell’ (cf. -cyte), and used in many biological terms: as cytoblast, etc.: see below. cytoˈchemist, one who studies cytochemistry; cytoˈchemistry, the chemistry of cells; spec. a branch of biochemistry using microscopical techniques for this study; hence cytoˈchemical a., pertaining to cytochemistry; cytoˈcoccus [Gr. κόκκος berry], Haeckel's term for the nucleus of a Cytula or impregnated ovum; ˌcytodiagˈnosis, diagnosis by examining the cell-contents of effusions into the serous cavities of the body (Dorland 1903); cyˈtogamont, an organism in the process of cytogamy; cyˈtogamy, (a) the fusion of cells; conjugation, syngamy; (b) a kind of reproduction that sometimes occurs in Paramecium and some other ciliated Protozoa, in which two organisms undergo autogamy while in contact with each other but without any exchange of nuclear material; hence cyˈtogamous a., undergoing cytogamy; cytoˈgenesis, the generation or production of cells; cytoˈgenic, cyˈtogenous adjs., producing cells, or characterized by the formation of cells; cyˈtogeny = cytogenesis; cytolysin |saɪˈtɒlɪsɪn, saɪtəʊˈlaɪsɪn| [see lysin], a substance that causes cytolysis; cyˈtolysis, the dissolution of cells; hence cytoˈlytic a.; cytomorˈphosis, the series of morphological changes undergone by cells during their life; cytoˈpathic, cytopathoˈgenic adjs., of, pertaining to, or producing damage to cells; cytopaˈthologist, one who studies cytopathology; cytopaˈthology, the pathology of cells; ˈcytoplasm, the substance forming the essential constituent of cells, protoplasm; spec. the protoplasm of a cell as distinguished from the nucleus; cytoˈplasmic a., pertaining to or consisting of cytoplasm; ˈcytoplast, the body or unit of protoplasm contained in a cell (cf. bioplast); ˈcytopyge [Gr. πῡγή rump], the excretory opening or anus of a unicellular animal; ˈcytostome [Gr. στόµα mouth], the absorbent opening or mouth of a unicellular animal; cyˈtostomous a., pertaining to the cytostome; cytoˈtoxic a., toxic to cells; of or pertaining to a cytotoxin; cytoˈtoxin, any substance having a toxic effect on cells; cyˈtotrophy (see quot.); cytoˈtropism = cytotrophy; cytoˈzoa n. pl. (Zool.), [Gr. ζῷον animal], a synonym of the Sporozoa or Gregarinida; ˈcytozyme (see quots.).
1940Caspersson & Schultz in Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. XXVI. 507 At the centre of the discussion was the nucleolus, which in its staining properties resembled some of the cytoplasmic components, and in some cases appeared..to be extruded into the cytoplasm. With the recent advances in *cytochemical technique, these problems can be studied more critically.
1946Nature 21 Dec. 917/1 (heading) Establishment of Cytochemical Techniques... It might be feared that his remarks will leave the *cytochemist with a gloomy feeling.
[1899A. Graf in Nova Acta Acad. Leopoldino-Carolinæ LXXII. 280 Cytochemie.] 1905Gould Med. Dict. Suppl. 204/1 *Cytochemistry, the chemistry of living cells. 1960Times 26 May 3/2 Honours graduate required for the cyto-chemistry section of the Division of Pathology. 1962Sci. Survey XI. 185 Another way of exploring the function of structures within cells is to establish their nature by combining electron microscopy with cell chemistry (cytochemistry).
1908Practitioner Oct. 621 The method of *cytodiagnosis..usually gives satisfactory results, especially in the case of pleural exudates. 1965tr. Smolka & Soost's Outl. & Atlas Gynaecol. Cytodiagnosis 3 The development of fundamental cytology and cytodiagnosis in other medical fields has been furthered by the work of the American Society of Cytology.
1939R. Wichterman in Nature 15 July 123/1 *Cytogamous paramecia, which are considerably smaller than typical vegetative ones, are very insecurely attached to each other at their anterior ends at the beginning of the process... The micro-nucleus of each cytogamont leaves its place near the macro-nucleus and then gradually increases in size.
1900B. D. Jackson Gloss. Bot. Terms 71/1 *Cytogamy, the union of cells. 1906M. Hartog in Cambr. Nat. Hist. I. i. 33 This process [sc. syngamy] is called also ‘conjugation’ or ‘cytogamy’. 1939R. Wichterman in Nature 15 July 123/1, I am therefore proposing a new term, cytogamy, for this phenomenon as distinct from autogamy in single individuals and true conjugation involving a nuclear transfer in joined pairs. 1961Mackinnon & Hawes Introd. Study Protozoa iv. 292 The life-cycle of Paramecium is complicated. It consists of periods of growth interrupted by binary fission, which is its only means of multiplication, and periodic recourse to the curious sexual processes of conjugation, autogamy, and cytogamy.
1859Todd Cycl. Anat. V. 140/1 The blastodermic cells are produced by a process of *cytogenesis.
1876Wagner's Gen. Pathol. 439 *Cytogenic tissue consists of a vascular fibrous framework and of cells.
1874Jones & Siev. Pathol. Anat. 153 *Cytogenous connective-tissue is met with in other organs.
1905Jrnl. Path. & Bacteriol. X. 111 The *cytolysins contained in [snake] venom. 1937Times Lit. Suppl. 6 Mar. 173/2 Prominent among the mobile agents for defence found in the blood stream are the cytolysins.
1907Brit. Med. Jrnl. 20 Apr. 923/1 There seems to be some toxic condition produced which overcomes natural resistance, resulting in *cytolysis. 1946Nature 21 Dec. 917/2 It is therefore necessary to kill the cell fragments, to remove diffusion difficulties by thorough cytolysis.
1904Keene's Bath Journal 28 May 5/5 The ‘*cytolytic’ milk of a cow has been tried. 1910Practitioner Feb. 199 The virulence of the cocci was evidenced..by the cytolytic findings.
1908C. S. Minot (title) The problem of age, growth, and death; a study of *cytomorphosis. 1968Bloom & Fawcett Textbk. Histol. (ed. 9) ix. 219/1 The cartilage cells in a center of ossification undergo a regular sequence of changes referred to as the cytomorphosis of the cartilage cells.
1961Lancet 29 July 248/2 A..degeneration of the embryonic cells, a cytopathic effect.
1956New Gould Med. Dict. (ed. 2) 313/2 *Cytopathogenic. 1959Brit. Jrnl. Exper. Path. XL. 61 Experiments..to isolate cytopathogenic agents from sarcoidotic lesions. 1962Lancet 26 May 1109/1 Cytopathogenic effects in tissue-cultures of sarcoid skin which are reminiscent of changes that might be associated with a virus.
1962Times 26 June 3/2 A newly-created post of *Cyto-pathologist.
1936Stedman Med. Dict. (ed. 13) 281/2 *Cytopathology, cellular pathology; morbid changes occurring in cells. 1957Encycl. Brit. XV. 204/2 A major development of cytopathology is the study of ‘new growths’, among which cancer takes a leading place.
1874Barker tr. Frey's Histol. 66 This primordial cell-substance is known at the present day by the name protoplasm. It has also received from Beale, Kölliker, and Dujardin respectively the names bioplasm, *cytoplasm, and sarcode. 1889Vines in Nature 24 Oct. 624 The embryo is developed from the whole of the nucleus and more or less of the cytoplasm of the ovum.
1889Cent. Dict., *Cytoplasmic. 1920L. Doncaster Study of Cytology vii. 91 (heading) The cytoplasmic structures in spermatogenesis and oogenesis. 1952G. H. Bourne et al. Cytology & Cell Physiol. (ed. 2) i. 51 Phase-contrast microscopy reveals the presence of numerous cytoplasmic inclusions in the living cell. 1968H. Harris Nucleus & Cytoplasm i. 8 The expression of the genetic information is effected by means of cytoplasmic regulatory mechanisms.
1891M. Hartog in Nature XLIV. 484/1 The union of cells, *cytoplast to cytoplast.
1888Rolleston & Jackson Anim. Life 833 Infusoria..A mouth or cytostome with an oral tube, and an anal spot or *cytopyge, are absent only in the endoparasitic Opalinidae.
1907Practitioner Aug. 191 The result of *cytotoxic activity. 1943Cytotoxic [see antireticular a.]. 1961New Scientist 19 Oct. 186/1 The so-called cytotoxic drugs used in the treatment of cancer. 1969Ibid. 3 Apr. 30/3 There also seems to be a direct cytotoxic effect on the malignant cells.
1902Science 2 May 697/2 In that they are destructive for the specific cells through which they have been produced, they are termed ‘*cytotoxins’. 1915Practitioner Jan. 171 (title) Pituitary insufficiency and a pituitary antiserum or cytotoxin. 1964M. Harris Cell Culture & Somatic Variation viii. 462 The possiblity that cytotoxins and hemagglutins may be actually the same isoantibodies, demonstrated merely by two different techniques.
1901G. N. Calkins Protozoa 217 The phenomena of *cytotrophy, or the mutual attraction of two or more cells.
1909Cent. Dict. Suppl., *Cytotropism. 1938J. R. Carpenter Ecol. Gloss. 76 Cytotropism, the coming together of cells of a frog's eggs in stage of early cleavage when artificially broken apart.
1885Ray Lankester in Encycl. Brit. XIX. 852 The falciform young..penetrates a cell of some tissue of its host and there undergoes the first stages of its growth (hence called *Cytozoa).
1927Haldane & Huxley Anim. Biol. viii. 166 A waxy substance called *cytozyme produced by the breaking-up of cells. 1958Hartmann & Guenther tr. Morawitz's Chem. Blood Coagulation iv. 68 Fuld called the active ‘zymoplastic agent’ of the cells ‘cytozyme’, while I have referred to it as ‘thrombokinase’.
Add: ˌcytoarchitecˈtonic a. Med., pertaining to the arrangement of cells in a tissue; spec. designating numbered areas of the cerebral cortex (associated with particular functions) which are characterized by the ways their cells are arranged in layers.
[1911M. Leyboff (title) Cyto-architektonische Studien über den Nucleus caudatus.] 1917Dorland Med. Dict. (ed. 9) 278/1 *Cytoarchitectonic. 1929S. Parker tr. C. von Economo's Cytoarchitectonics Human Cerebral Cortex ii. 24 Cytoarchitectonic pathology is..still in its infancy. 1978Nature 3 Aug. 423/2 Because no clear cytoarchitectonic differences are evident over large extents of the prestriate cortex, much of it (for example Brodmann's area 18) was considered, mistakenly as we now know, to be a single cortical ‘area’. 1987S. M. Stahl et al. Cognitive Neurochem. vii. 98 Each cytoarchitectonic subdivision cortex terminates in a specific region within the neostriatum.
ˌcytoarchitecˈtonics n. pl. (const. as sing. or pl.) Med., the cytoarchitectonic properties of a tissue or organ; the field of study concerned with these.
[1909G. Marinesco in Comptes Rendus Hebd. Soc. Biol. (Paris) LXVI. 55 (heading) Note sur la cytoarchitectonie des circonvolutions Rolandiques. 1925C. von Economo (title) Die Cytoarchitektonik der Hirnrinde des erwachsenen Menschen.] 1947Brain LXX. 225 The assumption that the position of suppressor bands in man can be calculated from cortical *cytoarchitectonics is likely to be fallacious. 1978Nature 3 Aug. 423/1 It was also based in part on the anatomical method of cytoarchitectonics, which analyses how cells in different parts of the cerebral cortex are grouped into layers. 1988Ibid. 28 Jan. 348/1 At this age the cytoarchitectonics of area 17 are quite distinctive.
cytoˈarchitecture Med. = cytoarchitectonics above.
1933Arch. Neurol. & Psychiatry (Chicago) XXX. 1205 (heading) Electrical excitability and *cyto-architecture of the premotor cortex in monkeys. 1974D. & M. Webster Compar. Vertebr. Morphol. xii. 298 A close relationship is found between the anatomy of fiber projections, the physiology of responses, and the cytoarchitecture of the areas. 1987Saneto & de Vellis in Turner & Bachelard Neurochem. ii. 27 The hierarchy of cytoarchitecture and network of cellular processes combined with isolation (blood-brain barrier) makes studies in vivo difficult to perform and interpret.
hence ˌcytoarchiˈtectural a.
1936Jrnl. Compar. Neurol. LXIII. 370 An attempt has been made to trace the efferent projection fibers of the *cytoarchitectural divisions of the frontal lobe. 1974D. & M. Webster Compar. Vertebr. Morphol. xii. 298 Cytoarchitectural studies on some other mammals..have demonstrated similar cytoarchitectural areas in similar topographic areas.
ˌcytoarchiˈtecturally adv., as regards cytoarchitectonics, from a cytoarchitectonic point of view.
1948A. Brodal Neurol. Anat. vi. 159 These sensory cortical areas differ *cyto-architecturally from the surrounding areas. 1978Nature 3 Aug. 423/1 Considered cytoarchitecturally, the entire visual cortex of the rhesus monkey can be subdivided into two major zones.
ˈcytoˌcentrifuge, a centrifuge used for fixing cytological specimens (i.e. individual cells in fluid suspension) to microscope slides; freq. attrib.
1967in Experientia (1972) XXVIII. 775/2 (title) Shandon *Cyto-centrifuge SCA-0001, Shandon Scientific Co., Ltd., London, NW10, England; Operating Instructions. 1975Nature 12 June 555/1 The cells were examined for rosette formation..in a haemocytometer, and Giemsa stained cytocentrifuge preparations.
cytoˈcidal a., that kills cells.
1929Dorland & Miller Med. Dict. (ed. 15) 338/1 *Cytocidal. 1962Lancet 22 Dec. 1312/2 He concludes that a continuing virus–cell relationship in which infectious virus is rarely released is characteristic of the tumour-producing infection, as opposed to the usual cytocidal infection. 1988Nature 22 Sept. 369/1 Targeted toxins represent a new approach to specific cytocidal therapy.
hence cytoˈcidally adv.
1973R. G. Krueger et al. Introd. Microbiol. xxi. 558/2 Cells..*cytocidally or permissively infected with these agents..yield 500–1000 progeny viruses per cell.
cytoˈmegalic a. Med., characterized by enlarged cells; chiefly in cytomegalic inclusion disease, (a) disease caused by a cytomegalovirus.
1950J. P. Wyatt et al. in Jrnl. Pediatrics XXXVI. 271 (heading) Generalized *cytomegalic inclusion disease. Ibid., Cytomegalic is derived from the term ‘cytomegalia’ originally used by Goodpasture in 1921 to indicate the bizarre cytological alteration characteristic of the disease to be incorporated into its name. 1962Lancet 15 Dec. 1267/2 Although as yet, only a few maternal diseases—such as syphilis, rubella..and cytomegalic inclusion disease..are definitely known to produce mental defect in the infant, these present distinct possibilities of prevention. 1976Edington & Gilles Path. in Tropics (ed. 2) iv. 262 Cytomegalic inclusion disease is a relatively common infection in the neonate and inclusion bodies were present in the submandibular salivary gland in 7 per cent of our necropsies performed on stillbirths and neonates. 1989Collier & Longmore Oxf. Handbk. Clin. Specialties (ed. 2) ii. 98, 3/1000 live births are infected of whom 5{pcnt} have cytomegalic inclusion disease.
ˈcytophil, -phile a. [a. G. cytophil (Ehrlich & Morgenroth 1901, in Berliner klin. Wochenschr. 27 May 571/1): see -phil, -phile], = cytophilic adj. below.
1902*Cytophil [see haptophorous a.]. 1906C. Bolduan tr. Ehrlich's Coll. Stud. Immunity 581 The amboceptor has the affinity of its cytophile group increased.
cytoˈphilic a. [f. cytophil adj. above], having an affinity for cells; spec. designating an antibody which binds to cells other than at sites specific for it.
1909Cent. Dict. Suppl., *Cytophilic. 1933W. W. C. Topley Outl. Immunity v. 81 The haptophore that attaches itself to the antigen-containing cell is the cytophilic group. 1977Lancet 19 Mar. 637/2 Two further patients with systemic symptoms had immediate prick-test reactions to A. fumigatus and possessed IgE and IgG cytophilic antibody. 1981Greenwood & Whittle Immunol. of Med. in Tropics ii. 35 Schistosomula can also be killed in vitro by macrophages armed with cytophilic IgE antibody.
hence cytoˈphilically adv.
1970Harris & Sinkovics Immunol. Malignant Dis. i. 6 Antibody may have opsonized the antigen before it reaches the lymph node or may be *cytophilically attached to the phagocytic cell of the lymph node. 1978Clin. & Exper. Immunol. XXXI. 226 The IgG is intrinsic to the cell and not cytophilically bound.
cytophoˈtometer, a photometer for use in cytophotometry.
1952M. J. Moses in Exper. Cell Res. Suppl. II. 75 Design and use of the *cytophotometer. 1978Nature 24 Aug. 822/1 Proportional fluorometry of 1C, 2C and 4C mouse testis cells can be achieved by..staining with ethidium bromide and mithramycin, and measurement in a pulse cytophotometer with a high numerical aperture for excitation and measurement.
cytophoˈtometry, the investigation of the contents of cells by photometric measurement of the light they transmit after staining;hence ˌcytophotoˈmetric a.; ˌcytophotoˈmetrically adv., by means of cytophotometry.
1952M. J. Moses in Exper. Cell Res. Suppl. II. 82 Statistical variations within populations of typical *cytophotometric samples. 1973Nature 12 Jan. 126/1 Cytophotometric measurements of Feulgen-stained erythrocyte nuclei show that the DNA content of Latimeria erythrocyte nuclei is 13.2 pg. 1970Nature 21 Nov. 783/2 The density of the staining with azure B was measured *cytophotometrically at 545 nm. 1984Internat. Jrnl. Insect Morphol. & Embryol. XIII. 21 The development of follicle cells encompassing the growing oocytes of the stick insect..has been investigated cytologically and cytophotometrically. 1952M. J. Moses in Exper. Cell. Res. Suppl. II. 75 The same analytical spectrophotometric treatment that is applied to ‘colored’ solutions in tubes and cuvettes may also be applied to ‘colored’ cell structures imaged by the microscope... In the interest of clarification and simplification, the terms *cytophotometry and cytospectrophotometry are proposed for the application of these methods in cytology. 1978Nature 24 Aug. 821/2 We have been able to resolve the two classes of spermatids by pulse cytophotometry (that is, flow microfluorometry).
ˈcytoskeleton, a network of protein filaments and tubules in the cytoplasm of many eukaryotic cells that gives the cell shape and coherence; hence cytoˈskeletal a.
1949R. A. Peters in Adv. Sci. VI. 265/2 The ‘*cytoskeletal’ hypothesis includes..the assumption that there are fibres in cells maintaining the gel-like structure. 1981Sci. Amer. Mar. 41/2 There are at least three chemically distinct cytoskeletal systems: the microtubules, the microfilaments and the intermediate filaments. 1984Holtzman & Novikoff Cells & Organelles (ed. 3) ii. 287 In mammalian red blood cells, actin is linked to the protein spectrin, forming a cytoskeletal protein network that lies just below the cell surface. 1941R. A. Peters in G. Bourne Cytol. & Cell Physiol. (1942) p. v, Some years ago the writer of this foreword was forced to urge the need for..co-operation [between cytologists and biochemists]..about the nucleo-proteins, finding a possible solution of some difficulties about the living cell in a conception which has subsequently been called the ‘*cyto-skeleton’. 1987Nature 26 Mar. 332/2 In fact it is not mitochondria, but the nucleus, endomembrane system and cytoskeleton that are the true hallmarks of the eukaryote cell.
ˈcytosol [soluble a.], the aqueous part of cytoplasm, remaining as supernatant under centrifugation that precipitates the organelles.
1965H. A. Lardy in B. Chance et al. Control of Energy Metabolism 245 The term *cytosol will be used to designate that portion of the cell which is found in the supernatant fraction after centrifuging the homogenate at 105,000 x g for 1 hour. It refers specifically to the cytoplasm minus mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum components. 1972Science 7 July 56/1 Although long-chain fatty acids are at best poorly soluble in aqueous media, a mechanism to account for the apparent facility with which they traverse the cytosol (aqueous cytoplasm) has not been identified. 1985Sci. Amer. Aug. 32/3 At two junctures in the process of adrenaline synthesis crucial substances synthesized in the cytosol of the chromaffin cell must be transported into the chromaffin vesicles.
hence cytoˈsolic a.
1971Biochem. & Biophys. Res. Communications XLIV. 151 The extramitochondrial *cytosolic compartment of the liver cell. 1982T. M. Devlin Textbk. Biochem. xxi. 1020 The mitochondria are impermeable to cytosolic oxalacetate.
▸ cytotoxic adj. Immunol. designating a class of T lymphocytes that can kill (lyse) target cells bearing viral, tumour, or other foreign antigens (with MHC restriction); of or relating to such cells.
1972Jrnl. Immunol. 1091371 (title) In vivo studies of the role of *cytotoxic T cells in tumor allograft immunity. 1978Proc. Royal Soc. (B.) 202185 This and similar observations in other cytotoxic systems are important when considering the mechanisms of restriction of antigen recognition by T-cells. 1986N.Y. Times (Nexis) 25 Sept. a20/1 Chimpanzees were also tested with the remodeled vaccinia virus and..the animals produced both the helper T cells that aid in antibody production and cytotoxic T cells that can actually kill infected cells. 1993Cell 73 225/1 Thymocyte commitment to the CD4 helper versus CD8 cytotoxic lineage has not been satisfactorily established. 2003Dominion Post (Wellington) (Nexis) 17 Jan. 5 The vaccine would be used to stimulate increased production of cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
▸ cytoplasmic inheritance n. Genetics the non-Mendelian (often maternal) inheritance of particular traits resulting from the transmission of extranuclear genetic information, found on organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts, or on other sources of cytoplasmic DNA such as viruses.
1915Bot. Gaz. 60 455 The writer was inclined to believe that..cytoplasmic inheritance might account for the matroclinic crosses. 1959Nature 3 Oct. 1013/2 To some extent, recognition or denial of the existence of cytoplasmic inheritance depends upon one's definition of heredity. 2003Cell 115879/1 A similar mechanism [sc. conformational change in prions] might explain the unusual dominant, cytoplasmic inheritance of certain traits in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. |