| 释义 |
▪ I. stack, n.|stæk|
Forms: 3, 6 stac, 3–7 stak, (4 stagge), 5 sstakke, 5–6 stakk, stake, 5–7 stacke, 6 stayke, 4– stack.
[a. ON. stakk-r haystack (MSw. stakker, Sw. stack, Da. stak, Norw. dial. stakk):—OTeut. type *stakko-z, prob.:—pre-Teut. *stogno-s: cf. Russian stog haystack.]
1. a. A pile, heap or group of things, esp. such a pile or heap with its constituents arranged in an orderly fashion.
a1300Havelok 814 He..cast a panier on his bac, With fish giueled als a stac. c1440Promp. Parv. 471/2 Stacke, or heep, agger. Stacke, acervus. 1570Levins Manip. 5/20 A stacke, strues. 1581Lambarde Eiren. i. vii. (1588) 37 Not Loades, but Stackes of Statutes. 1596Nashe Saffron Walden 40 A stack of salt fish. 1698Fryer Acc. E. India & P. 341 An huddled Stack of Buildings expatiated into a large Square in the middle of the Area. 1724Ramsay's Tea-T. Misc. (ed. 9) I. 76, I ha' a good ha' house, a barn and a byer, A stack afore the door. 1856Kane Arctic Expl. II. xiii. 132 Stacks of jointed meat are piled upon the ice-foot. 1888Jacobi Printers' Vocab. 131 Stacks, paper or printed work arranged in ‘stacks’.
b. fig. A quantity, a ‘pile’. Also in pl. and as advb. ellipt., a pile of money. colloq. (orig. U.S.).
1870‘Mark Twain’ in Galaxy Sept. 425/2 Never saw ‘such a stack of them on one establishment’. 1892― Amer. Claim xxiv. 236 Stacks of money had been placed in bank [sic] for him and Hawkins by the Yankee. 1894A. Robertson Nuggets 64 His uncle had left him a stack of money. 1896Mrs. Caffyn Quaker Grandmother 126 You're a stack of conventions. 1904W. N. Harben Georgians xxiii. 222 My boy, I had stacks an' stacks of fun on that trip. 1919Wodehouse My Man Jeeves 15 I'm a bit foggy as to what jute is, but..Mr. Worple had made quite an indecently large stack out of it. 1952E. F. Davies Illyrian Venture vii. 127 Chesshire had stacks of letters from a girl friend and decided to read one a day for a month. 1968B. Hines Kestrel for Knave (1972) 81 I'm not that bad, I'm no worse than stacks o' kids, but they just seem to get away with it. Ibid. 83 It's stacks better than roamin' t'streets doin' nowt.
c. to swear on a stack of Bibles (see quot. 1909). U.S. colloq.
1866Mayne Reid Headless Horseman II. lvii. 287 I'll sware it on the crass—or a whole stack av Bibles if yez say so. 1909Dialect Notes III. 378 Swear on a stack of Bibles (a mile high),..an exaggerated or emphatic form of oath. 1926M. J. Atkinson in J. F. Dobie Rainbow in Morning (1965) 82, I would not believe him if he swore to it on a stack of Bibles as high as his head. 1956B. Holiday Lady sings Blues (1973) ii. 24 Mom..swore on a stack of Bibles I was eighteen.
d. A set of shelving on which books are arranged for storage, esp. in a library (also book-stack s.v. book n. 19); hence, a part of a library designed for the storage of books, and to which access by readers may be restricted. Freq. attrib. and in pl.
1879C. A. Cutter in Library Jrnl. IV. 235 The new wing..consists of a perfectly uniform series of book stacks arranged like a gridiron. 1884Harper's Mag. Nov. 828/1 The stack-rooms, in which the body of the collection..is packed. 1900Library Jrnl. Nov. 679/2 Electric signals are also a part of the apparatus, and convenient elevators for passengers and freight are provided in the book-stacks. 1910A. E. Bostwick Amer. Public Library 284 The relation of reading room to stack must be such as to make these [carriers] easily operable. 1933Times 9 Nov. 9/2 Before leaving the building they paused to visit one of the new two-tier book-stacks on the ground floor. 1946Library Quarterly Apr. 128/2 It is a modern brick building, five stories high, and contains, in addition to the stack space, a small reading room. 1956‘C. Blackstock’ Dewey Death i. 5 There were some seven thousand books... Barbara spent most of her spare time in the history section, wandering from stack to stack. 1966C. Potok Chosen (1967) ii. viii. 152 Its stacks were filled mostly with bound volumes of scholarly journals and pamphlets. 1980Cosmopolitan Dec. 221/1, I located a promising title for my Proust researches. ‘Not on the open shelves.’ I would have to order it to be fetched for me from the stacks of the library.
e. Aeronaut. A series of aeroplanes circling at different altitudes and awaiting landing instructions.
1947Britannica Bk. of Year 841/2 As the bottom plane lands, each member of the stack drops 1,000 ft. and a new plane can then be brought in on top. 1952Jrnl. R. Aeronaut. Soc. LVI. 615/2 Once an aircraft was in a stack it was difficult to bring it forward. 1965Observer 31 Oct. 1/1 He came in for a third attempt after circling for a further 40 minutes in the Watford ‘stack’. 1976L. Deighton Twinkle, twinkle, Little Spy x. 94 We joined the stack..and circled to await landing permission.
f. In a computer or calculator, a set of registers or storage locations which store data in such a way that the most recently stored item is the first to be retrieved; also, a list of items so stored, a push-down list.
1960E. W. Dijkstra in Numerische Math. II. 312 The basic concept of the method is the so-called stack. One uses a stack for storing a sequence of information units that increases and decreases at one end only. 1963Ann. Rev. Automatic Programming IV. 183 A stack is merely an area of storage with an associated administrative quantity, the ‘stack pointer’, which controls the addressing of the stack. 1973C. W. Gear Introd. Computer Sci. viii. 359 We can choose a section of memory at execution time to store this stack. 1976Sci. Amer. June 88/1 (Advt.), HP's special logic system with four-register stack almost completely eliminates the need to re-enter data.
2. A pile of grain in the sheaf, of hay, straw, fodder, etc., gathered into a circular or rectangular form, and usually with a sloping thatched top to protect it from the weather.
a1300Cursor M. 6760 If fire be kyndeld and ouertak Thoru feld, or corn, or mou, or stak. c1330R. Brunne Chron. Wace (Rolls) 14690 In eueses þey crepte, & in þe þakkes, & in hey & in corn stakkes. c1400Brut cxcii. 212 Þe Sccottes sette in fire iij stackes of hey. 1426Lydg. De Guil. Pilgr. 17475, I resemble vn-to that hound Wych lyggeth in a stak off hay, Groynynge al the longe day. c1440Promp. Parv. 471/2 Stacke, arconius. 1513Douglas æneis ii. viii. 108 The corne graingis, and standand stakkis off hay. 1546–7Test. Ebor. VI. 254 The pese stacke that I have bought. 1608Willett Hexapla Exod. 495 The corne reaped and gathered into shockes or stackes. 1632Milton L'Allegro 51 While the Cock..to the stack, or the Barn dore, Stoutly struts his Dames before. 1795Cowper Needless Alarm 23 But corn was hous'd, and beans were in the stack. 1816J. Smith Panorama Sci. & Art II. 624 The stacks should not be thatched till they have had about a week or a fortnight to settle. 1867J. Hatton Tallants xv, The big yellow stacks peered out amongst the trees.
3. a. A pile of sticks, faggots, firewood, poles, etc.
1390Earl Derby's Exped. (Camden) 66/9 Pro j stak focalis. c1460Brut ccli. 507 This same yere also, on New⁓yere day, at Baynard castell, fill down A stakk of wod sodenly at afternone. 1523–34Fitzherb. Husb. §131 Whan thou shalt bryng them home to make a stacke of them [faggots], set the nethermoste course vpon the endes. 1625Bacon Ess., Custom & Educ. (Arb.) 369 The Indians (I meane the Sect of their Wise Men) lay Themselves quietly upon a Stacke of Wood, and so Sacrifice themselves by Fire. a1693Urquhart's Rabelais iii. lii. 427 A..Stack of Timber. 1711MS. Sessions Roll Durham Oct. 1 Duas Strigas Ericarum anglice Stacks of Whinns. 1811A. T. Thomson Lond. Disp. (1818) 300 The stacks are generally built on the slope of a hill, so that the tar is easily collected, and put into barrels. 1838James Robber i. vi, On the edge of the moor was a low shed and a stack of fern. 1854Ronalds & Richardson Chem. Techn. (ed. 2) I. 11 An ordinary stack or pile of American wood. 1886Manch. Exam. 8 Jan. 6/2 The stacks of timber, which are in close proximity, being saved from destruction.
†b. A pyre or burial pile. Obs.
a1547Surrey æneis iv. 866 She rusheth in, and clam vp, as distraught, The buriall stack.
c. A measure of volume for wood and coal, usually 4 cubic yds. (108 cubic feet).
1651Publ. Gen. Acts 1326 Such..of the said Coals as have been, or usually are sold by the Stack, Ruck, Fathom, or other uncertain Denomination. 1674Blount Glossogr. (ed. 4), Stack of Wood, in Essex, is fourteen foot in length, three foot in heighth, and three in breadth. 1706Phillips (ed. Kersey), Stack of Wood, (among Husband-men) a pile of Wood 3 Foot long, as many broad, and 12 Foot high. 1733W. Ellis Chiltern & Vale Farm. 92 Twenty one Stack of Fire-wood Billet, nine Stack of Roots. 1858Simmonds Dict. Trade s.v., A stack of wood is 108 cubic feet.
4. Brick-making. = clamp n.3 1.
1816J. Smith Panorama Sci. & Art I. 186 The stacks or clamps are built of the bricks themselves.
5. a. A number of chimneys, flues, or pipes, standing together in one group.
1667Pepys Diary 29 Nov., She..heard a noise in the great stack of chimnies that goes from Sir J. Minnes's through our house. 1746Hervey Medit. (1818) 26 A stack of chimneys may tumble into the street, and crush the un⁓wary passenger. 1823P. Nicholson Pract. Builder 434 When walls contain a great number of flues, they are called stacks of chimnies. 1842Loudon Suburban Hort. 197 It occupied a smaller space in the centre of the floor, with a stack of flues rising over it. 1882Worc. Exhib. Catal. iii. 5 One coil-end for stack of 2-in. pipes.
b. A chimney of a house, factory, etc.; the chimney or funnel of a locomotive or steamship; also, = stack-furnace. Cf. stalk n.1
1825J. Nicholson Oper. Mech. 357 In smelting by the reverberatory-furnace..the flame passes over the hearth, and enters into an oblique chimney, which terminates in a perpendicular one, called a stack, of considerable height. 1908Miss Robins Come & Find Me 294 The big yellow stack belched out clouds of smoke.
c. In fig. phr. to blow one's stack = to blow one's top s.v. blow v.1 24 i. slang (orig. U.S.).
1947Berrey & Van den Bark Amer. Thes. Slang Suppl. §48/1 Blow one's stack, to become angry or excited. 1952R. P. Bissell Monongahela 189 When Andrew [Carnegie] received the minutes and read them he blew his stack a mile high. 1965F. Knebel Night of Camp David xi. 173 O'Malley looked startled. ‘Well, he..he was goddam mad. Frankly, he blew his stack.’ 1979W. H. Canaway Solid Gold Buddha xxiv. 156, I ain't whingeing, honest... I'm sorry I blew me stack.
†6. A set (of corn mills). Obs.
1772Jackson's Oxf. Jrnl. 24 Oct., To be let—A compleat Stack of Corn Mills.
7. [Cf. Faeroese stakkur ‘high solitary rock in the sea’.] A columnar mass of rock, detached by the agency of water and weather from the main part of a cliff, and rising precipitously out of the sea. Cf. sea-stack s.v. sea n. 23 a. orig. dial.
[1701J. Brand Descr. Orkney etc. viii. (1883) 164 At a little distance from Papa Stour, lyes a Rock encompassed with the Sea called Frau-a-Stack, which is a Danish word, and signifieth, our Ladys Rock.] 1769Pennant Tour Scot. (1771) 152 Great insulated columns, called here Stacks. 1822Hibbert Descr. Shetl. Isl. 568 After many unsuccessful attempts to bring the boat close in to the stack the unfortunate wight was left to his fate. 1851Sternberg Northampt. Gloss. s.v., In Pembrokeshire the insular rocks of the coast are locally termed ‘stacks’. 1878Huxley Physiogr. 168 [Rocks] completely isolated in the form of ‘needles’, ‘stacks’, and ‘skerries’. 1889Hardwicke's Sci. Gossip XXV. 205 On the coast [of Sutherland] the sea has deeply eroded and tunnelled into the land..leaving..numerous stacks, islets, and spiry rocks. 1944A. Holmes Princ. Physical Geol. xiv. 287 Later the arch falls in, and the seaward portion of the headland then remains as an isolated stack. 1957G. E. Hutchinson Treat. Limnol. I. ii. 173 Coastal islands formed by cutting behind promontories, so producing isolated stacks, occur along the margins of large lakes. 1975[see severe a. 9 b].
8. attrib. and Comb.
a. Obvious combs.: simple attrib., as (sense 2) stack-cloth, stack-cover, stack-fire, (sense 4 b) stack-pipe, stack-process; objective, as stack-firer, stack-firing; also stack-wise adv.; (sense 2) stack-shaped adj.
1832Boston Herald 31 July 1 *Stack-Cloths of the same highly-approved-of description.
1799Hull Advertiser 12 Oct. 2/1 Mill sails, waggon, cart, and *stack covers.
1898Westm. Gaz. 16 Sept. 7/3 *Stack fires and the demolition of cottages owing to the thatch firing.
1831Lincoln Herald 29 July 4/1 Serjeant Wilde has absolutely defended the magistracy against the bellowing of the *stack-firers.
1887Pall Mall Gaz. 6 Sept. 6/2 A man..was charged yesterday at Arrington, Cambs, with *stack firing.
1833Loudon Encycl. Archit. §854 To put 3 inches lead rain⁓water *stack pipes, with cistern heads to bring the water to the ground in the angle of the north front. 1849Ecclesiologist IX. 356 The stack-pipes will communicate with these main drains.
1884Chamb. Jrnl. 8 Mar. 158/2 The old ‘*stack’ process of white-lead manufacture.
1864J. A. Grant Walk across Afr. 62 Grain is housed under the eaves of *stack-shaped huts. 1921Glasgow Herald 26 Mar. 7 About a dozen 18-pounder shell cases, some of which contained curious stack-shaped bombs.
1881R. Buchanan God & Man III. 41 This [turf] I arranged *stack-wise.
b. Special comb.: stack-bar, a hurdle for fencing a stack (sense 2) standing in an open field; stack-furnace, a tall circular blast-furnace for smelting; stack gas, gas emitted by a chimney-stack; stack-guard (see quot. 1875); stack-pole, ? a pole round which sheaves are piled to form a stack; stack-room (see sense 1 d above); stack-stand (see quot. 1875); stack-wood, a faggot, usually collect. sing. a load of firewood; also attrib.; stack-yard, a rick-yard.
1657Knaresb. Wills (Surtees) II. 223, 5 *stackbarrs. 1788W. H. Marshall Yorksh. II. 355 Stackbars, large hurdles with which hay stacks in the field are generally fenced.
1877Raymond Statist. Mines & Mining 289, 1 slag-furnace, and 2 *stack-furnaces.
1945H. D. Smyth Gen. Acct. Devel. Atomic Energy Mil. Purposes viii. 91 It became essential to know whether the *stack gases (at Clinton and at Hanford) would be likely to spread radioactive fission products in dangerous concentrations. 1973H. Gruppe Truxton Cipher xiii. 135 The smell of stack gas lay heavy upon the destroyer's upperworks.
1875Knight Dict. Mech., *Stack-guard, a temporary roof capable of elevation, and designed to protect a stack or rick of hay or grain in process of formation.
1816U.S. Coast Survey, Deb. in Congress (1818) 2456, I began by erecting a signal..in form of a tripod, made of a ladder and two *stack-poles. 1893Opie Read Emmett Bonlore 343 He was almost as high as a stackpole, an' so slim.
1875Knight Dict. Mech., *Stack-stand, a device for supporting a stack of hay or grain at a sufficient distance above the ground to preserve it dry beneath and prevent the ravages of vermin.
1664Evelyn Sylva 101 A round hole, which is to be formed in working up the *stack-wood, for a tunnel. 1785J. Phillips Treat. Inland Navig. 17 Stack-wood, for the London bakers.
1569Reg. Privy Council Scot. II. 33 To teind, gadder, leid and place the saidis teind schaves in the *stak yaird. 1788Trans. Soc. Arts VI. 82 Exposed to view in barns and stackyards. 1887Jessopp Arcady 11 All that this good man could make out of his stackyard in the best years.
Add:[1.] g. A vertical arrangement of public-address or hi-fi equipment.
1971Melody Maker 9 Oct. 30/6 Semi-pro bands cannot expect to be accepted immediately... If you have something to offer someone will eventually take notice. Then..is the time to buy your Les Paul and 200 watt stack. 1984Sounds 29 Dec. 4/5 First prize of a Marshall 3210 compact stack. 1986Video Today Apr. 4/1 (Advt.), It'll fill any cassette deck's gap in a midi Hi-Fi stack.
[5.] [b.] Before ‘also’ read: a vertical overhead exhaust-pipe on a diesel-powered truck or similar vehicle (slang, orig. U.S.).
1961Amer. Speech XXXVI. 273 Northwest Truck Drivers' Language... Broom stack; dirty stack, a stack that is flaming or smoking. 1971M. Tak Truck Talk 154 Stack, a vertical exhaust pipe on a diesel rig. 1987Truck & Driver July 27/1 Stacks carry the exhaust gases away from the driver so he will not be choked when operating the external controls of the crane.
▪ II. stack, v.1|stæk|
Forms: see the n.
[f. stack n.]
1. a. trans. To pile (corn, fodder, etc.) into a stack; to make a stack of, to pile (something) up in the form of a stack.
c1325Gloss. W. de Bibbesw. in Wright Voc. 154 [Dehors la graunge vos blez tassez glossed,] stacke thi corn. c1460Promp. Parv. (Winch.) 464 Stakkyn, arconiso. 1483Cath. Angl. 358/2 To Sstakke, arconizare. 1573Tusser Husb. (1878) 132 Stack pease vpon houell abrode in the yard. 1592Shuttleworths' Acc. (Chetham Soc.) 74 Stackinge turffes towe dayes iijd. 1657N. Billingsley Brachy-Martyrol. ii. viii. 211 Being in Harvest stacking of his corn. 1797J. Curr Coal Viewer 11, I have adopted this mode of conveying coals above the ground also for stacking them. 1801Farmer's Mag. Jan. 99, I do not think it proceeds from the crop yielding beyond what it had the appearance of when stacked. 1833Loudon Encycl. Archit. §1584 The boards to be prepared and stacked (horsed) by the 1st of September. 1859Geo. Eliot A. Bede vi, At the far end, fleeces of wool stacked up. 1861Hughes Tom Brown at Oxf. x, The port which Tom employed the first hour after his return in stacking carefully away in his cellar. 1894Fenn Real Gold 314 Something serious was evidently going on by the spot where the packages had been stacked.
b. Aeronaut. To order (aircraft waiting to land) at different flight levels and in landing sequence above an airport; to place (an aeroplane) in a waiting stack (freq. with up). Also intr. (of aircraft), to form a stack.
1941K. Henney Radio Engin. Handbk. (ed. 3) xvii. 616 The present practice of ‘stacking’ airplanes..limits the number of landings..to about 4 per hour. 1943M. Feigen Pocket Aviation Quiz Bk. 55 Planes cruising above an airport at varying assigned altitudes in order not to collide while awaiting their turns to land are said to be: stacked up. 1949Sun (Baltimore) 4 Nov. 2/6 Planes ‘stack up’ over the range station near Mount Vernon. 1965P. Wylie They both were Naked i. i. 4 We'd spent that interval..‘stacked up’ and waiting for planes..to be called down for landings. 1975D. Lodge Changing Places vi. 218, I hope to hell we aren't stacked for hours over Kennedy.
2. a. absol. and intr. To put corn or hay into stacks; to make a stack or stacks.
a1722Fountainhall Decis. I. 548 The Lords found little matter of riot in the master's hindering his tenant to stack in that barn-yard. 1801Farmer's Mag. Nov. 479 Some loss has occurred, from stacking too hastily. 1883M. P. Bale Saw-Mills 237 If it [timber] is to be used for fencing posts and rails, &c., split at once and stack where there is a free circulation of air. 1894Hall Caine Manxman iii. v. 137 It was her father stacking in the haggard.
b. To pile up one's chips at poker. Now usu. fig., to present oneself, measure up; to arise, build up. colloq. (chiefly U.S.).
1896Ade Artie ii. 10 He'd stack up, you know, an' feel in his pockets and then he'd say: ‘I'm forty-seven cents loser.’ 1911R. D. Saunders Col. Todhunter xiii. 198 Old Bill Strickland, of Nineveh, somehow don't seem to stack up the right way against the Honourable Stephen K. Vancey. 1921R. D. Paine Comr. Rolling Ocean iv. 71, I wish this trouble hadn't stacked up between us. 1938Sun (Baltimore) 6 Apr. 11/5, I think every one will agree my record stacks up favourably enough with that of any other pro. past or present. 1951M. McLuhan Mech. Bride (1967) 48/1 See how you stack up with your fellow men on the following issues. 1965Wodehouse Galahad at Blandings x. 169 I've never been a brainy sort of guy, and what I want is a wife with about the same amount of grey matter I have, and that's how Vee stacks up. 1977R. E. Megill Introd. Risk Analysis xv. 170 Dougherty and Nozaki ranked knowing your competitors as of equal value to knowing how well your own estimate stacks up.
3. trans. To make a pile of (weapons, etc.) by leaning one against another. (Cf. pile v.2 1 b.)
1841Catlin N. Amer. Ind. xx. (1844) I. 144 The leader of the party with his arms stacked behind him. 1887Times 9 Apr. 5/5 The men [military cyclists], having dismounted and stacked their machines.
4. to stack up: to pile materials on, to make up (a fire).
1892Rider Haggard Nada ix. 67 We stacked up the fire.
5. To fill with stacks of.
1652Benlowes Theoph. vi. xxvi, Whose Hands did stack The studded Orbs with Stars. 191319th Cent. Jan. 67 Calcutta was stacked with the rupees of 1907 still unissued.
6. a. To shuffle or arrange (playing-cards) dishonestly. In fig. phr. to stack the cards (etc.) against: to reduce (a person or thing's) chance of success. Cf. pack v.2 5, stock v.1 23 b. orig. U.S.
1825in M. Bayard Smith Forty Yrs. Washington Soc. (1906) 186 John Randolph observed after counting the ballots, ‘It was impossible to win the game, gentlemen, the cards were stacked.’ 1896J. F. B. Lillard Poker Stories 54 The stranger got skinned right and left. The cards were stacked and marked on the back, so that he didn't have any chance at all to win. c1926‘Mixer’ Transport Workers' Song Bk. 31 He'll know this when I stack the cards. 1941B. Schulberg What makes Sammy Run? v. 81 You read the papers, you know how the cards are stacked against this nut. 1977New Yorker 24 Oct. 37/1 He..confirmed our worst fear: the deck is stacked... He picked up a cardboard box containing several packs of cards. 1978G. Vaughan Belgrade Drop x. 67 ‘Pin your ears back,’ Yardly murmured. ‘We've got a lot stacked against us.’
b. = pack v.2 4. Also fig.
1948Durant (Okla.) Daily Democrat 2 July 1/5 His young polltaker detected no signs of ‘stacking’ the poll for any candidate. 1963Wall St. Jrnl. 25 Jan. 16/3 The government is now stacked from top to bottom with men who reflect their President's prejudices. 1970New Yorker 28 Nov. 104/2 Legally, marriage is still stacked in favor of the man. 1975N.Y. Times 10 Apr. 29/1 Gov. George C. Wallace of Alabama charged today that..efforts were being made..to stack delegate-selection procedures against him.
▪ III. stack, v.2 Coal-mining.|stæk|
[? f. LG. stack dam.]
trans. See quot. 1883. (Chiefly with out.)
1832H. Martineau Hill & Valley iv. 62 There is much labour in..stacking and loading the mine. 1883Gresley Gloss. Coal-mining 234 Stack out, to dam off or shut up the entrance to a goaf by building a wall of stone or coal in front of it.
▪ IV. stack
see stick v., stake. |